Bosna’da Timar Sisteminin Sonu (18. Yüzyıldan 20. Yüzyıla)

Yıl 2022, , 97 - 138, 31.12.2022

Philippe Gelez

https://doi.org/10.18589/oa.1223553

Cited By: 1

Öz

Tarihçiler uzun zamandır tımar sisteminin 16. yüzyılın sonundan itibaren düşüşte olduğunu ve yerini yeni bir sisteme, çiftlik sistemine bıraktığını düşünmüşlerdir. Ancak gerçek bilgi ve yeni kavramsal araçlar bu görüşü zayıflatmıştır. Kaynaklar çiftliklerin ortaya çıkışının ve yeni seçkinlerin daha 17. yüzyılda yükselmesinin henüz tımarların sonu anlamına gelmediğini; bazı illerde geç zamanlara kadar varlığını sürdürdüğü bir gerçektir. Bu nedenle, şimdiye kadar timarların çöküşünü simgeleyen ve nihayetinde onlar için ölümcül olan rekabetçi bir tarihsel süreç olarak düşünülen timar-çiftlik ilişkisini yeniden düşünmek gerekir. Gerileme nosyonu sorgulandığında ya da en azından göreceli hâle getirildiğinde, çiftlik’in, paranın giderek daha fazla değer kaybetmesiyle toprak sahipliğini teşvik eden 18. yüzyılın mali çerçevesi içinde, maliyenin bir tamamlayıcı unsuru olarak ortaya çıktığını düşünebiliriz. Bu eğilimin, Osmanlı seçkinlerinin toprak mülkiyetiyle ilişkisi üzerinde geniş kapsamlı sonuçları oldu.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bosna, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, tarımsal dönüşüm, arazi mülkiyeti, mülkiyet hakları, Osmanlı hukuku, tımar., Bosnia, Ottoman Empire, agrarian change, landed estates, property rights, Ottoman law, timar

The End of the timar System in Bosnia, 18th - 20th Century

Öz

Ottomanists have long thought that the timar system was in decline from the end of the sixteenth century, and that it gave way to a new system, the çiftlik system. However, actual knowledge and new conceptual tools have undermined this opinion. Sources have showed that the appearance of çiftlik’s and the rise of new elites as early as the 17th century had not yet signified the end of the timar’s; it is a fact that they continued to be present until late in some provinces. It is therefore necessary to rethink the timar-çiftlik relationship, hitherto conceived as a competitive historical process which supposedly signified the decline of the timar’s and ultimately ended them. As soon as the notion of decline is questioned, or at least relativized, we are able to think of the genesis of çiftlik’s as the establishment of a fiscal complementarity, in the fiscal frame of the eighteenth century, when fiscal incitation to seizing soil was given by more and more depreciating value of money. This trend had far-reaching consequences for the relation the Ottoman elites had with landed possession.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bosnia, Ottoman Empire, agrarian change, landed estates, property rights, Ottoman law, timar

Kaynakça

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