Araştırma Makalesi
Venedikli Serseriler ve Öfkeli Fransızlar: Galata’da Yaşayan Avrupalıların Milliyetçi ve Kozmopolit Refleksleri
Öz
18. yüzyıl Galatası’ndaki yabancı diplomatlar Avrupalılıkları üzerinden kozmopolit bir cemaat kurmaya çalıştılar. Osmanlı başkentindeki alt tabakaya mensup
Avrupalılarsa farklı milli menşelerden gelmeleri hasebiyle şiddet içeren çatışmalara
pekâlâ girebilmekteydiler. 1729 yılında bir düğün sırasında vuku bulan böyle bir olayda
iki Fransız aşçı Venediklilerin öfkesini üzerine çekti. Bu aşçılardan biri Venedikliler
tarafından yaralanırken, diğer aşçı buna tepki olarak Venedikli bir berbere saldırdı,
fakat saldırdığı kişi tarafından öldürüldü. Söz konusu yaralama ve cinayetin meydana
gelmesi olaylara dahli olanların farklı milli kimliklerden gelmeleriyle doğrudan ilintiliydi. Venedikliler, Fransızlara sırf Fransız oldukları için saldırmışlardı; Fransızlar da
Venediklilere sırf Venedikli oldukları için. İlginç olan şu ki, 18. yüzyılın başlarında
Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda yaşayan alt tabakaya mensup Batı Avrupalılar için kendi
milli kimlikleri üst tabakadakilere kıyasla çok daha önemliydi. Hizmetkârların milli menşeleri, kendi kimliklerini ve birbirleriyle kurdukları ilişkiyi tanımlamaktaydı.
Buna mukabil diplomatların milli mensubiyetleri ise Galata’daki resmi statülerini belirlemekteydi. Yine de söz konusu diplomatlar yukarıda bahsedilen “Avrupalı cemaat”
içinde uyumsuzlar ortaya çıktığında, uyumu yeniden tesis etmek için beraberce çaba
gösteriyorlardı.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Bibliography Archival Sources: Correspondance Politique. Turquie. Volume 81: Le mission de Villeneuve, ambassadeur. 1729, June-December. Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Paris, France. Correspondance Politique. Turquie. Volume 82: Le mission de Villeneuve, ambassadeur. 1730, January-December. Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Paris, France. Hatt-ı Hümayun collection 185/8669, 185/8703, 240/13446, and 264/15329, Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Istanbul, Turkey. Published Sources: Ágoston, Gábor: Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire, Cambridge, UK and New York: Cambridge University Press 2005. Bailliet, Cecilia M., and Katja Franko Aas (eds.): Cosmpolitan Justice and its Discontents, New York: Routledge 2011. Bell, David A.: e Cult of the Nation in France: Inventing Nationalism, 1680-1800, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 2001. Breckenridge, Carol A., Sheldon Pollack, Homi K. Bhabha, and Dipesh Chakrabarty (eds.): Cosmopolitanism, Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press 2002. Carrière, Charles: Négociants marseillais au XVIIIe siècle, Marseille, France: Institut historique de Provence 1973. Cheah, Pheng: “Cosmopolitanism”, eory, Culture and Society, 23 (2006), p. 486-96. Clancy-Smith, Julia A.: Mediterraneans: North Africa and Europe in an Age of Migration, c. 1800-1900, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 2011. Clark, Henry C.: “Violence, ‘Capitalism,’ and the Civilizing Process in Early Modern Europe”, Society, 49 (2012), p. 122-130. “Cosmopolitain, ou Cosmopolite”, Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond D’Alembert (eds.), Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, etc, Vol. 4, Paris 1751-1772, p. 297. Dursteler, Eric R.: “Neighbors: Venetians and Ottomans in Early Modern Galata”, James P. Helfers (ed.), Multicultural Europe and Cultural Exchange in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols 2005, p. 33-47. Dursteler, Eric R.: Venetians in Constantinople: Nation, Identity, and Coexistence in the Early Modern Mediterranean, Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006. Eldem, Edhem: French Trade in Istanbul in the Eighteenth Century, Leiden, NL: Brill 1999. Elias, Norbert: e History of Manners. e Civilizing Process: Vol. I, trans. Edmund Jephcott, New York: Pantheon Books 1978. Fairchilds, Cissie: Domestic Enemies: Servants and eir Masters in Old Regime France, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1984. Faivre d’Arcier, Amaury: Les Oubliés de la Liberté: Négociants, consuls et missionnaires français au Levant pendant la Révolution 1784-1798, Brussels, Belgium: Peter Lang 2007. Faroqhi, Suraiya (ed.): e Cambridge History of Turkey. Vol. 3: e Later Ottoman Empire, 1603-1839, Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press 2006. Fontenay, Michel: La Méditerranée entre la Croix et le Croissant: Navigation, commerce, course et piraterie XVIe-XIXe siècle, Paris: Garnier 2010. Garrioch, David: Neighborhood and Community in Paris, 1740-1790, Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press 1986. Goffman, Daniel: Britons in the Ottoman Empire, 1642-1660, Seattle and London: University of Washington Press 1998. Greene, Molly: Catholic Pirates and Greek Merchants: A Maritime History of the Mediterranean, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press 2010. Greenshields, Malcolm: An Economy of Violence in Early Modern France: Crime and Justice in the Haute Auvergne, 1587-1664, University Park, Penn.: Pennsylvania State University Press 1994. İnalcik, Halil: “Military and Fiscal Transformation in the Ottoman Empire, 1600-1700”, Archivum Ottomanicum, 6 (1980), p. 283-337. Isfendiyaroglu, Fethi: Galatasaray Tarihi, Vol. I, Istanbul: Dogan Kardes Yayinlari 1952. Johnson, Erik A., and Eric H. Monkkonen (eds.): e Civilization of Crime: Violence in Town and Country since the Middle Ages, Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press 1996. Kant, Immanual: Project for a Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Essay (1795), trans. from the German, London: Vernor and Hood, 1796. Kendall, Gavin, Ian Woodward and Zlatko Skrbis (eds.): e Sociology of Cosmopolitanism: Globalization, Identity, Culture and Government, New York: Palgrave Macmillan 2009. Landweber, Julia: “Fashioning Nationality and Identity in the Eighteenth Century: e Comte de Bonneval in the Ottoman Empire”, e International History Review, 30 (2008), p. 1-31. Lloyd, Genevieve: “Imagining Difference: Cosmopolitanism in Montesquieu’s Persian Letters”, Constellations, 19 (2012), p. 480-493. Mantran, Robert: Istanbul dans la second moitié du XVIIe siècle, Paris: Adrien Maisonneuve 1962. Masson, Paul: Histoire du commerce français dans le Levant au XVIII e siècle, Paris, 1896; New York: Burt Franklin 1967. Masters, Bruce: e Origins of Western Economic Dominance in the Middle East: Mercantilism and the Islamic Economy in Aleppo, 1600-1750, New York: New York University Press 1988. Maza, Sara C.: Servants and Masters in Eighteenth-Century France: e Uses of Loyalty, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press 1983. Muchembled, Robert: A History of Violence From the End of the Middle Ages to the Present, trans. Jean Birrell, Cambridge, U.K. and Malden, Mass.: Polity Press 2012. Richardson, R. C.: Household Servants in Early Modern England, Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press 2010. Ruff, Julius: Violence in Early Modern Europe, Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press 2001. Ruggiero, Guido: Violence in Early Renaissance Venice, New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press 1980. Smith, Jay: Monsters of the Gévaudan: e Making of a Beast, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 2011. Smith, Jay: Nobility Reimagined: e Patriotic Nation in Eighteenth-Century France, Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press 2005. Spierenburg, Pieter: A History of Murder: Personal Violence in Europe from the Middle Ages to the Present, Cambridge, U.K. and Malden, Mass.: Polity Press 2008. Spierenburg, Pieter, and Laurent Mucchielli (eds.): Histoire de l’homicide en Europe, de la fin du Moyen Âge à nos jours, Paris: La Découverte 2009. Takats, Sean: e Expert Cook in Enlightenment France, Baltimore, Md.: e Johns Hopkins University Press 2011. Vertovec, Steven, and Robin Cohen (eds.): Conceiving Cosmopolitanism: eory, Context, and Practice, Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press 2002. Zarinebaf, Fariba: Crime and Punishment in Istanbul: 1700-1800, Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press 2010. Zysberg, Andre: “Galley Rowers in the Mid-Eighteenth Century”,Robert Forster and Orest Ranum (eds.), Deviants and the Abandoned in French Society, Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins Press 1978.
Venetian Vagabonds and Furious Frenchmen: Nationalist and Cosmopolitan Impulses among Europeans in Galata
Öz
In eighteenth-century Galata, foreign diplomats sought to build a cosmopolitan community based on being Europeans within the Ottoman Empire. But
among the lower orders national differences could ignite violent conflicts. In 1729 two
French chefs provoked Venetian anger: one was injured by Venetians at a wedding;
the second retaliated by attacking a Venetian barber, who then killed him. These
events were predicated on national identity in the most literal fashion. Venetians were
attacking French nationals simply for being French, and vice-versa. National identity,
perhaps surprisingly, in certain respects meant more to the lowest social orders than
it did to the highest among early-eighteenth-century western Europeans stationed
in the Islamic Ottoman Empire. For the servants, national origins defined who they
were and how they related to one another. For the diplomats, nation defined their
official positions, yet they worked together to restore harmony
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Bibliography Archival Sources: Correspondance Politique. Turquie. Volume 81: Le mission de Villeneuve, ambassadeur. 1729, June-December. Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Paris, France. Correspondance Politique. Turquie. Volume 82: Le mission de Villeneuve, ambassadeur. 1730, January-December. Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Paris, France. Hatt-ı Hümayun collection 185/8669, 185/8703, 240/13446, and 264/15329, Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Istanbul, Turkey. Published Sources: Ágoston, Gábor: Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire, Cambridge, UK and New York: Cambridge University Press 2005. Bailliet, Cecilia M., and Katja Franko Aas (eds.): Cosmpolitan Justice and its Discontents, New York: Routledge 2011. Bell, David A.: e Cult of the Nation in France: Inventing Nationalism, 1680-1800, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 2001. Breckenridge, Carol A., Sheldon Pollack, Homi K. Bhabha, and Dipesh Chakrabarty (eds.): Cosmopolitanism, Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press 2002. Carrière, Charles: Négociants marseillais au XVIIIe siècle, Marseille, France: Institut historique de Provence 1973. Cheah, Pheng: “Cosmopolitanism”, eory, Culture and Society, 23 (2006), p. 486-96. Clancy-Smith, Julia A.: Mediterraneans: North Africa and Europe in an Age of Migration, c. 1800-1900, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 2011. Clark, Henry C.: “Violence, ‘Capitalism,’ and the Civilizing Process in Early Modern Europe”, Society, 49 (2012), p. 122-130. “Cosmopolitain, ou Cosmopolite”, Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond D’Alembert (eds.), Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, etc, Vol. 4, Paris 1751-1772, p. 297. Dursteler, Eric R.: “Neighbors: Venetians and Ottomans in Early Modern Galata”, James P. Helfers (ed.), Multicultural Europe and Cultural Exchange in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols 2005, p. 33-47. Dursteler, Eric R.: Venetians in Constantinople: Nation, Identity, and Coexistence in the Early Modern Mediterranean, Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006. Eldem, Edhem: French Trade in Istanbul in the Eighteenth Century, Leiden, NL: Brill 1999. Elias, Norbert: e History of Manners. e Civilizing Process: Vol. I, trans. Edmund Jephcott, New York: Pantheon Books 1978. Fairchilds, Cissie: Domestic Enemies: Servants and eir Masters in Old Regime France, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1984. Faivre d’Arcier, Amaury: Les Oubliés de la Liberté: Négociants, consuls et missionnaires français au Levant pendant la Révolution 1784-1798, Brussels, Belgium: Peter Lang 2007. Faroqhi, Suraiya (ed.): e Cambridge History of Turkey. Vol. 3: e Later Ottoman Empire, 1603-1839, Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press 2006. Fontenay, Michel: La Méditerranée entre la Croix et le Croissant: Navigation, commerce, course et piraterie XVIe-XIXe siècle, Paris: Garnier 2010. Garrioch, David: Neighborhood and Community in Paris, 1740-1790, Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press 1986. Goffman, Daniel: Britons in the Ottoman Empire, 1642-1660, Seattle and London: University of Washington Press 1998. Greene, Molly: Catholic Pirates and Greek Merchants: A Maritime History of the Mediterranean, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press 2010. Greenshields, Malcolm: An Economy of Violence in Early Modern France: Crime and Justice in the Haute Auvergne, 1587-1664, University Park, Penn.: Pennsylvania State University Press 1994. İnalcik, Halil: “Military and Fiscal Transformation in the Ottoman Empire, 1600-1700”, Archivum Ottomanicum, 6 (1980), p. 283-337. Isfendiyaroglu, Fethi: Galatasaray Tarihi, Vol. I, Istanbul: Dogan Kardes Yayinlari 1952. Johnson, Erik A., and Eric H. Monkkonen (eds.): e Civilization of Crime: Violence in Town and Country since the Middle Ages, Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press 1996. Kant, Immanual: Project for a Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Essay (1795), trans. from the German, London: Vernor and Hood, 1796. Kendall, Gavin, Ian Woodward and Zlatko Skrbis (eds.): e Sociology of Cosmopolitanism: Globalization, Identity, Culture and Government, New York: Palgrave Macmillan 2009. Landweber, Julia: “Fashioning Nationality and Identity in the Eighteenth Century: e Comte de Bonneval in the Ottoman Empire”, e International History Review, 30 (2008), p. 1-31. Lloyd, Genevieve: “Imagining Difference: Cosmopolitanism in Montesquieu’s Persian Letters”, Constellations, 19 (2012), p. 480-493. Mantran, Robert: Istanbul dans la second moitié du XVIIe siècle, Paris: Adrien Maisonneuve 1962. Masson, Paul: Histoire du commerce français dans le Levant au XVIII e siècle, Paris, 1896; New York: Burt Franklin 1967. Masters, Bruce: e Origins of Western Economic Dominance in the Middle East: Mercantilism and the Islamic Economy in Aleppo, 1600-1750, New York: New York University Press 1988. Maza, Sara C.: Servants and Masters in Eighteenth-Century France: e Uses of Loyalty, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press 1983. Muchembled, Robert: A History of Violence From the End of the Middle Ages to the Present, trans. Jean Birrell, Cambridge, U.K. and Malden, Mass.: Polity Press 2012. Richardson, R. C.: Household Servants in Early Modern England, Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press 2010. Ruff, Julius: Violence in Early Modern Europe, Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press 2001. Ruggiero, Guido: Violence in Early Renaissance Venice, New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press 1980. Smith, Jay: Monsters of the Gévaudan: e Making of a Beast, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 2011. Smith, Jay: Nobility Reimagined: e Patriotic Nation in Eighteenth-Century France, Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press 2005. Spierenburg, Pieter: A History of Murder: Personal Violence in Europe from the Middle Ages to the Present, Cambridge, U.K. and Malden, Mass.: Polity Press 2008. Spierenburg, Pieter, and Laurent Mucchielli (eds.): Histoire de l’homicide en Europe, de la fin du Moyen Âge à nos jours, Paris: La Découverte 2009. Takats, Sean: e Expert Cook in Enlightenment France, Baltimore, Md.: e Johns Hopkins University Press 2011. Vertovec, Steven, and Robin Cohen (eds.): Conceiving Cosmopolitanism: eory, Context, and Practice, Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press 2002. Zarinebaf, Fariba: Crime and Punishment in Istanbul: 1700-1800, Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press 2010. Zysberg, Andre: “Galley Rowers in the Mid-Eighteenth Century”,Robert Forster and Orest Ranum (eds.), Deviants and the Abandoned in French Society, Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins Press 1978.
Toplam 1 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 15 Nisan 2014 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2014 |