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Osmanlı İnhitat Söylemine Girizgâh: 16. Yüzyıl Sonu Para Çalkantıları ve Düşünce Dünyasındaki Yansımaları

Yıl 2018, , 265 - 295, 20.04.2018
https://doi.org/10.18589/oa.591837

Öz

İki bölümlü yazıda, önce 16. yüzyıl sonlarında Osmanlı dünyasında yaşanan
para çalkantılarına dair farklı yaklaşım modelleri ele alınmış ve değerlendirilmiştir.
Gerek “miktar teorisini” gerekse “gerçek” iktisadi faktörleri gözönünde bulunduran
bir yaklaşımın yararlı olacağı düşüncesiyle, batı ve doğu yönlerinde farklı seyreden dış
ticaret dengelerinin yapısal özellikleri ile birlikte nüfus artışı ve paranın dolaşım hızı
üzerinde durulmuştur. İkinci bölümün konusu, Osmanlı yönetici sınıfından bazı yazarların şahit oldukları para ve fiyat hareketlerine dair tespit ve yorumlarıdır. Osmanlı
devlet adamları ve yazarları bu olgularla yakından ilgilenmiş, onları tartışmış, tahlil
etmiş, ve tedbirler önermiştir. Paranın istikrarını merkeze alan bu perspektif, siyasi
erkin rolünü vurgular, sonuçları itibariyle meseleyi toplumsal dengeler bağlamında
değerlendirir. Bugün “iktisadi” diye nitelendirdigimiz dinamiklerin özerkleşmesinin
yerleşik hiyerarşileri altüst edeceği, bunun sonucunda “nizam”a “ihtilal” geleceği endişesini taşır. Toplumsal dengeleri tehdit eden fiyat artışları ve narh düzeninin yitirilmesine çare ancak paranın istikrarına kavuşması ile mümkün olacaktır. Bu bağlamda
Cigalazâde (Cağaloğlu) Sinan Paşa’nın para ile ilgili ıslahat tedbirlerine destek olmak
isteyen Taşköprülüzâde Kemâlüddîn Mehmed Efendi, Makrîzî’nin Mısır tarihinde
para krizleri ile ilgili eserini Türkçe’ye çevirmekle kalmaz, bir sonsöz yazarak doğrudan
Osmanlı dünyasının yaşamakta olduğu krize dair özgün bir açıklama getirir.

Kaynakça

  • Bibliography Archival Documents BOA (Prime Ministry Archives, Istanbul), Mühimme Defterleri 5, 7, 30, 53, 74. Bursa Şeriye Sicilleri A. 35/35. Manuscripts Kemâlüddîn Mehmed Efendi [untitled appendix] in Makrîzî, Tarih Kaht Mısır Tercümesi [Shudhûr al-‘Uķûd fî Dhikr al-Nuķûd], Beyazıt Devlet Library, Veliyüddin Efendi, no. 2407, ff. 39a to 41a. Makrîzî, Tarih Kaht Mısır Tercümesi [Shudhûr al-‘Uķûd fî Dhikr al-Nuķûd], Beyazıt Devlet Library, Veliyüddin Efendi, no. 2407. Mustafa ‘Âlî, Künhü’l-aĥbâr, Nuruosmaniye Library, no. 3409. Mustafa ‘Âlî, Fusûlü’l-hall ve’l ‘akd, Nuruosmaniye Library, no. 3399. Selânikî Mustafa Efendi, Tâ’rîh, private library of Tayyip Gökbilgin. CEMAL KAFADAR 293 Published Works A Narrative of Italian Travels in Persia, in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, trans. and ed. by Charles Grey, London: The Hakluyt Society 1873. Abou-el-Haj, Rifaat: “Fitnah, Huruc ala al-Sultan and Nasihat: Political Struggle and Social Conflict in Ottoman Society, 1560’s-1700’s”, Jean-Louis Bacqué-Grammont and Emeri van Donzel (eds.), Comite International d’Etudes Pre-Ottomanes et Ottomanes, VIth Symposium Cambridge 1rst-4th July 1984, Istanbul: Institut Français d’Etudes Anatoliennes Editions Divit 1987, pp. 185-91. Abou-el-Haj, Rifaat: The 1703 Rebellion and the Structure of Ottoman Politics, Leiden: Nederlands Historisch-Archaelo 1984. Akdağ, Mustafa: Türkiye’nin İktisadî ve İctimaî Tarihi, 2 vols., Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi 1971. Altınay, Ahmet Refik: On Altıncı Asırda İstanbul Hayatı (1553-1591), Istanbul: Enderun Kitabevi 1988. Appleby, Joyce Oldham: Economic Thought and Ideology in Seventeenth-Century England, Princeton: Princeton University Press 1978. Attman, Artur: Dutch Enterprise in the World Bullion Trade 1550-1800, Göteborg 1983. Barkan, Ömer Lütfi: “The Price Revolution of the Sixteenth Century: A Turning Point in the Economic History of the Near East”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 6 (1975), pp. 3-28. Barkan, Ömer Lütfi: “XVI. Asrın İkinci Yarısında Türkiye’de Fiyat Hareketleri”, Belleten, 34 (1970), pp. 557-608. Bisson, Thomas N.: Conservation of Coinage, Monetary Exploitation and Its Restraint in France, Catalonia and Aragon (c. A. D. 1000-c. 1225), Oxford: Oxford University Press 1979. Brennig, Joseph J.: “Silver in Seventeenth-Century Surat: Monetary Circulation and the Price Revolution in Mughal India,” John F. Richards (ed.), Precious Metals in the Later Medieval and Early Modern Worlds, Durham: Carolina Academic Press 1983, pp. 477-96. Brown, Horatio F.: “A Report on the Condition of Persia in the Year 1586”, The English Historical Review, 7/26 (1892), pp. 314-21. Cahen, C. and Talbi, M.: “Hisba”, Encyclopédie de l’Islam, nouvelle ed., s.v. Ferrier, Ronald: “Trade from the Mid-14th Century to the End of the Safavid Period”, Peter Jackson and Laurence Lockhart (eds.): Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1986, pp. 412-90. Flemming, Barbara: “Sâhib-Kırân und Mahdî: Türkische Endzeiterwartungen im ersten Jahrzehnt der Regierung Süleymâns”, György Kara (ed.), Between the Danube and the Caucasus: A Collection of Papers Concerning the Oriental Sources on the History of the Peoples of Central and South-Eastern Europe (Budapest, 1987), pp. 43-62. PRELUDE TO OTTOMAN DECLINE CONSCIOUSNESS 294 Fleischer, Cornell: Bureaucrat and Intellectual in the Ottoman Empire: The Historian Mustafa Âlî (1541-1600), Princeton: Princeton University Press 1986. Fragner, Bert: “Social and Internal Economic Affairs”, Peter Jackson and Laurence Lockhart (eds.): Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1986, pp. 491-597. Gerber, Haim: “The Monetary System of the Ottoman Empire”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 25 (1982), pp. 308-24. Gimaret, Daniel: “Les theologiens musulmans devant la hausse des prix”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 22 (1979), pp. 330-38. Habib, Irfan: “The price regulations of ‘Alâ’uddîn Khaljî: A defence of Zia’ Baranî”, The Indian Economic and Social History Review, 21 (1984), pp. 393-414. Hamilton, Earl Jefferson: American Treasure and the Price Revolution in Spain 1501-1650, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 1934. Ibn al-Ukhuwwa: Ma‘âlim al qurba fî ahkâm al-hisba, ed. with summary translation by Reuben Levy, London: Luzac 1938. Ibn Taymiyya: Public Duties in Islam: The Institution of the Hisba, trans. Muhtar Holland, London: Islamic Foundation 1982. İnalcık, Halil: “Capital Formation in the Ottoman Empire”, The Journal of Economic History, 19 (1969), pp. 97-140. İnalcık, Halil: Fatih Devri Üzerinde Tetkikler ve Vesikalar, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu 1954. İnalcık, Halil: “Impact of the Annales School on Ottoman Studies and New Findings”, Review (Fernand Braudel Center), 1/3-4 (1978), pp. 69-99. İnalcık, Halil: “The Ottoman Economic Mind and Aspects of the Ottoman Economy”, M. A. Cook (ed.), Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East, London: Oxford University Press 1970, pp. 207-18. İpşirli, Mehmet (ed.): Muŝtafâ Selânikî’s History of the Ottomans, [a critical edition of the last portion of the chronicle] (unpublished Ph.D. Thesis) Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh 1976. Kafadar, Cemal: When Coins Turned into Drops of Dew and Bankers Became Robbers of Shadows: The Boundaries of Ottoman Economic Imagination at the End of the Sixteenth Century, (unpublished Ph.D. Thesis) Montreal: McGill University, 1986. Klaveren, Jacob van: “Fiscalism, Mercantilism, and Corruption”, D.C. Coleman (ed.), Revisions in Mercantilism, London: Methuen & Co. 1969, pp. 140-61. Kütükoğlu, Mübahat S.: Osmanlılarda Narh Müessesesi ve 1640 Tarihli Narh Defteri, Istanbul: Enderun Kitabevi 1983. Maķrîzî: Eski ve İslamî Paralar, trans. İbrahim Hakkı Konyalı, Istanbul: Gavsi Ozansoy Basımevi 1946. CEMAL KAFADAR 295 Minadoi, Giovanni T.: Historia della guerra fra Turchi et Persiani, Venice: Muschio 1594. Miskimin, Harry A.: “Agenda for Early Modern Economic History”, The Journal of Economic History, 31 (1971), pp. 172-83. Moosvi, Shireen: “The Silver Influx, Money Supply, Prices and Revenue-Extraction in Mughal India”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 30 (1987), pp. 47-94. Morgan, E. Delmar and Charles Henry Coote (eds.): Early Voyages and Travels to Russia and Persia by Anthony Jenkinson and Other Englishmen, New York: Burt Franklin 1964 [repr. of pub. by Hakluyt Society, First Series, 1886]. Mustafa ‘Âlî: Muŝšafâ ‘Âlî’s Counsel for Sultans of 1581, 2 vols., edition, translation, notes by Andreas Tietze, Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 1979-82. Necipoğlu, Gülru: “Süleyman the Magnificent and the Representation of Power in the Context of Ottoman-Hapsburg-Papal Rivalry”, The Art Bulletin 71 (1989), pp. 401-27. Nev‘îzâde ‘Atâ’î: Hadâ’iķü’l-haķâ’ik fî tekmileti’l-şakâ’iķ, ed. Abdülkadir Özcan, Istanbul: Çağrı Yayınları 1989. Romano, Ruggiero: “Tra XVI e XVII secolo. Una crisi economica: 1619-1622”, repr. in Ruggiero Romano, L’Europa tra due crisi (XIV e XVII secolo), Turin: Piccola Biblioteca Einaudi 1980, pp.76-147. Sahillioğlu, Halil: “Fâtih’in son yıllarında bakır para basılması ve dağıtılması ile ilgili belgeler”, Belgelerle Türk Tarihi Dergisi, 6 (1968), pp. 72-75. Sahillioğlu, Halil: “The Role of International Monetary and Metal Movements in Ottoman Monetary History, 1300-1750”, J. F. Richards (ed.), Precious Metals in the Later Medieval and Early Modern Worlds, Durham: Carolina Academic Press 1983, pp. 269-304. Sanudo, Marin: I Diarii di Marino Sanuto (1496-1533), vols. 38, 58, Bologna: Forni 1970. Schmidt, Jan: “The Egri Campaign of 1596: Military History and the Problem of Sources”, Andreas Tietze (ed.), Habsburgisch-osmanische Beziehungen, Vienna: Verlag des Verbandes der Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaften Österreichs 1985, pp. 125-44. Selânikî Mustafa Efendi: Tâ’rîh-i Selânikî, İstanbul, 1281/1864-5. Spufford, Peter: Money and its Use in Medieval Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1988. Sundhaussen, Holm: “Die ‘Preisrevolution’ im osmanischen Reich während der zweiten Hälfte des 16. Jahrhunderts: Importierte oder intern verursachte Inflation? (Zu einer These Ö. L. Barkan’s)”, Südost-Forschungen, 42 (1983), pp. 169-81. Vilar, Pierre: A History of Gold and Money, trans. Judith White, London: NLB 1976. Wallerstein, Immanuel: The Modern World-System, vol. I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World Economy in the Sixteenth Century, London: Academic Press 1974.

Prelude to Ottoman Decline Consciousness: Monetary Turbulence at the end of the Sixteenth Century and the Intellectual Response

Yıl 2018, , 265 - 295, 20.04.2018
https://doi.org/10.18589/oa.591837

Öz

The first section of this bipartite essay deals with different approaches to the monetary turbulence experienced in the Ottoman world in the late-16th century. Combining “real” economic factors with the “quantity theory of money,” it underlines
population growth and the velocity of circulation as well as structural aspects of
Ottoman trade balances vis-a-vis the west and the east. The focus of the second
section is on the observations and analyses of authors from the Ottoman ruling
elite with respect to monetary and price movements. Ottoman statesmen and intellectuals were sharply concerned with these developments, discussed and analyzed
them, and proposed measures. With monetary stability as its core concern, their
perspective emphasized the role of political authority and evaluated the problem in
terms of its consequences in the realm of social balances. It was accompanied by an
anxiety about “deterioration” replacing “order,” and about established hierarchies being toppled, in the face of the autonomy gained by certain dynamics, which we now
consider to be in the sphere of “the economy.” The threat to order posed by price
hikes and the erosion of the system of price controls cannot be met but by bringing
stability to the currency. In that context, and in order to support Cigalazade Sinan
Pasha’s currency reform, Taşköprülüzâde Kemâlüddîn Mehmed Efendi translated
Makrîzî’s 15th-century text on monetary crises in Egyptian history and added an
appendix with his original analysis of Ottoman circumstances

Kaynakça

  • Bibliography Archival Documents BOA (Prime Ministry Archives, Istanbul), Mühimme Defterleri 5, 7, 30, 53, 74. Bursa Şeriye Sicilleri A. 35/35. Manuscripts Kemâlüddîn Mehmed Efendi [untitled appendix] in Makrîzî, Tarih Kaht Mısır Tercümesi [Shudhûr al-‘Uķûd fî Dhikr al-Nuķûd], Beyazıt Devlet Library, Veliyüddin Efendi, no. 2407, ff. 39a to 41a. Makrîzî, Tarih Kaht Mısır Tercümesi [Shudhûr al-‘Uķûd fî Dhikr al-Nuķûd], Beyazıt Devlet Library, Veliyüddin Efendi, no. 2407. Mustafa ‘Âlî, Künhü’l-aĥbâr, Nuruosmaniye Library, no. 3409. Mustafa ‘Âlî, Fusûlü’l-hall ve’l ‘akd, Nuruosmaniye Library, no. 3399. Selânikî Mustafa Efendi, Tâ’rîh, private library of Tayyip Gökbilgin. CEMAL KAFADAR 293 Published Works A Narrative of Italian Travels in Persia, in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, trans. and ed. by Charles Grey, London: The Hakluyt Society 1873. Abou-el-Haj, Rifaat: “Fitnah, Huruc ala al-Sultan and Nasihat: Political Struggle and Social Conflict in Ottoman Society, 1560’s-1700’s”, Jean-Louis Bacqué-Grammont and Emeri van Donzel (eds.), Comite International d’Etudes Pre-Ottomanes et Ottomanes, VIth Symposium Cambridge 1rst-4th July 1984, Istanbul: Institut Français d’Etudes Anatoliennes Editions Divit 1987, pp. 185-91. Abou-el-Haj, Rifaat: The 1703 Rebellion and the Structure of Ottoman Politics, Leiden: Nederlands Historisch-Archaelo 1984. Akdağ, Mustafa: Türkiye’nin İktisadî ve İctimaî Tarihi, 2 vols., Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi 1971. Altınay, Ahmet Refik: On Altıncı Asırda İstanbul Hayatı (1553-1591), Istanbul: Enderun Kitabevi 1988. Appleby, Joyce Oldham: Economic Thought and Ideology in Seventeenth-Century England, Princeton: Princeton University Press 1978. Attman, Artur: Dutch Enterprise in the World Bullion Trade 1550-1800, Göteborg 1983. Barkan, Ömer Lütfi: “The Price Revolution of the Sixteenth Century: A Turning Point in the Economic History of the Near East”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 6 (1975), pp. 3-28. Barkan, Ömer Lütfi: “XVI. Asrın İkinci Yarısında Türkiye’de Fiyat Hareketleri”, Belleten, 34 (1970), pp. 557-608. Bisson, Thomas N.: Conservation of Coinage, Monetary Exploitation and Its Restraint in France, Catalonia and Aragon (c. A. D. 1000-c. 1225), Oxford: Oxford University Press 1979. Brennig, Joseph J.: “Silver in Seventeenth-Century Surat: Monetary Circulation and the Price Revolution in Mughal India,” John F. Richards (ed.), Precious Metals in the Later Medieval and Early Modern Worlds, Durham: Carolina Academic Press 1983, pp. 477-96. Brown, Horatio F.: “A Report on the Condition of Persia in the Year 1586”, The English Historical Review, 7/26 (1892), pp. 314-21. Cahen, C. and Talbi, M.: “Hisba”, Encyclopédie de l’Islam, nouvelle ed., s.v. Ferrier, Ronald: “Trade from the Mid-14th Century to the End of the Safavid Period”, Peter Jackson and Laurence Lockhart (eds.): Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1986, pp. 412-90. Flemming, Barbara: “Sâhib-Kırân und Mahdî: Türkische Endzeiterwartungen im ersten Jahrzehnt der Regierung Süleymâns”, György Kara (ed.), Between the Danube and the Caucasus: A Collection of Papers Concerning the Oriental Sources on the History of the Peoples of Central and South-Eastern Europe (Budapest, 1987), pp. 43-62. PRELUDE TO OTTOMAN DECLINE CONSCIOUSNESS 294 Fleischer, Cornell: Bureaucrat and Intellectual in the Ottoman Empire: The Historian Mustafa Âlî (1541-1600), Princeton: Princeton University Press 1986. Fragner, Bert: “Social and Internal Economic Affairs”, Peter Jackson and Laurence Lockhart (eds.): Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1986, pp. 491-597. Gerber, Haim: “The Monetary System of the Ottoman Empire”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 25 (1982), pp. 308-24. Gimaret, Daniel: “Les theologiens musulmans devant la hausse des prix”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 22 (1979), pp. 330-38. Habib, Irfan: “The price regulations of ‘Alâ’uddîn Khaljî: A defence of Zia’ Baranî”, The Indian Economic and Social History Review, 21 (1984), pp. 393-414. Hamilton, Earl Jefferson: American Treasure and the Price Revolution in Spain 1501-1650, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 1934. Ibn al-Ukhuwwa: Ma‘âlim al qurba fî ahkâm al-hisba, ed. with summary translation by Reuben Levy, London: Luzac 1938. Ibn Taymiyya: Public Duties in Islam: The Institution of the Hisba, trans. Muhtar Holland, London: Islamic Foundation 1982. İnalcık, Halil: “Capital Formation in the Ottoman Empire”, The Journal of Economic History, 19 (1969), pp. 97-140. İnalcık, Halil: Fatih Devri Üzerinde Tetkikler ve Vesikalar, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu 1954. İnalcık, Halil: “Impact of the Annales School on Ottoman Studies and New Findings”, Review (Fernand Braudel Center), 1/3-4 (1978), pp. 69-99. İnalcık, Halil: “The Ottoman Economic Mind and Aspects of the Ottoman Economy”, M. A. Cook (ed.), Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East, London: Oxford University Press 1970, pp. 207-18. İpşirli, Mehmet (ed.): Muŝtafâ Selânikî’s History of the Ottomans, [a critical edition of the last portion of the chronicle] (unpublished Ph.D. Thesis) Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh 1976. Kafadar, Cemal: When Coins Turned into Drops of Dew and Bankers Became Robbers of Shadows: The Boundaries of Ottoman Economic Imagination at the End of the Sixteenth Century, (unpublished Ph.D. Thesis) Montreal: McGill University, 1986. Klaveren, Jacob van: “Fiscalism, Mercantilism, and Corruption”, D.C. Coleman (ed.), Revisions in Mercantilism, London: Methuen & Co. 1969, pp. 140-61. Kütükoğlu, Mübahat S.: Osmanlılarda Narh Müessesesi ve 1640 Tarihli Narh Defteri, Istanbul: Enderun Kitabevi 1983. Maķrîzî: Eski ve İslamî Paralar, trans. İbrahim Hakkı Konyalı, Istanbul: Gavsi Ozansoy Basımevi 1946. CEMAL KAFADAR 295 Minadoi, Giovanni T.: Historia della guerra fra Turchi et Persiani, Venice: Muschio 1594. Miskimin, Harry A.: “Agenda for Early Modern Economic History”, The Journal of Economic History, 31 (1971), pp. 172-83. Moosvi, Shireen: “The Silver Influx, Money Supply, Prices and Revenue-Extraction in Mughal India”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 30 (1987), pp. 47-94. Morgan, E. Delmar and Charles Henry Coote (eds.): Early Voyages and Travels to Russia and Persia by Anthony Jenkinson and Other Englishmen, New York: Burt Franklin 1964 [repr. of pub. by Hakluyt Society, First Series, 1886]. Mustafa ‘Âlî: Muŝšafâ ‘Âlî’s Counsel for Sultans of 1581, 2 vols., edition, translation, notes by Andreas Tietze, Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 1979-82. Necipoğlu, Gülru: “Süleyman the Magnificent and the Representation of Power in the Context of Ottoman-Hapsburg-Papal Rivalry”, The Art Bulletin 71 (1989), pp. 401-27. Nev‘îzâde ‘Atâ’î: Hadâ’iķü’l-haķâ’ik fî tekmileti’l-şakâ’iķ, ed. Abdülkadir Özcan, Istanbul: Çağrı Yayınları 1989. Romano, Ruggiero: “Tra XVI e XVII secolo. Una crisi economica: 1619-1622”, repr. in Ruggiero Romano, L’Europa tra due crisi (XIV e XVII secolo), Turin: Piccola Biblioteca Einaudi 1980, pp.76-147. Sahillioğlu, Halil: “Fâtih’in son yıllarında bakır para basılması ve dağıtılması ile ilgili belgeler”, Belgelerle Türk Tarihi Dergisi, 6 (1968), pp. 72-75. Sahillioğlu, Halil: “The Role of International Monetary and Metal Movements in Ottoman Monetary History, 1300-1750”, J. F. Richards (ed.), Precious Metals in the Later Medieval and Early Modern Worlds, Durham: Carolina Academic Press 1983, pp. 269-304. Sanudo, Marin: I Diarii di Marino Sanuto (1496-1533), vols. 38, 58, Bologna: Forni 1970. Schmidt, Jan: “The Egri Campaign of 1596: Military History and the Problem of Sources”, Andreas Tietze (ed.), Habsburgisch-osmanische Beziehungen, Vienna: Verlag des Verbandes der Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaften Österreichs 1985, pp. 125-44. Selânikî Mustafa Efendi: Tâ’rîh-i Selânikî, İstanbul, 1281/1864-5. Spufford, Peter: Money and its Use in Medieval Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1988. Sundhaussen, Holm: “Die ‘Preisrevolution’ im osmanischen Reich während der zweiten Hälfte des 16. Jahrhunderts: Importierte oder intern verursachte Inflation? (Zu einer These Ö. L. Barkan’s)”, Südost-Forschungen, 42 (1983), pp. 169-81. Vilar, Pierre: A History of Gold and Money, trans. Judith White, London: NLB 1976. Wallerstein, Immanuel: The Modern World-System, vol. I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World Economy in the Sixteenth Century, London: Academic Press 1974.
Toplam 1 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Cemal Kafadar

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Nisan 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018

Kaynak Göster

APA Kafadar, C. (2018). Prelude to Ottoman Decline Consciousness: Monetary Turbulence at the end of the Sixteenth Century and the Intellectual Response. Osmanlı Araştırmaları, 51(51), 265-295. https://doi.org/10.18589/oa.591837
AMA Kafadar C. Prelude to Ottoman Decline Consciousness: Monetary Turbulence at the end of the Sixteenth Century and the Intellectual Response. OA. Nisan 2018;51(51):265-295. doi:10.18589/oa.591837
Chicago Kafadar, Cemal. “Prelude to Ottoman Decline Consciousness: Monetary Turbulence at the End of the Sixteenth Century and the Intellectual Response”. Osmanlı Araştırmaları 51, sy. 51 (Nisan 2018): 265-95. https://doi.org/10.18589/oa.591837.
EndNote Kafadar C (01 Nisan 2018) Prelude to Ottoman Decline Consciousness: Monetary Turbulence at the end of the Sixteenth Century and the Intellectual Response. Osmanlı Araştırmaları 51 51 265–295.
IEEE C. Kafadar, “Prelude to Ottoman Decline Consciousness: Monetary Turbulence at the end of the Sixteenth Century and the Intellectual Response”, OA, c. 51, sy. 51, ss. 265–295, 2018, doi: 10.18589/oa.591837.
ISNAD Kafadar, Cemal. “Prelude to Ottoman Decline Consciousness: Monetary Turbulence at the End of the Sixteenth Century and the Intellectual Response”. Osmanlı Araştırmaları 51/51 (Nisan 2018), 265-295. https://doi.org/10.18589/oa.591837.
JAMA Kafadar C. Prelude to Ottoman Decline Consciousness: Monetary Turbulence at the end of the Sixteenth Century and the Intellectual Response. OA. 2018;51:265–295.
MLA Kafadar, Cemal. “Prelude to Ottoman Decline Consciousness: Monetary Turbulence at the End of the Sixteenth Century and the Intellectual Response”. Osmanlı Araştırmaları, c. 51, sy. 51, 2018, ss. 265-9, doi:10.18589/oa.591837.
Vancouver Kafadar C. Prelude to Ottoman Decline Consciousness: Monetary Turbulence at the end of the Sixteenth Century and the Intellectual Response. OA. 2018;51(51):265-9.