Araştırma Makalesi
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Nasihatnameler, İcmal Defterleri, and the Timar-Holding Ottoman Elite in the Late Sixteenth Century

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 43 Sayı: 43, 193 - 226, 01.06.2014

Öz

This article examines the changing identities of one portion of the Ottoman elite as depicted in the icmal defterleri. The focus is on the late sixteenth century, when the advice writers say the timar system declined and elite recruitment altered significantly. They attribute the uselessness of the timar-holding cavalry to the replacement of the sons of timar-holders by outsiders (ecnebiler), Janissaries or the retainers of the powerful. The icmal defterleri, however, do not indicate a major change in elite recruitment around 1580.They show that sons of timar-holders were never the majority of recipients, and that although they did decrease somewhat from a momentary peak in the 1560s, this decrease was made up, not by Janissaries, the
provincial military, or retainers of great men, but by sons of nobodies with military experience. And they did not disappear but acquired new functions, especially in siege warfare.

Kaynakça

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  • ..........: XVI. Asırda Manisa Kazâsı, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi 1989.
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XVI. Yüzyılın Sonunda İcmal Defterleri, Nasihatnameler ve Timar Sahibi Osmanlı Eliti

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 43 Sayı: 43, 193 - 226, 01.06.2014

Öz

Bu makale, icmal defterlerine göre Osmanlı elitinin bir bölümünün değişen kimliklerini incelemektedir. Çalışmada, XVI. yüzyılın sonlarında siyasetname yazarlarının tımar sisteminin çöküşü ve Osmanlı elitinin kompozisyonundaki değişim hakkında yazdıklarına odaklanılmaktadır. Siyasetname yazarları, tımarlı sipahilerin işlevselliğini kaybetmelerini, sisteme ecnebilerin, yeniçerilerin ve önemli kişilerin hizmetkarlarının dahil olmasına bağlamaktadırlar. Mamafih icmal defterleri 1580 civarında Osmanlı elitinin teşekkül sisteminde ve oluşum sürecinde çok büyük bir değişikliğin olduğunu göstermemektedir. İcmal defterleri, tımar sahiplerinin oğullarının hiçbir şekilde çoğunluğu oluşturmadığını, 1560‘larda böyle bir artış gözlense de bu artışa sebep olanların yeniçeriler, eyaletlerdeki askeri sınıflar ya da önemli kişilerin hizmetkarları değil askeri sınıfa mensup olmayan kişilerin oğulları olduğunu göstermektedir. Zaten tımarlı sipahilerin de işlevlerini kaybetmediği sadece kuşatma savaşlarında yeni görevler üstlendikleri ortaya çıkmaktadır

Kaynakça

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  • Ágoston, Gabor: Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Otto- man Empire, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2005.
  • ..........: “Habsburgs and Ottomans: Defense, Military Change and Shifts in Power.” Turk- ish Studies Association Bulletin, 22.1 (1998), pp. 126-41.
  • Alexander, John C.: “Counting the Grains: Conceptual and Methodological Issues in Reading the Ottoman Mufassal Tahrir Defters.” Arab Historical Review for Otto- man Studies, no. 19-20 (1999), pp. 55-70.
  • ‘Ali, Mustafa: Mustafâ ‘Âlî’s Counsel for Sultans of 1581: Edition, Translation, Notes, Andreas Tietze (ed. and trans.), 2 vols., Philosophisch-Historische Klasse, 137, 158, Vienna:
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  • Beldiceanu-Steinherr, Irène, and Nicoară Beldiceanu: “Reglement ottoman concernant le recensement (première moitié du XVIe siècle),” Südost-Forschungen, 39 (1978), pp. 1-40.
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  • Cassola, Arnold, with İdris Bostan and Thomas Scheben: The 1565 Ottoman Malta Campaign Register, Malta: Publishers Enterprises Group, 1998.
  • Clayer, Nathalie : “Note sur la survivance du système des tımâr dan la région de Shkodër au début du XXe siècle,” Turcica, 29 (1997), pp. 423-31.
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  • Çiçek, Kemal: “The Earliest Population and Fiscal Surveys (Tahrir Defterleri) for the Anatolian Provinces of the Ottoman Empire,” OTAM, no. 7 (1996), pp. 44-97.
  • Çolak, Orhan M.: “İstanbul Kütüphanelerinde Bulunan Siyasetnâmeler Bibliyografyası,” Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Dergisi, 1.2 (2003), pp. 339-78.
  • Darling, Linda T.: “The Development of Ottoman Governmental Institutions in the Fourteenth Century: A Reconstruction,” Vera Costantini and Markus Koller (eds.), Living in the Ottoman Ecumenical Community: Essays in Honour of Suraiya Faroqhi, Leiden: Brill 2008, pp. 17-34.
  • ..........: Revenue-Raising and Legitimacy: Tax Collection and Finance Administration in the Ottoman Empire, 1560-1660, Leiden: Brill 1996.
  • ..........: “The Sultan’s Advisors and Their Opinions on the Identity of the Ottoman Elite, 1580-1653,” Christine Isom-Verhaaren and Kent Schull (eds.), Living in the Otto- man Realm: Creating, Contesting, and Resisting Ottoman Identity, 13th-20th Centuries, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, forthcoming
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  • Douwes, Dick: The Ottomans in Syria: A History of Justice and Oppression, London: I.B. Tauris 2000.
  • Duffy, Christopher: Siege Warfare: The Fortress in the Early Modern World, 1494-1660, Lon- don: Routledge and Kegan Paul 1979.
  • Emecen, Feridun M.: “Mufassal’dan İcmal’e”, Osmanlı Araştırmaları, 16 (1996), pp.37-44.
  • ..........: XVI. Asırda Manisa Kazâsı, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi 1989.
  • Eravcı, H. Mustafa: Mustafa ‘Âlî’s Nusret-nâme and Ottoman-Safavi Conflict, Istanbul: MVT 2011.
  • Erdoğru, Mehmet Akif: “Akşehir Sancağındaki Dirliklerin III. Murat Devrindeki Durumu ve 1583/991 Tarihli Akşehir Sancağı İcmal Defteri,” OTAM, 1, no. 1 (June 1990):\, pp. 127-62.
  • ..........: “Beyşehir Sancağı İcmal Defteri,” Belgeler, 13, no. 18 (1988), pp. 117-82.
  • Ferguson, Heather: “Genres of Power: Constructing a Discourse of Decline in Ottoman Nasihatname.” Osmanlı Araştırmaları, 35 (2010), pp. 81-116.
  • Finkel, Caroline: Osman’s Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923, London: John Murray 2005.
  • Fleischer, Cornell H.: “From Şeyhzade Korkud to Mustafa Âlî: Cultural Origins of the Ot- toman Nasihatname,” Heath W. Lowry and Ralph S. Hattox (eds.), IIIrd Congress on the Social and Economic History of Turkey, Istanbul: İsis Press 1990, pp. 67-78.
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  • Gökbilgin, M. Tayyib: “Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın Timar ve Zeamet Tevcihi ile İlgili Fermanları,” Tarih Dergisi, 22 (1969), pp. 35-48.
  • Göyünç, Nejat: “Timar Ruznamçe Defterleri’nin Biyografik Kaynak Olarak Önemi”, Bel- leten, LX/227 (1996), 127-38
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  • Heywood, Colin: “Between Historical Myth and ‘Mythohistory’: The Limits of Ottoman History,” Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, 12 (1988), pp. 315-45.
  • Howard, Douglas A.: “Ottoman Administration and the Tîmâr System: Sûret-i Kânûn- nâme-i ‘Osmânî berây-i Tîmâr Dâden,” Journal of Turkish Studies, 20 (1996), pp. 46-125.
  • ..........: “The Ottoman Timar System and Its Transformation, 1563-1656,” doctoral dis- sertation, Indiana University, 1987.
  • ..........: “With Gibbon in the Garden: Decline, Death and the Sick Man of Europe,” Fides et Historia, 26 (1994), pp. 22-37.
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  • ..........: Hicrî 835 Tarihli Sûret-i Defter-i Sancak-ı Arvanid, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu 1954.
  • ..........: The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1973.
  • ..........: “Stefan Duşan’dan Osmanlı İmparatorluğuna: XV. Asırda Rumeli’de Hıristiyan Sipahiler ve Menşeleri,” Fatih Devri üzerinde Tetkikler ve Vesikalar, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu 1954, pp. 137-84.
  • .......... : “Timariotes chrétiens en Albanie au XV. siècle d’après un registre de timars ot- toman,” Mitteilungen des österreichischen staatsarchiv, 4 (1951), pp. 118-38
  • İpşirli, Mehmed: “Hasan Kâfî el-Akhisarî ve Devlet Düzenine ait Eseri Usûlü’l-Hikem fî Nizâmi’l-Âlem,” Tarih Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10-11 (1979-80), pp. 239-78.
  • Káldy-Nagy, Gyula: “The Administration of the Sanjaq Registrations in Hungary,” Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 21 (1968), pp. 181-223.
  • ..........: “The ‘Strangers’ (Ecnebiler) in the 16th Century Ottoman Military Organization.” György Kara (ed.), Between the Danube and the Caucasus, Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó 1987, pp. 165-69.
  • Karaca, Behset: XV. ve XVI. Yüzyıllarda Teke Sancağı. Isparta, Fakülte Kitabevi, 2002.
  • Koçi Bey. Yılmaz Kurt (ed.), Koçi Bey Risalesi, Ankara: Ecdad 1994.
  • Kunt, İ. Metin: The Sultan’s Servants: The Transformation of Ottoman Provincial Govern- ment, 1550-1650, New York: Columbia University Press 1983.
  • Levend, Agâh Sırrı: “Siyaset-nameler.” Türk Dili Araştırmaları Yıllığı Belleten, (1962), pp. 167-94.
  • Lowry, Heath W. “The Ottoman Tahrir Defterleri as a Source for Social and Economic History: Pitfalls and Limitations,” Studies in Defterology: Ottoman Society in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries, Istanbul: İsis Press 1992, 3-18.
  • Lütfî Paşa: Rudolf Tschudi (ed. and trans.) Das Asafnâme des Lutfî Pascha, Leipzig: W. Drugulin 1910.
  • Maggiorotti, Leone Andrea: Architetti e Architetture Militari. Rome: La Libreria dello Stato 1933-39.
  • Murphey, Rhoads: Ottoman Warfare, 1500-1700, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press 1999.
  • ..........: Review of Kenneth M. Setton, Venice, Austria, and the Turks, Archivum Ottomani- cum 13 (1993-94), pp. 377-83.
  • Mutafčieva, V. P., and Str. A. Dimitrov : Sur l’état du système des timars des XVIIe-XVIIIe ss., Sofia: Academie Bulgare des Sciences 1968.
  • Onon, Urgunge (trans.), The History and the Life of Chinggis Khan (The Secret History of the Mongols), Leiden: Brill 1990.
  • Özkaya, Yücel : “XVIII. Yüzyılın Sonlarında Timar ve Zeâmetlerin Düzeni Konusunda Alınan Tedbirler ve Sonuçları,” Tarih Dergisi, 32 (1979), pp. 219-54, 959-77.
  • Pálffy, Géza: “The Origins and Development of the Border Defence System Against the Ottoman Empire in Hungary (Up to the Early Eighteenth Century).” Géza Dávid and Pál Fodor (eds.), Ottomans, Hungarians, and Habsburgs in Central Europe: The Military Confines in the Era of Ottoman Conquest, Leiden: Brill 20003-70.
  • Parry, V. J. : “La Manière de Combattre.” V. J. Parry and M. E. Yapp (eds.), War, Technol- ogy and Society in the Middle East, Oxford, London: Oxford University Press 1975, pp. 218-56.
  • Paruta, Paolo: Henry Carey, Earl of Monmouth (trans.), The History of Venice ... Like- wise the Wars of Cyprus, London: Printed for Abel Rober, and Henry Herringman 1658.
  • Promis, Carlo: Le Antichità di Aosta, Augusta Praetoria Salassorum, Misurate, Disegnate, Turin: Stamperia Reale 1862.
  • Rothenberg, Gunther E.: The Austrian Military Border in Croatia, 1522-1747. Illinois Stud- ies in the Social Sciences, 48, Urbana: University of Illinois Press 1960.
  • Röhrborn, Klaus: Untersuchungen zur osmanischen Verwaltungsgeschichte, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1973.
  • Su, K.: Balıkesir ve Civarında Yürük ve Türkmenler, Istanbul: Resimli Ay 1938.
  • Šabanović, Hazim: Krajište Isa-Bega Ishakovića: Zbirni Katastarski Popis iz 1455. Godina, Sarajevo: Orijentalni Institut u Sarajevu 1964.
  • Stein, Mark L.: Guarding the Frontier: Ottoman Border Forts and Garrisons in Europe, London: I.B.Tauris 2007.
  • Szalontay, Tibor: “The Art of War during the Ottoman-Habsburg Long War (1593-1606) According to Narrative Sources,” doctoral dissertation, University of Toronto,
  • Tezcan, Baki: The Second Ottoman Empire: Political and Social Transformation in the Early Modern World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2010.
  • Uğur, Ahmet: Osmanlı Siyaset-Nameler, Istanbul: Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı 2001.
  • Veysî: F. A. Salimzianovoi (ed.), Khab-Name (Kniga Snovideniia), Moscow: Izdatelstvo “Nauka” 1976.
  • Woodhead, Christine: “After Celalzade: The Ottoman Nişancı c. 1560-1700,” Andreas Christmann and Robert Gleave, (eds.), Studies in Islamic Law: A Festschrift for Colin Imber, Oxford: Oxford University Press for the University of Manchester 2007, pp. 295-311.
Toplam 84 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Linda T. Darlıng Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Cilt: 43 Sayı: 43

Kaynak Göster

APA Darlıng, L. T. (2014). Nasihatnameler, İcmal Defterleri, and the Timar-Holding Ottoman Elite in the Late Sixteenth Century. Osmanlı Araştırmaları, 43(43), 193-226.
AMA Darlıng LT. Nasihatnameler, İcmal Defterleri, and the Timar-Holding Ottoman Elite in the Late Sixteenth Century. OA. Haziran 2014;43(43):193-226.
Chicago Darlıng, Linda T. “Nasihatnameler, İcmal Defterleri, and the Timar-Holding Ottoman Elite in the Late Sixteenth Century”. Osmanlı Araştırmaları 43, sy. 43 (Haziran 2014): 193-226.
EndNote Darlıng LT (01 Haziran 2014) Nasihatnameler, İcmal Defterleri, and the Timar-Holding Ottoman Elite in the Late Sixteenth Century. Osmanlı Araştırmaları 43 43 193–226.
IEEE L. T. Darlıng, “Nasihatnameler, İcmal Defterleri, and the Timar-Holding Ottoman Elite in the Late Sixteenth Century”, OA, c. 43, sy. 43, ss. 193–226, 2014.
ISNAD Darlıng, Linda T. “Nasihatnameler, İcmal Defterleri, and the Timar-Holding Ottoman Elite in the Late Sixteenth Century”. Osmanlı Araştırmaları 43/43 (Haziran 2014), 193-226.
JAMA Darlıng LT. Nasihatnameler, İcmal Defterleri, and the Timar-Holding Ottoman Elite in the Late Sixteenth Century. OA. 2014;43:193–226.
MLA Darlıng, Linda T. “Nasihatnameler, İcmal Defterleri, and the Timar-Holding Ottoman Elite in the Late Sixteenth Century”. Osmanlı Araştırmaları, c. 43, sy. 43, 2014, ss. 193-26.
Vancouver Darlıng LT. Nasihatnameler, İcmal Defterleri, and the Timar-Holding Ottoman Elite in the Late Sixteenth Century. OA. 2014;43(43):193-226.