İstanbul ve Kabil Arasında Saraylar Düzeyinde Temas: On Dokuzuncu Yüzyıl Sonlarında Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ve Afganistan Arasındaki Etkileşim Meselesi
Öz
1877’de Sultan II. Abdülhamid, Afganistan’a gönderilen resmi bir Osmanlı heyetine
başkanlık etmesi için İslâm âlimi ve hukukçu Ahmed Hulusi Efendi’yi seçmiştir. Kabil’de
Bab-ı Âli’nin ilk resmi elçisi olmakla beraber Hulusi Efendi’nin geçmişi ve üstlendiği
görevin Osmanlı diplomasisi ve dış ilişkileri haricindeki alanlardaki etkisi hakkında henüz
çok az şey bilinmektedir. Makale Hulusi Efendi’nin Afganistan yolculuğu öncesindeki
hayatına, üstlendiği bir dizi önemli göreve ve bunların arasında özellikle hukuk alanında
bir dönüm noktası olan Mecelle’yi yazan seçkin komisyondaki üyeliğine biyografik bir
pencere açar. Bu çalışma Osmanlı, İngiliz-Hint ve Afgan arşivlerini kullanarak Hulusi
Efendi’nin Afganistan misyonunun daha önce üzerinde durulmamış hukuki boyutlarını
inceler, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ve Afganistan’da hemen hemen aynı zamanda gerçekleşen
İslâmi kanun oluşturma projesi de dahil olmak üzere gelecek için bazı muhtemel araştırma
yönelimlerini ortaya koyar.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Afganistan Afganlar Kabil pan-İslamizm Osmanlı hukuku/kanunu Şeriat Hanefi fıkhı kodlama/kanunlaştırma Mecelle
Kaynakça
- Algar, Hamid. 2012. “Tarîqat and Tarîq: Central Asian Naqshbandîs on the Roads to the Haramayn,” in Alexandre Papas, Thomas Welsford and Thierry Zarcone, eds., Central Asian Pilgrims: Ģajj Routes and Pious Visits between Central Asia and the Hijaz. Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag. Alkuzai, Ahmad Jan Khan. 1885/86. Asas al-Qadat: sharh-i huquq wa jaza. Kabul: Matba‘ah-i Dar al-Saltanah. ‘Azim Khan, Mir Muhammad. 1886/87. Sar-rishtah-i Islamiyah-i Rum. Kabul: Dar al-Saltanah. Balland, Daniel. 1983. “Afghanistan: Political History.” Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 5: 547-558. Barfield, Thomas. 2010. Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Baysun, M. Cavid. 1952. “Şirvanizade Ahmed Hulusi Efendi’nin Efganistan Elçiliğine Aid Vesikalar.” Tarih Dergisi IV (Eylül): 147-58. Bayur, Yusuf Hikmet. 1950. Hindistan Tarihi, III. Cilt. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu. Can, Lale. 2012. “Connecting People: A Central Asian Sufi network in turn-of-the-century Istanbul.” Modern Asian Studies 46: 373-401. Cevdet Paşa, Ahmed. 2010. Faideli Bilgiler. İstanbul: Hakikat Kitabevi. Chambers, Richard L. 1973. “The Education of a Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Alim, Ahmed Cevdet Paşa.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 4: 440-464. Deringil, Selim. 1999. The Well-Protected Domains: Ideology and the Legitimation of Power in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1909. New York: I.B. Tauris. Dihlawi, ‘Abd al-Razaq, Mulla Abu Bakr, and Mir Muhammad ‘Azim Khan. 1888/89. Taqwim-i Din. Kabul: Dar al-Saltanah. Dupree, Louis. 1980. Afghanistan. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Edwards, David B. 1996. Heroes of the Age: Moral Faultlines on the Afghan Frontier. Berkeley: University of California Press. Elphinstone, Mountstuart, 1839. An Account of the Kingdom of Cabul and its Dependencies in Persia, Tartary, and India. London: Richard Bentley. Farooqi, Naimur Rahman. 2009. Mughal-Ottoman Relations. Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat. Faroqhi, Suraiya. 2004. The Ottoman Empire and the World Around It. New York: I.B.Tauris. Ghani, Ashraf. 1978. “Islam and State-Building in a Tribal Society: Afghanistan 1880-1901.” Modern Asian Studies 12: 269-284. ........ , 1983. “Disputes in a Court of Sharia, Kunar Valley, Afghanistan: 1895-1890.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 15: 353-367. Green, Nile. 2006. “Blessed Men and Tribal Politics” Notes on Political Culture in the Indo Afghan World.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 49 (2006): 344-360. Hamdi Efendi, Ahmed. 1882/83. Hindistan, Swat ve Afghanistan Seyahatnamesi. İstanbul: Mahmud Bey Matbaası. Kakar, M. Hasan Kawun. 1979. Government and Society in Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir ‘Abd al-Rahman Khan. Austin: University of Texas Press. Lee, Dwight. 1941. “A Turkish Mission to Afghanistan, 1877.” Journal of Modern History 13: 335-56. Macintyre, Ben. 2004. The Man Who Would be King: The First American in Afghanistan. New York: Farrar, Strous, and Giroux. Mardin, Ebülulâ. 2011. Medeni Hukuk Cephesinden Ahmet Cevdet Paşa. İstanbul: TC Mardin Valiliği. Muhammadzai, Gul Muhammad ‘Abd al-Subhan. 1888. Jang-i Rum wa Rus. Kabul: Dar al-Saltanah. Nawid, Senzil K. 1999. Religious Response to Social Change in Afghanistan, 1919-29: King Aman-Allah and the Afghan Ulama. Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers. Noelle, Christina. 1997. State and Tribe in Nineteenth Century Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan, 1826-1863. London: Curzon Press. Olesen, Asta. 1995. Islam and Politics in Afghanistan. Richmond Surrey: Curzon. Özcan, Azmi. 1992. “Özbekler Tekkesi Postnişini Buharalı Şeyh Şüleyman Efendi Bir Double Agent mi idi?” Tarih ve Toplum XVII: 204-208. ........ , 1997. Pan-Islamism: Indian Muslims, the Ottoman and Britain (1877 -1924). New York: Brill. Rubin, Avi. 2011. Ottoman Nizamiye Courts: Law and Modernity. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Saikal, Amin. 2006. Modern Afghanistan: A History of Struggle and Survival. London: I.B. Tauris. Saray, Mehmet. 1984. Türk-Afgan Münasebetleri. İstanbul: Veli Yayınları. ........ , 1987. Afganistan ve Türkler. Istanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Basımevi. Şimşirgil, Ahmed, ve Ekrem Buğra Ekinci. 2008. Ahmed Cevdet Paşa ve Mecelle. İstanbul: Adem Eğitim Kültür ve Sosyal Hizmetler Derneği İktisadi İşletmesi. Süreyya Bey, Mehmet. 1890. Sicill-i Osmani, I. Cild. İstanbul: Matba‘-i ‘amire. Tarzi, Amin. 2003. “The Judicial State: Evolution and Centralization of the Courts in Afghanistan, 1883-1896.” Ph.D. Dissertation, New York University, Department of Middle Eastern Studies. Wild, Roland. 1932. Amanullah: Ex-King of Afghanistan. London: Hurst & Blackett. Yavuz, Hulusi. 1986. “Mecelle’nin Tedvini ve Cevdet Paşa’nın Hizmetleri,” in Ahmed Cevdet Paşa Semineri 27 – 28 Mayis 1985 (M. Kütükoğlu, ed.). İstanbul: İÜ Edebiyat Fakültesu Basımevi.
Istanbul and Kabul in Courtly Contact: The Question of Exchange between the Ottoman Empire and Afghanistan in the Late Nineteenth Century
Öz
In 1877, Sultan Abdülhamid II selected the Islamic scholar and jurist Ahmed Hulusi
Efendi to lead an official Ottoman delegation to Afghanistan. In spite of being the Porte’s first
official envoy to Kabul, little is still known about Hulusi Efendi’s background and the impact
of his mission beyond the fields of Ottoman diplomacy and foreign relations. The article first
provides a biographical window into Hulusi Efendi’s life before his journey to Afghanistan,
including his appointment to a number of eminent posts in the nineteenth century Ottoman
juridical field, among them the elite law commission which produced the landmark Mecelle.
Turning to his Afghan mission, the study utilizes Ottoman, British Indian, and Afghan archives
to evaluate unexplored legal dimensions of Hulusi Efendi’s visit to Kabul, while suggesting
avenues for future research, including the links between Islamic codification projects taking
place in the Ottoman Empire and Afghanistan at nearly the same time.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Afghanistan Afghans Kabul pan-Islamism Ottoman law Islamic law Hanafi jurisprudence codification Mecelle
Kaynakça
- Algar, Hamid. 2012. “Tarîqat and Tarîq: Central Asian Naqshbandîs on the Roads to the Haramayn,” in Alexandre Papas, Thomas Welsford and Thierry Zarcone, eds., Central Asian Pilgrims: Ģajj Routes and Pious Visits between Central Asia and the Hijaz. Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag. Alkuzai, Ahmad Jan Khan. 1885/86. Asas al-Qadat: sharh-i huquq wa jaza. Kabul: Matba‘ah-i Dar al-Saltanah. ‘Azim Khan, Mir Muhammad. 1886/87. Sar-rishtah-i Islamiyah-i Rum. Kabul: Dar al-Saltanah. Balland, Daniel. 1983. “Afghanistan: Political History.” Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 5: 547-558. Barfield, Thomas. 2010. Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Baysun, M. Cavid. 1952. “Şirvanizade Ahmed Hulusi Efendi’nin Efganistan Elçiliğine Aid Vesikalar.” Tarih Dergisi IV (Eylül): 147-58. Bayur, Yusuf Hikmet. 1950. Hindistan Tarihi, III. Cilt. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu. Can, Lale. 2012. “Connecting People: A Central Asian Sufi network in turn-of-the-century Istanbul.” Modern Asian Studies 46: 373-401. Cevdet Paşa, Ahmed. 2010. Faideli Bilgiler. İstanbul: Hakikat Kitabevi. Chambers, Richard L. 1973. “The Education of a Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Alim, Ahmed Cevdet Paşa.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 4: 440-464. Deringil, Selim. 1999. The Well-Protected Domains: Ideology and the Legitimation of Power in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1909. New York: I.B. Tauris. Dihlawi, ‘Abd al-Razaq, Mulla Abu Bakr, and Mir Muhammad ‘Azim Khan. 1888/89. Taqwim-i Din. Kabul: Dar al-Saltanah. Dupree, Louis. 1980. Afghanistan. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Edwards, David B. 1996. Heroes of the Age: Moral Faultlines on the Afghan Frontier. Berkeley: University of California Press. Elphinstone, Mountstuart, 1839. An Account of the Kingdom of Cabul and its Dependencies in Persia, Tartary, and India. London: Richard Bentley. Farooqi, Naimur Rahman. 2009. Mughal-Ottoman Relations. Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat. Faroqhi, Suraiya. 2004. The Ottoman Empire and the World Around It. New York: I.B.Tauris. Ghani, Ashraf. 1978. “Islam and State-Building in a Tribal Society: Afghanistan 1880-1901.” Modern Asian Studies 12: 269-284. ........ , 1983. “Disputes in a Court of Sharia, Kunar Valley, Afghanistan: 1895-1890.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 15: 353-367. Green, Nile. 2006. “Blessed Men and Tribal Politics” Notes on Political Culture in the Indo Afghan World.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 49 (2006): 344-360. Hamdi Efendi, Ahmed. 1882/83. Hindistan, Swat ve Afghanistan Seyahatnamesi. İstanbul: Mahmud Bey Matbaası. Kakar, M. Hasan Kawun. 1979. Government and Society in Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir ‘Abd al-Rahman Khan. Austin: University of Texas Press. Lee, Dwight. 1941. “A Turkish Mission to Afghanistan, 1877.” Journal of Modern History 13: 335-56. Macintyre, Ben. 2004. The Man Who Would be King: The First American in Afghanistan. New York: Farrar, Strous, and Giroux. Mardin, Ebülulâ. 2011. Medeni Hukuk Cephesinden Ahmet Cevdet Paşa. İstanbul: TC Mardin Valiliği. Muhammadzai, Gul Muhammad ‘Abd al-Subhan. 1888. Jang-i Rum wa Rus. Kabul: Dar al-Saltanah. Nawid, Senzil K. 1999. Religious Response to Social Change in Afghanistan, 1919-29: King Aman-Allah and the Afghan Ulama. Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers. Noelle, Christina. 1997. State and Tribe in Nineteenth Century Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan, 1826-1863. London: Curzon Press. Olesen, Asta. 1995. Islam and Politics in Afghanistan. Richmond Surrey: Curzon. Özcan, Azmi. 1992. “Özbekler Tekkesi Postnişini Buharalı Şeyh Şüleyman Efendi Bir Double Agent mi idi?” Tarih ve Toplum XVII: 204-208. ........ , 1997. Pan-Islamism: Indian Muslims, the Ottoman and Britain (1877 -1924). New York: Brill. Rubin, Avi. 2011. Ottoman Nizamiye Courts: Law and Modernity. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Saikal, Amin. 2006. Modern Afghanistan: A History of Struggle and Survival. London: I.B. Tauris. Saray, Mehmet. 1984. Türk-Afgan Münasebetleri. İstanbul: Veli Yayınları. ........ , 1987. Afganistan ve Türkler. Istanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Basımevi. Şimşirgil, Ahmed, ve Ekrem Buğra Ekinci. 2008. Ahmed Cevdet Paşa ve Mecelle. İstanbul: Adem Eğitim Kültür ve Sosyal Hizmetler Derneği İktisadi İşletmesi. Süreyya Bey, Mehmet. 1890. Sicill-i Osmani, I. Cild. İstanbul: Matba‘-i ‘amire. Tarzi, Amin. 2003. “The Judicial State: Evolution and Centralization of the Courts in Afghanistan, 1883-1896.” Ph.D. Dissertation, New York University, Department of Middle Eastern Studies. Wild, Roland. 1932. Amanullah: Ex-King of Afghanistan. London: Hurst & Blackett. Yavuz, Hulusi. 1986. “Mecelle’nin Tedvini ve Cevdet Paşa’nın Hizmetleri,” in Ahmed Cevdet Paşa Semineri 27 – 28 Mayis 1985 (M. Kütükoğlu, ed.). İstanbul: İÜ Edebiyat Fakültesu Basımevi.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 9 Mart 2015 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2015 Cilt: 45 Sayı: 45 |
