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Orta Asya’da Doğu Kilisesi’nin Yükselişi: Soğd Hıristiyanlığı ve İzleri

Yıl 2022, , 448 - 460, 26.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.48120/oad.1197488

Öz

M.S. V. yüzyılda bağımsızlaşan Doğu Kilisesi önce Pers coğrafyası ardından ise Asya coğrafyasının tamamında etkinlik ve faaliyet göstermeye başladı. Onların misyonları sonucunda M.S. VI. yüzyılda Hıristiyanlık daha spesifik bir ifade ile Nesturîlik ve kolları, Asya’nın Zerdüştçülük, Budizm gibi yerel dinleri, temel inanç sistemleri arasına girdi. Doğu Kilisesi’nin Asya’daki faaliyetinin başladığı dönem, Soğd coğrafyasının siyasi bakımdan oldukça istikrarsız, buna karşın ekonomik faaliyet açısından hareketli ve Soğdların Asya ticaret güzergahları boyunca kolonileşmeye başladığı zamana tekabül etti. Tek bir siyasi otoritenin hâkim olmadığı Soğd topraklarında tek bir dinin de ideolojik ve inanç bakımından hakimiyeti söz konusu değildi. Dinî hayat konusunda Soğd toplumsal yapısının esnek karakterini kullanan Doğu Kilisesi, Pers ve Baktriya coğrafyasında teşkilatlandıktan sonra etkisini Soğdya’ya ve Soğdya’nın başkenti Semerkant’a kadar genişletti ve M.S. VI-VII. yüzyıllarda Soğd kültür çevresine dahil oldu. Bu çalışmada Doğu Hıristiyanlığının Soğdya’da teşekkülü, Soğd toplum dokusuna uyumu ve Hıristiyanlığın Asya çapında yayılmasında Soğdların rolü, esas olarak mimarî ve Soğdlar tarafından üretilen Hıristiyan dinî metinleri çerçevesinde irdelenecektir. Bu çalışmanın hedeflerinden bir diğeri ise Soğd Hıristiyanlığının temel karakteristiklerini ortaya çıkarmaktır.

Kaynakça

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  • Boqin Jiang, Dunhuang-Turfan Documents and the Silk Road, Wenwu chubanshe, Beijing, 1994.
  • Brock, Sabestian & Sims-Williams, Nicholas, An early fragment form the East Syriac baptismal service from. Turfan”, Orientalia Christiana Periodica, 77/1, 2011, s.81-92.
  • Brock, Sebastian, “Christians in the Sasanian Empire: A Case of Divided Loyalties”, Studies in Church History, S. 18, 1982, s. 1-19.
  • Brock, Sebastian, “Isaac”, Encyclopaedia Iranica, C. 13, 2006, s. 610-611.
  • Brock, Sebastian, “The “Nestorian” Church: A Lamentable Misnomer”, ed. Coakley, J.F & Parry, K., The Church of the East: Life and Thought, Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester, Manchester, 1996, ss. 23-35.
  • Chabot, Jean Baptiste, (ed.), Synodicon Orientale, Paris, 1902
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  • Choros Zaturpanskij, “Reisewege und Ergebnisse der deutschen Turfanexpeditionen,” Orientalisches Archiv 3, 1912, s. 116-127.
  • Colless, Brian E., “The Nestorian Province of Samarkand,” Abr-Nahrain, C. XXIV, 1986, s. 51–57.
  • Dauvillier, Jean, “L‘expansion de l‘Église syrienne en Asie centrale et en Extrême-Orient”, L‘Orient Syrien, 1/1, 1956, s. 76-87.
  • Dauvillier, Jean, “Les Provinces Chaldéennes de l’Extérieur au Moyen-Âge”, Mélanges offerts au R. P. Ferdinand Cavallera, Toulouse, 1948, s., 260-316.
  • Dickens, Mark, “Multilingual Christian Manuscripts From Turfan”, Journal of the Canadian Society for Syriac Studies, C. 9, 2009, s. 22-42.
  • Ding, Wang, “Remnants of Christianity from Chinese Central Asia in Medieval ages”, ed. Malek, R, Hofrichter, Jingjiao: The Church of the East in China and Central Asia, Collectanea Serica. Sankt Augustin: Institut Monumenta Serica, 2006, s.151.
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  • Drijvers, Han J.W., The Book of the Laws of the Countries: Dialogue on Fate of Bardaisan of Edessa, Georgias Press, Assen 2007.
  • Durkin-Meisterernst, Desmont, “The Pahlavi Psalter fragment in relation to its source”, Studies in the Inner Asian Languages, C. XXI, 2006, s. 1-19.
  • Ebû Reyhan el-Birûnî, el-Âsâr el-Bakîye, çev. Ahsen Batur, Selenge Yayınları, İstanbul, 2011.
  • Forte, Antonino, “The Edict of 638 Allowing the Diffusion of Christianity in China”, ed. P. Pelliot, L’inscription nestorienne de Si-ngan-fou (ed. avec supléments par Antonino Forte), Scuola di Studi sull’Asia Orientale, Collège de France/Institut des Hautes Études Chinoises Kyoto/Paris, 1996, s. 349-373.
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  • Hansen, O.,“Über die verschiedenen Quellen der christlichen Literatur der Sogdier”, ed. Asmussen, J-P., & Læssøe, J., Iranian Studies Presented to Kaj Barr on His Seventieth Birthday June 26, 1966, Munksgaard, København 1966 (Acta Orientalia 30), s. 95-102.
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  • İbn Havkal, Sûretü’l-Arz/10. Asırda İslam Coğrafyası, çev. Ramazan Şeşen, Yeditepe Yayınları, İstanbul, 2017
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The Rise of the Eastern Church in Central Asia: Sogdian Christianity and Its Traces (6th and 9th Centuries)

Yıl 2022, , 448 - 460, 26.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.48120/oad.1197488

Öz

The Eastern Church, which became independent in the 5th century (CE), began to operate first in the Persian geography and then in the whole of Asia. As a result of their missions, in the 6th century (CE), Christianity, more specifically Nestorianism and its branches, local religions of Asia such as Zoroastrianism and Buddhism, became one of the basic religious cults. The beginning of the Eastern Church's activity in Asia corresponded to the time when the Sogdiana was politically rather unstable, yet vibrant in economic activity, and the Sogdians began to colonize along the Asian trade routes. In the Sogdian lands, where a single political authority did not dominate, there was no single religion's dominance in terms of ideology and belief. The Eastern Church, which used the relax character of the Sogdian social structure for religious life, expanded its influence on Sogdia and Samarkand, the capital of Sogdia, after being organized in Persia and Bactria. The new religion was incorporated into the Sogdian culture fabric in the 6th and 7th centuries. In this study, the formation of Eastern Christianity in Sogdia, its harmony with the Sogdian social fabric and the role of the Sogdians in the spread of Christianity throughout Asia will be examined mainly within the framework of architecture and Christian religious texts produced by the Sogdians. Another aim of this study is to reveal the basic characteristics of Sogdian Christianity.

Kaynakça

  • Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Ja’far Narshakhi, “The history of Bukhara”, çev. Richard N. Frye, The Mediaeval Academy Of America, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1954.
  • Albaum, L., “Христиаский храм в старом Термезе”, ed. Zhukova, L., From the History of Ancient Cults in Central Asia Christianity, Glavnaja Redakcija Enciklopedii, Taşkent, 1994, s. 34-41.
  • Barbati, Chiara, “Christian Sogdian Manuscript C5 as an Example of Translation Literature”, ed. Macuch, M, Ancient and Middle Iranian Studies: Proceedings of the 6th European Conference of Iranian Studies, Held in Vienna, 18-22 September 2007 (Iranica 19), Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden, s. 1-10.
  • Barthold, V.V., “По поводу христианского селения Вазкерд”, Works, C. 4, 1966, Moscow, s.110.
  • Benveniste, Emile, “Le vocabulaire chrétien dans les langues d‘Asie centrale”, Problemi attuali di scienza e di cultura 62, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Roma, 1964, s. 85-92.
  • Boqin Jiang, Dunhuang-Turfan Documents and the Silk Road, Wenwu chubanshe, Beijing, 1994.
  • Brock, Sabestian & Sims-Williams, Nicholas, An early fragment form the East Syriac baptismal service from. Turfan”, Orientalia Christiana Periodica, 77/1, 2011, s.81-92.
  • Brock, Sebastian, “Christians in the Sasanian Empire: A Case of Divided Loyalties”, Studies in Church History, S. 18, 1982, s. 1-19.
  • Brock, Sebastian, “Isaac”, Encyclopaedia Iranica, C. 13, 2006, s. 610-611.
  • Brock, Sebastian, “The “Nestorian” Church: A Lamentable Misnomer”, ed. Coakley, J.F & Parry, K., The Church of the East: Life and Thought, Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester, Manchester, 1996, ss. 23-35.
  • Chabot, Jean Baptiste, (ed.), Synodicon Orientale, Paris, 1902
  • Chaumont, Marie-Louise, La christianisation de l‘empire iranien des origines aux grandes persécutions du IVe siècle, Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium / Subsidia 80, 1988.
  • Choros Zaturpanskij, “Reisewege und Ergebnisse der deutschen Turfanexpeditionen,” Orientalisches Archiv 3, 1912, s. 116-127.
  • Colless, Brian E., “The Nestorian Province of Samarkand,” Abr-Nahrain, C. XXIV, 1986, s. 51–57.
  • Dauvillier, Jean, “L‘expansion de l‘Église syrienne en Asie centrale et en Extrême-Orient”, L‘Orient Syrien, 1/1, 1956, s. 76-87.
  • Dauvillier, Jean, “Les Provinces Chaldéennes de l’Extérieur au Moyen-Âge”, Mélanges offerts au R. P. Ferdinand Cavallera, Toulouse, 1948, s., 260-316.
  • Dickens, Mark, “Multilingual Christian Manuscripts From Turfan”, Journal of the Canadian Society for Syriac Studies, C. 9, 2009, s. 22-42.
  • Ding, Wang, “Remnants of Christianity from Chinese Central Asia in Medieval ages”, ed. Malek, R, Hofrichter, Jingjiao: The Church of the East in China and Central Asia, Collectanea Serica. Sankt Augustin: Institut Monumenta Serica, 2006, s.151.
  • Dresvyanskya G., “Овальный храм‖ христианской общины в Мерве”, TYuTAKE, 15, 1974, Türkmenistan, ss. 155-181.
  • Drijvers, Han J.W., The Book of the Laws of the Countries: Dialogue on Fate of Bardaisan of Edessa, Georgias Press, Assen 2007.
  • Durkin-Meisterernst, Desmont, “The Pahlavi Psalter fragment in relation to its source”, Studies in the Inner Asian Languages, C. XXI, 2006, s. 1-19.
  • Ebû Reyhan el-Birûnî, el-Âsâr el-Bakîye, çev. Ahsen Batur, Selenge Yayınları, İstanbul, 2011.
  • Forte, Antonino, “The Edict of 638 Allowing the Diffusion of Christianity in China”, ed. P. Pelliot, L’inscription nestorienne de Si-ngan-fou (ed. avec supléments par Antonino Forte), Scuola di Studi sull’Asia Orientale, Collège de France/Institut des Hautes Études Chinoises Kyoto/Paris, 1996, s. 349-373.
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  • Ge Chengyong, “A Comparative Study of Two Nestorian Stone Steles Unearthed in the Two Capital Cities of the Tang Dynasty: Xi’an and Luoyang”, ed.Tang, Li. and Winkler, D.W, From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia, Lit Verlag, Münster 2013, s.168.
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  • Grünwedel, A., Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch Turkistan, Berlin, 1912.
  • Hansen, O.,“Über die verschiedenen Quellen der christlichen Literatur der Sogdier”, ed. Asmussen, J-P., & Læssøe, J., Iranian Studies Presented to Kaj Barr on His Seventieth Birthday June 26, 1966, Munksgaard, København 1966 (Acta Orientalia 30), s. 95-102.
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  • Hunter, Erica & Horn, C., “Christianity in the Late Antique Near East”, ed. Potts, D., A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East (Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World) Blackwell-Wiley, Oxford, 2012, s.1094-1112.
  • Hunter, Erica, “DĀDĪŠO”, Encyclopedia of Iran, C. VI, s.556-557.
  • Hunter, Erica, “Syriac Christianity in Central Asia”, Zeitschrift für Religions und Geistesgeschichte, 44/4, 1992, s.362-368.
  • İbn Havkal, Sûretü’l-Arz/10. Asırda İslam Coğrafyası, çev. Ramazan Şeşen, Yeditepe Yayınları, İstanbul, 2017
  • Khmelnitskiy, S., “Между кушанами и арабами. Архитектура Средней Азии 5 – 8 вв,” Hosemann&Goebel Berlin, 2000.
  • Koshelenko, G., Bader, A.&Gaibov V., “The Beginnings of Christianity in Merv”, Iranica Antiqua, C. 30, 1995, s. 60-70.
  • Kuzakçı, Başak, “Buhara ve Çevresindeki İslamiyet Öncesi Tapınaklar” Ortaçağ Araştırmaları Dergisi, IV/I, Haziran 2021, s. 133-137.
  • Litvinskiy, B. A., “EXCAVATIONS iv. In Chinese Turkestan,” Encyclopaedia Iranica, IX/1, s. 106-112.
  • Mai, Angelo, Scriptorum Veterum Nova Collectio, C.10, Nabu Press, Roma, 2010.
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  • Marshak, Boris, Legends, Tales, and Fables in the Art of Sogdiana, Biblioteca Persica Press, New York, 2002.
  • Mesherskaya, E., & Aza, Paykova, “Сиро-тюркские наскальные надписи из Ургута”, Культурные взаимосвязи народов Средней Азии и Кавказа с окружающим миром в древности и средневековье. Тезисы конференции, Moskova, 1981, ss. 109-110.
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  • Nerşahî, Tarihî Buhara, çev. Erkan Göksu, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara, 2013.
  • Nicolini-Zani, Matteo, “The Tang Christian Pillar From Luoyang and Its Jingjiao Inscription A Preliminary Study”, Monumenta Serica, 57, 2009, s. 99-140.
  • Nicolini-Zani, Matteo, Ge, Chenyong, “The Christian Faith of a Sogdian Family in Chang-an during the Tang Dynasty,” Annali dell’Università degli studi di Napoli “L’Orientale,”, C. 64, 2004, s.181-196.
  • Paykova, Aza&Boris Marshak, “Sirijskaja nadpis’ iz Pendžikenta”, Kratkie Soobščenija Instituta Arxeologii AN SSR, 147, 1976, s. 36-38.
  • Paykova, Aza, “The Syrian Ostracon from Panjikant”, Le Muséon, 92/1-2, 1979, ss.159-169.
  • Pelliot, Paul, “L‘évêché nestorien de Khumdan et Sarag”, TP II série, C.. XXV, 1928.
  • Pelliot, Paul, L'inscription nestorienne de Si-ngan-fou, (ed. avec supléments par Antonino Forte), Kyoto et Paris 1996.
  • Pugachenkova, G., , “Хароба-Кошук”, IAN TSSR, 4, 1954.
  • Reck, Christiane, “A survey of the Christian Sogdian fragments in Sogdian in the Berlin Turfan collection”, ed. Jullien, C., Controverses des chrétiens dans l‘Iran sassanide, (Studia Iranica 36), Paris 2008, ss. 191-197.
  • Reck, Christiane, Mitteliranische Handschriften Teil 3: Berliner Turfanfragmente christlichen Inhalts und Varia in soghdischer Schrift, Verzeichnis der Orientalischen Handschriften in Deutschland; XVIII,3, Stutgart 2018.
  • Sachau, E., (ed.), The Chronology of Ancient Nations, London, 1879.
  • Savchenko, Aleksei & Dickens, Mark, “Prester John‘s realm: New light on Christianity between Merw and Turfan”, ed. Hunter, E, The Christian Heritage of Iraq, Georgias Press, New Jersey, 2009, s.122-135.
  • Savchenko, Aleksei, “Östliche Urkirche in Usbekistan”, Antike Welt, Philipp von Zabern, Mainz, 2, 2010, 77-79.
  • Savchenko, Aleksei, “Urgut Revisited”, ARAM, C. 8, 1996, s.333-354.
  • Savchenko, Aleksei, “По поводу христианского селения ургут”, Zapiski Vostochnogo otdeleniya Rossiĭskogo arkheologicheskogo obshchestva, S. 2, C.36, St. Petersburg, 2005, ss.333-338.
  • Savchenko, Aleksei, Excavations 2004: Brief Report, http://www.explorationeurasia. com/EurAsia/inhalt_english/projekt_2.ht.
  • Savchenko, Aleksei, Excavations in Urgut: June-July 2006; Progress Report at http://www.explorationeurasia.com/EurAsia/inhalt_english/projekt_2.htm#2006
  • Semenov, G., “История археологического изучения Ак-Бешима”, Суяб. Ак-Бешим. Археологические экспедиции Государственного Эрмитажа, St. Petersburg, 2002, s. 4-10.
  • Semenov, G., “Раскопки 1996-1998 г.”, Суяб. Ак-Бешим. Археологические экспедиции Государственного Эрмитажа, St.Petersburg, 2002, s.11-115.
  • Sims-Williams, Nicholas & J., Hamilton, Documents Turco-Sogdiens du IXe-Xe siècle de Touen-houang, (Corpus Inscriptorum Iranicarum, Part II, Vol. III), SOAS, London, 1990, s. 63-76.
  • Sims-Williams, Nicholas, “Baršabbā”, Encyclopaedia Iranica, C. II, s. 823.
  • Sims-Williams, Nicholas, “Die christlisch-soghdischen Handschriften von Bulayïq”, ed. Klengel, H., & Sundermann, W., Ägypten, Vorderasien, Turfan. Probleme der Edition und Bearbeitung altorientalischer Handschriften. Tagung in Berlin, Mai 1987, Berlin:Akademie-Verlag, 1991, ss.119-125.
  • Sims-Williams, Nicholas, “Greek-Sogdian bilingual from Bulayiq”, La Persia e Bisantio, 2004, s.623-631.
  • Sims-Williams, Nicholas, “Syro-Sogdica III: Syriac Elements in Sogdian”, ed. Sundermann, W., Acta Iranica 28, Brill, Leiden, 1988, s. 145-156.
  • Sims-Williams, Nicholas, Biblical and other Christian Sogdian texts from the Turfan Collection, BREPOLS, 2013.
  • Sims-Williams, Nicholas, Christian literature in Middle Iranian languages, ed. Emmerick, R., The Literature of Pre-Islamic Iran. Companion Volume I to A History of Persian Literature, London, 2009, s.266-287.
  • Sims-Williams, Nicholas, Iranian manuscripts in Syriac script in the Berlin Turfan collection, VOHD, XVIII/4: Mitteliranische Handschriften, Teil 4, Stuttgart, 2012.
  • Sims-Williams, Nicholas, The Christian Sogdian Manuscript C2, Akademie-Verlag, Schriften zur Geschichte und Kultur des Alten Orients. Berliner Turfantexte 12, Berlin, 1985.
  • Skjærvø, P. O., “Bardesanes”, Encyclopedia of Iran, Vol. III, Fasikül 7-8, s. 780-785.
  • Sunderman, Werner, “Nachlese zu F. W. K. Müllers Soghdischen Texten I”, Altorientalische Forschungen 3.
  • Taft, Robert F., “Liturgy”, ed. Alexander P. Kazhdan, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, New York, 1991, s. 1240–1241.
  • Taft, Robert F., "Some Notes on the Bema in the East and West Syrian Traditions", Orientalia Christiana Periodica 34, 1968, s. 326-359
  • Tang, Li, A Study of the History of Nestorian Christianity in China and Its Literature in Chinese: Together With a New English Translation of the Dunhuang Nestorian Documents, Peter Lang Publishing, Bern, 2002, s. 25-29.
  • Wilhelm Hoenerbach.& Otto Spies, (editörler), Ibn at-Taiyib. Fiqh an-Nasrânîya, L. Durbecq, Louvain, 1956-1957.
  • Winkler, W., Deitmar &Wilhelm Baum, The Church of the East: A Concise History, Routledge Curzon, Londra, 2003.
  • Yarshater, Ehsan, “Iranian Common Beliefs and World-View”, The Cambridge History of Iran, ed. E. Yarshater, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1983, s.341-358.
  • Young, Frances, Biblical Exegesis and the Formation of Christian Culture, Cambridge University Press 1997.
  • Young, Frances, Books and Readers in the Early Church, Yale University Press 1995.
Toplam 82 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Başak Kuzakçı 0000-0002-8730-1898

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 31 Ekim 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

APA Kuzakçı, B. (2022). Orta Asya’da Doğu Kilisesi’nin Yükselişi: Soğd Hıristiyanlığı ve İzleri. Ortaçağ Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(2), 448-460. https://doi.org/10.48120/oad.1197488
AMA Kuzakçı B. Orta Asya’da Doğu Kilisesi’nin Yükselişi: Soğd Hıristiyanlığı ve İzleri. OAD. Aralık 2022;5(2):448-460. doi:10.48120/oad.1197488
Chicago Kuzakçı, Başak. “Orta Asya’da Doğu Kilisesi’nin Yükselişi: Soğd Hıristiyanlığı Ve İzleri”. Ortaçağ Araştırmaları Dergisi 5, sy. 2 (Aralık 2022): 448-60. https://doi.org/10.48120/oad.1197488.
EndNote Kuzakçı B (01 Aralık 2022) Orta Asya’da Doğu Kilisesi’nin Yükselişi: Soğd Hıristiyanlığı ve İzleri. Ortaçağ Araştırmaları Dergisi 5 2 448–460.
IEEE B. Kuzakçı, “Orta Asya’da Doğu Kilisesi’nin Yükselişi: Soğd Hıristiyanlığı ve İzleri”, OAD, c. 5, sy. 2, ss. 448–460, 2022, doi: 10.48120/oad.1197488.
ISNAD Kuzakçı, Başak. “Orta Asya’da Doğu Kilisesi’nin Yükselişi: Soğd Hıristiyanlığı Ve İzleri”. Ortaçağ Araştırmaları Dergisi 5/2 (Aralık 2022), 448-460. https://doi.org/10.48120/oad.1197488.
JAMA Kuzakçı B. Orta Asya’da Doğu Kilisesi’nin Yükselişi: Soğd Hıristiyanlığı ve İzleri. OAD. 2022;5:448–460.
MLA Kuzakçı, Başak. “Orta Asya’da Doğu Kilisesi’nin Yükselişi: Soğd Hıristiyanlığı Ve İzleri”. Ortaçağ Araştırmaları Dergisi, c. 5, sy. 2, 2022, ss. 448-60, doi:10.48120/oad.1197488.
Vancouver Kuzakçı B. Orta Asya’da Doğu Kilisesi’nin Yükselişi: Soğd Hıristiyanlığı ve İzleri. OAD. 2022;5(2):448-60.

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