Two Byzantine Molybdobullae in Giresun and Tokat Museums

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 14 - 38, 26.06.2021

Nilgun Elam

https://doi.org/10.48120/oad.830147

Öz

In this study, two unpublished lead seals from the inventories of Giresun and Tokat Museums are introduced. These 11th century seals belong to Abou Sahl Senachereim, one of the sons of Ioannes Senacherim Artzrouni / Arcrouni, the last ruler of the Vaspurakan Armenian Kingdom and one of the rulers of the Theme of Sebasteia. Abou Sahl appears as kouropalates on the Giresun seal and as nobelissimos on the Tokat seal. The narration of Byzantine and Armenian historians such as Ioannes Skylitzes and Matthew of Edessa makes us to think that the relationship between the Armenian princes such as Abou Sahl and the Byzantine rule, which had a fluctuating course, came to a breaking point due to the tense events occurred in the reign of Constantine X Doucas and even Romanos IV Diogenes. Whereas the kouropalates seal dated to the period of Constantine X Doukas or Michael VII Doukas, and the nobelissimos seal dated to the reign of Nikephoros III Botaneiates or Alexios I Komnenos prove that the Byzantine emperors did not eliminated Abou Sahl, but rather honoured him with higher titles, contrary to the portrait presented by written sources. This sigillographic material is also a solid witness of the fact that Byzantine administration attributed great importance to the Armenian princes, as rulers of the Sebasteia, in order to control the Armenian people, famously for their indiscipline, and to consolidate its sovereignty over the region towards the unavoidable Turkish advance.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Giresun Museum, About Sahl Senachereim, Kingdom of Vaspourakan, Theme of Vaasprakania, Kouropalates, Protonobelissimos, Byzantine Lead Seals

Giresun ve Tokat Müzelerinden İki Bizans Kurşun Mührü

Öz

Bu çalışmada Giresun ile Tokat Müzeleri envanterinde yer alan yayınlanmamış iki adet kurşun mühür tanıtılmaktadır. 11. yüzyıla ait bu mühürler, Vaspourakan Ermeni Krallığı’nın son hükümdarı Senachereim Artzrouni/Arkrouni’nin oğullarından ve Sebasteia Theması’nın idarecilerinden Aposahles Senachereim’e (Ermenice Սենեքերիմ, Σεναχηρείμ) aittir. Aposachles, Giresun mühründe kouropalates onursal unvanıyla, Tokat mühründe ise daha yüksek nobelissimos unvanıyla karşımıza çıkmaktadır. İoannes Skylitzes ve Urfalı Mateos gibi Ortaçağ tarihçilerinin kayıtları, Aposachles gibi Ermeni prenslerinin Bizans idaresiyle inişli çıkışlı bir seyir izleyen ilişkilerinin İmparator X. Konstantinos Doukas ve IV. Romanos Diogenes dönemlerinde yaşanan gerilimli olaylar yüzünden kopma noktasına geldiğini düşündürmektedir. Oysaki X. Konstantinos Doukas ya da VII. Michael Doukas dönemine tarihlenen kouropalates mührü ile III. Nikephoros Botaneiates ya da I. Aleksios Komnenos dönemine tarihlenen nobelissimos mührü, yazılı kaynakların iddia ettiklerinin tersine Bizans imparatorlarının Aposahles’i saf dışı bırakmayıp aksine onu daha yüksek unvanlarla onurlandırarak terfi ettirdiklerini kanıtlamaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra, Bizans idaresinin Sebasteia’nın idarecileri Ermeni prenslerine disiplinsizliğiyle ünlü Ermeni ahaliyi zapt u rapt altına alma ve önlenemeyen Türk ilerleyişi karşısında bölge üzerindeki egemenliğini sağlamlaştırma konusunda ne kadar büyük bir önem atfettiğini gösteren sağlam tanıklardır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Giresun Müzesi, Tokat Müzesi, Aposachles Senachereim, Sebasteia Theması

Kaynakça

• Abay, Eşref; Dedeoğlu, Fulya, “Beycesultan 2007-2008 Yılları Kazı Çalışmaları Ön Raporu”, 24. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı, Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, Ankara, 2007.
• Actes de Xenophon, (Archives de lʼAthos XV), ed. Denise Papachryssanthou, P. Lethielleux, Paris, 1986.
• Alekseienko, Nikolay A. – Stepanenko, Valeriy P.; “Senachereim in Byzance: New Seals of Theodoros Senachereim from Bulgaria,” Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya 4. Istoriya. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya [Science Journal of Volgograd State University. History. Area Studies. International Relations], C: 25 (2020), s. 142-149.
• Άμαντος, Κνσταντίνος, I.; Σχέσεις Ἑλλήνων καὶ Τούρκων ἀπὸ τοῦ ἑνδεκάτου αἰῶνος μέχρι τοῦ 1821. Μέρος Α΄: Οἱ πόλεμοι τῶν Τούρκων πρὸς κατάληψιν τῶν ἑλληνικῶν χωρῶν, 1071-1571 μ.Χ., ???, Atina, 1955.
• Anna Komnena; Alexias. Σύνταγμα σὺν Θεῷ τῶν κατὰ τòν ἄνακτα κυροῦ Ἀλεξίου τοῦ Κομνηνοῦ πονηθὲν παρὰ τῆς θυγατρòς αὐτοῦ κυρίας Ἄννης τῆς πορφυρογεννήτου τῆς βασιλίσσης, ὃ καὶ ἐκκλήθη Ἀλεξιὰς παρ’ αὐτῆς, ed. Dietrich R. Reinsch - Athanasios Kambylis, Pars prior: Prolegomena et textus, Pars altera: Indices (digesserunt Foteini Kolovou – Dietrich R. Reinsch), Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 2001.
• Aristakès de Lastivert, Récit des malheurs de la nation arménienne, Traduction française avec introduction et commentaire (ed. Marius Canard - Haïg Berberian) d’après l’édition et la traduction russe de Karen Yuzbašian, Éditions de Byzantion, bd de l’Empereur, Brüksel, 1975. Karen Yuzbašian tarafından Rusça yayınlanan metinden İngilizceye çeviren Robert Bedrosian, Sophene, Νew Υork, 1985. Balivet, Michel; Romanie Byzantine et Pays de Rum Turc. Histoire d’une Espace d’Imbrication Greco-Turque, İsis, İstanbul, 1994.
• Bar ‘Ebrāyā; Ktaba d-maktbānut zabnē, The Chronography of Gregory Abū’l Faraj the Son of Aaron, the Hebrew Physician commonly known as Bar Hebraeus being the First Part of his Political History of the World, C: 1 (Süryanice metin), C: 2 (İngilizce çeviri), (ed. Εrnest Α. Wallis Βudge), Oxford University Press, Oxford – Londra, 1932.
• Bartikian, Ηrats, Michael; “Ἡ μετανάστευσις τῶν Ἀρμενίων τὸν ΙΑ΄ αἰώνα αἰτίαι καὶ συνέπειαι”, Actes du XVe Congrès International d’études byzantines, Atina, 1976, s. 23-36.
• Belke, Klaus –Mersich, Norbert, Tabula Imperii Byzantini, C: 7, Phrygien und Pisidien, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Viyana, 1990.
• Bulgurlu, Vera; “A Selection of Unpublished Byzantine Lead Seals from the Adnan Acı Collecion Related to the East”, ΑΝΤΙΧΑΡΙΣΜΑΤΟΣ ΕΠΙΣΦΡΑΓΙΣΙΣ: Α tribute to Prof. Ivan Jordanov’s 70th anniversary, Ed: Zhenia Zhekova – Todor Todorov, Center for Byzantine Studies, Shumen, 2019, s. 129-144.
• Bury, John B.; The imperial administrative system in the ninth century, with a revised text of Kletorologion of Philotheos, Frowde, Londra, 1911.
• Cahen, Claude; “La campagne de Mantzikert d’après les sources musulmanes”, Byzantion, C: 9 (1934), s. 628-642.
• Cahen, Claude; Pre-Ottoman Turkey. A General Survey of the Material and Spiritual Culture and History, c. 1071-1330, Sidgwick and Jackson, Londra, 1968 (= reprint La Turquie pré-ottomane, Divit, Paris, 1988).
• Canduci, Alexander, Triumph & Tragedy: The Rise and Fall of Rome’s Immortal Emperors, Pier 9, Sydney, 2010.
• Carile, Antonio; “Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae”, Studi Veneziani, C: 7 (1965), s. 125-305.
• Cheynet, Jean Claude, “Du stratège au duc”, Travaux et Mémoires, C: 9 (1985), s. 181-194.
• Cheynet, Jean Claude; “Les Brachamioi”: Études Prosopographiques, (ed. Jean Claude Cheynet - Jean François Vannier), Publications de la Sorbonne, Paris, 1986, s. 57–74.
• Jean Claude Cheynet, “Les Brachamioi”, La société byzantine: l’apport des sceaux, Association des amis du Centre d’histoire et civilisation de Byzance, Paris, 2008, s. 377-412.
• Cheynet, Jean Claude; “Thathoul, archonte des archontes,” Revue des études byzantines, C: 48 (1990), s. 233-242.
• Cheynet, Jean Claude – Morrison, Cecile – Seibt, Werner; Les Sceaux byzantins de la collection Henri Seyrig, Bibliothèque nationale, Paris, 1991.
• Cheynet, Jean Claude; “Les Arméniens de l’Émpire en Orient de Constantine X à Alexis Comnène (1059-1081)”, Arménie et Byzance, Éditions de la Sorbonne, Paris, 1995, s. 67-78.
• Cheynet, Jean Claude – Morrisson, Cecil; “Texte et image sur les sceaux byzantins: les raisons d'un choix iconographique” Studies in Byzantine Sigillography, C: 4 (1995), s. 9-32.
• Cheynet, Jean Claude; “La patricienne à ceinture une femme de qualité, dans Au cloître et dans le monde. Femmes, hommes et sociétés (ixe-xve siècle)”. Mélanges en l’honneur de Paulette L’Hermite-Leclercq, éd. par Patrick Henriet – Anne Marie Legras, Presses de l’Université de Paris-Sorbonne, Paris, 2000, s. 179-187.
• Cheynet, Jean Claude; “La Culte de St. Theodore”, Βυζάντιο. Κράτος και Κοινωνία. Μνήμη Οικονομίδη, (ed. Anna Avramea – Angeliki Laiou - Evangelos Chrysos), Εθνικό Ίδρυμα Ερευνών, Atina, 2003.
• Cheynet, Jean Claude, The Byzantine Aristocracy and Its Military Function, Ashgate, Aldershot, 2006. Cheynet, Jean Claude; “De Tziliapert à Sébastè,” Studies in Byzantine Sigillography, C: 9 (2006), s. 213-224.
• Cheynet, Jean Claude; “Du prénom au patronyme: Les étrangers à Byzance (Xe-XIIe siècles)”, La société byzantine. L’apport des sceaux, Association des amis du Centre d’histoire et civilisation de Byzance, Paris, 2008.
• Cheynet, Jean Claude – Theodoridis, Dimitri; Sceaux byzantins de la collection Theodoridis. Les sceaux patronymiques, Peeters, Paris, 2010.
• Constantinos Manasses, Σύνοψις Χρονική (Compendium Chro¬nicum), ed. Immanuel Bekker, CSHB, Weber, Bonn, 1837.
• Constantino Porfirogenito: De Thematibus, ed. Agostino Pertusi, Biblioteca apostolica vaticana, Rome, 1952.
• Cotsonis, John A., Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art. Anonymous, with Bilateral Religious Imagery, C: 7, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington D.C., 2020.
• The Chronicle of Matthiew of Edessa, Translated from the Original Armenian with a Commentary and Introduction by Ara E. Dosturian, University Press of America, New York – Londra, 1993.
• Daş, Mustafa; “Osmanlı Tesiri ile Bizans Sarayında Oluşturulan Yeniçeri Muhafız Birliği Hakkında”,Türklük Araştırmaları Dergisi, C: 12 (2002), s. 293-304.
• Dédéyan, Gérard; “L’immigration arménienne en Cappadoce au XIe siècle”, Byzantion, C: 45 (1975), s. 41-117.
• Dédéyan, Gérard; Les Arméniens entre Grecs, Musulmans et Croisés. Étude sur les pouvoirs arméniens dans le Proche-Orient méditerranéen (1068-1150), C: 1. Aux origines de l’état cilicien: Philarète et les premiers Roubêniens (+104 fig.), C: 2. De l'Euphrate au Nil: le réseau diasporique, Fondation Calouste Gulbenkian, Lizbon 2003 (metnin özeti için Claude Mutafian, Annales, C: 61/1 (2006), s. 174-175).
• Felix, Wolfgang; Byzanz und die islamische Welt im früheren 11. Jahrhundert (Geschichte der Politischen Beziehungen von 1001 bis 1055), Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Viyana, 1981.
• Foss, Clive; “Sebasteia”, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, C: 3, ed. Alexander Petrovich Kazhdan, Oxford University Press, Oxford-New York, 1991, s. 1861-1862.
• Friendly, Alfred; Manzikert, The Dreadful Day. The Battle of Manzikert 1071, Hutchinson, Londra, 1981.
• Garsoïan, Nina G.; “The Byzantine annexation of the Armenian kingdoms”, The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times. C: 1, The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century, St. Martin’s Press, New York, 1997.
• Garsoïan, Nina G.; “The Problem of Armenian Integration into the Byzantine Empire”, Studies on the Internal Diaspora of the Byzantine Empire, Ed: Hélène Ahrweiler - Angeliki E. Laiou), Harvard University Press, Washington DC., 1998, s. 53-124.
• Georgios Cedrenus, Σύνοψις Ἱστοριῶν (Compendium historiarum), ed. I. Bekker, Corpus Scriptorium Historiae Byzantinae (CSHB), Weber, Bonn, 1838.
• Le Geste de Melik Dānişmend. Étude critique du Dānişmendnāme. Tome I. Introduction et traduction, Tome II. Édition critique avec glossaire et index, ed. Irène Mélikoff, Adrien Maisonneuve, Paris, 1960.
• Glykatzi – Ahrweiler, Hélène; “Recherches sur l'administration de l'empire byzantin aux IX-XIème siècles”, Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, C: 84/1 (1960), s. 1–111.
• Gkoutzioukostas, Andreas; “Judges of the Velum and Judges of the hippodrome in Thessalonike (11th c.)”, Βυζαντινά Σύμμεικτα, C: 20 (2010), s. 67-84.
• Gouillard, Jean, “Gagik II défenseur de la foi arménienne,” Travaux et Memoires, C: 7 (1979), s. 399-418. Γρηγορίου –Ιωαννίδου, Μάρθα, Παρακμή και πτώση του θεματικού θεσμού. Συμβολή στην εξέλιξη της διοικητικής και στρατιωτικής οργάνωσης του Βυζαντίου από τον 10ο αιώνα κ.ε., Βάνιας, Selanik, 1985.
• Guilland, Rodolphe; “Patrices du regne de Basile II”, Titres et fonctions de l'empire byzantin, Variorum, Londra, 1976, s. 83-108.
• Haldon, John F., Warfare, state and society in the Byzantine world, 565–1204, Routledge, Londra, 1999.
• Hawak‘umn Patmut‘ean Vardanay Vardapeti, English translation and comments by Robert W. Thomson, “The Historical Compilation of Vardan Arewelc‘i,” Dumbarton Oaks Papers, C: 43 (1989), s. 125-226.
• Hellenkemper, Hansgerd – Hild, Friedrich; Tabula Imperii Byzantini. C: 5. Kilikien und Isaurien, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Viyana, 2004.
• Histoire de Yahya ibn Sa'id d’Antioche, Continuateur de Sa’id ibn Bitriq, (yayınlayan ve Fransızcaya çeviren Ignatius Kratchovsky - Aleksandr A. Vasiliev), C: 1, Patrologia Orientalis, C: 18 (1924), s. 701-829.
• Holmes, Catherine; Basil II and the Governance of Empire (976-1025), Oxford University Press, Oxford University Press, Oxford – New York, 2005.
• Ἰωάννου Κιννάμου Ἱστοριῶν βιβλία Ζ, ed. Augustus Meineke, Ioanni Cinnami Epitome rerum ab Ioanne et Alexio Comnenis gestarum, Weber, Bonn 1836.
• İoannes Skylitzes (John Skylitzes); Synopsis Historiarum, ed. Hans Thurn, Walter de Gruyter- Novi Eboraci, Berlin-New-York, 1973.
• Janin, Raymond; La géographie ecclésiastique de l'empire byzantin, 1ere partie. La siège de Constantinople et la patriarcat œcuménique. III. Les églises et les monastères. 2nd edition, Institut français d’études byzantines, Paris, 1962.
• Janin, Raymond; “Les Francs au service des Byzantins”, Revue des études byzantines, C: 157 (1930), s. 61-72.
• Jordanov, Ivan; “Sceaux des descendants du tsar Ivan Vladislav (1016-1018) à Byzance,” Archeologia, C: 4 (1996), s. 7-22.
• Jordanov, Ivan; “Pečati na vizantiiski sanovnici ot armeski proizchod, namerani v Bulgaria”, Antičnaja drevost’i srednie veka, C: 31 (2000), s. 123-156.
• Jordanov, Ivan; Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria. Byzantine Seals with Geographical Names, C: 1, Agato Publishers, Sofya, 2003.
• Jordanov, Ivan; Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria. Byzantine Seals with Family Names, C: 2, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Archaeological Institute with Museum, Sofya, 2006.
• Jordanov, Ivan; Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria, C: 3/2, Text and Illustrations, Bulgarian Academy of Science, National Institute of Archaeology with Museum, Sofya, 2009.
• Jordanov, Ivan – Atanasov, Georgi; Srednovekovnijat Vetren na dunav, Slavcho Nikolov i sie, Shumen, 1994.
• Jordanov, Ivan –Zhekova, Zhenia, Catalogue of Medieval Seals at the Regional Historical Museum of Shumen, Historical Museum of Shumen, Sofya, 2007.
• Kaegi, Walter; “The Contribution of Archery to the Turkish Conquest of Anatolia”, Speculum, C: 39 (1964), s. 96-108.Karagiorgou, Olga, “Περί αλφαβητισμού, αιρέσεων, εικονογραφίας και πολιτικών φιλοδοξιών στα μολυβδόβουλλα του Νικηφόρου Βοτανειάτη (περίπου 1001/2-1081),” Byzantina Symmeikta, C: 18 (2008), s. 77-122.
• Kazhdan, Alexander, Petrovic; Армяне в составе господствующего класса Византийской империи в XI-XII вв. Изд-во АН Армянской ССР, Ереван, 1975.
• Kazhdan, Alexander Petrovic; “Judge”, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, C: 2, ed. Alexander P. Kazhdan, Oxford University Press, Oxford – New York 1991, s. 1078.
• Kazhdan, Alexander Petrovic; “Nobelissimos” The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, C: 3, ed. Alexander P. Kazhdan, Oxford University Press, Oxford-New York, 1991, s. 1489.
• Kazhdan, Alexander Petrovic, “Patrikios”, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (ODB), C: 3, ed. Alexander P. Kazhdan, Oxford University Press, Oxford – New York, 1991, s. 1600.
• Kazhdan, Alexander Petrovic. – Cutler, Anthony; “Proedros” The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (ODB), C:3, ed. Alexander P. Kazhdan, Oxford University Press, Oxford – New York, 1991, s. 1727. Kazhdan, Alexander Petrovic; “Vestes”, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, C: 3, ed. Alexander P. Kazhdan, Oxford University Press, Oxford – New York,- 1991, s. 2162.
• Κουντούρα-Γαλάκη, Ελεονόρα; “Θέμα Σεβαστείας”, στο: Μικρά Ασία των θεμάτων. Έρευνες πάνω στην γεωγραφική φυσιογνωμία και προσωπογραφία των Βυζαντινών θεμάτων της Μικράς Ασίας (7ος - 11ος αι.), Εθνικό Ίδρυμα Ερευνών, Atina, 1998, s. 331-335.
• Κουντούρα-Γαλάκη, Ελεονόρα, “Θέμα Αρμενιακών”, στο: Μικρά Ασία των θεμάτων. Έρευνες πάνω στην γεωγραφική φυσιογνωμία και προσωπογραφία των Βυζαντινών θεμάτων της Μικράς Ασίας (7ος - 11ος αι.), Εθνικό Ίδρυμα Ερευνών, Atina, 1998, s. 113–161.
• Konstantopoulos, Konstantinos M.; Βυζαντιακά Μολυβδόβουλλα του εν Αθήναις Εθνικού Νομισματικού Μουσείου, Atina, 1917.
• Laurent, Joseph; “Danichmendites, Sur les émirs Danichmendites jusqu’en 1104”, Mélanges offerts à M. Nicolaus Iorga, J. Gamber, Paris, 1933, s. 499-506.
• Laurent, Vitalien; Le corpus des sceaux de l'empire byzantin: C: V/2. L'Église, Éditions du Centre National de la Rescherches Scientifiques, Paris, 1965.
• Λεβενιώτης, Γιώργος; Η πολιτική κατάρρευση του Βυζαντίου στην Ανατολή: το ανατολικό σύνορο και η Κεντρική Μικρά Ασία κατά το β' ήμισυ του 11ου αι, Κέντρο Βυζαντινών Ερευνών, Selanik, 2007.
• Lloyd, Seton –Mellaart, James, Beycesultan I: The Chalcholithic and Early Bronze Age Levels, British Institute at Ankara, Londra, 1962.
• Macler, Frédéric, “Armenia: The Kingdom of the Bagratides”, The Cambridge Medieval History: The Eastern Roman Empire (717-1453), Ed: John Bury, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1927.
• McGeer, Eric – Nesbitt, John – Oikonomides, Nicolas; Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and the Fogg Museum of Art. C: 4: The East, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington DC., 2001.
• Mélikoff, Irène; “Dānişmendids”, Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed., C. 2 (1991), s. 110-111.
• Michael Psellos, Chronographie ou histoire d’un siècle de Byzance (976-1077), C: 2, ed. E. Renault, Les Belles Lettres, Paris. 1926-1928.
• Miguel Ataliates Historia. Introducción, edición, traducción y commentario de Immaculada Pérez Martin, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrit, 2002.
• Moravscik, Gyula; Byzantinoturcica, C: 1-2 (2nd edition), Kir. M. Pázmány Péter tudományegyetemi görög filológiai intézet/Akedemia Verlag, Budapeşte-Berlin, 1942-1958.
• Müller-Hennig, Ayşe; “Bizans imparator ailelerine ait kurşun mühürler,” Bülten, C: 29-30 (1925-1930), s. 31-38.
• Mullett, Margaret; Theophylacht of Ochrid: Reading the Letters of a Byzantine Archbishop, Routledge, Aldershot, 1997.
• Necipoğlu, Nevra; “Türklerin ve Bizanslıların Orta çağda Anadolu’da Birliktelikleri (11.-12. yüzyıllar),” Cogito Selçuklular, C: 29 (2001), s. 74-93.
• Νικηφόρος Βρυέννιος, Ὕλη Ἱστορίας (Nicephori Bryennii Historiarum libri quattuor), ed. Paul Gautier, Corpus fontium Historiae Byzantinae 9, Byzantion, Brüksel, 1977.
• Nicetae Choniatae Historiae, ed. Ioannes A. van Dieten, Walter De Gruyter, Berlin, 1975.
• Nicéphore Bryennios, Histoire, ed. Paul Gautier, Byzantion, Brüksel, 1975.
• Norwich, John Julius, Byzantium: The Apogee, Knopf, Londra, 1993.
• Oikonomidès, Nicolas; Les listes de préséance byzantines des IXe et Xe siècles, Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris 1972.
• Oikonomides, Nicolas; “Le dédoublement de Saint Theodore et les villes d’Euchaite et d’Euchaneia”, Analecta Bollandiana, C: 104 (1986), s. 327-335.
• Παπαδόπουλος-Κεραμεύς, Αθανάσιος; Ανάλεκτα Ιερασολυμίτικης Σταχυολόγίας, C: 2, Harrasowitz, St. Petersburg-Leipzig, 1894.
• Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online (PmbZ), (ed. Ralph- Johannes Lilie - Claudia Ludwig - Beate Zielke - Thomas Pratsch), Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten riedrich Winkelmanns erstellt, Berlin, 2013.
• Ramsay, William M., The Historical Geography of Asia Minor, John Murray, Londra, 1890.
• Σαββίδης, Αλέξιος; Οι Τούρκοι και Βυζάντιο. Α΄. Προ-Οθωμανικά φύλα στην Ασία και στα Βαλκάνια, Δόμος, Atina, 1996.
• Šandrovskaja, Valentina S.; “Ermitaznye pecati Philareta Vrachamija (Varaznuni),” Vestnik obscest, Akademija Nauk Armjanckoj SSR, 1975/3, s. 39-44.
• Šandrovskaja, Valentina; “Neskol’ko vizantijskih pecatej iz kollekcij Ermitaza (iz istorii armjanovizantinijskih otnosenij XI-XII),” Actes du XIVe Congres international des Etudes byzantines 3, Bükreş, 1976, s. 219-228.
• Šandrovskaja, Valentina, S.; “Sfragistika,” lskusstvo Vizantii v sobranijach SSSR Katalog vystaki, C: 1-3, Moskova 1977.
• Šandrovskaja, Valentina S.; “Die Funde der byzantinischen Bleisiegel in Sudak”, Studies in Byzantine Sigillography, C: 3 (1993), s. 85-98.
• Šandrovskaja, Valentina S.; Vvedenie v vizantijskuju archeologiju i sfragistiku, Izdatel’stvo Ural'skogo universiteta, Ekaterinburg, 1995.
• Šandrovskaja, Valentina, S., “Neisvestnyj pravitel Servii,” Anticnaja drevnost’i srednie veka, C: 39 (2009), s. 209-218.
• Šandrovskaja, Valentina, S.; Pečat’s portretom Grigorija Prosvetitelja (Lusavorica) XI v.: (ed. A. Ju. Dvornicenko) Problemy social’noj istorii i kul’tury”, Srednich Vekov i rannego Novogo vremeni, C: 8 (2010), s. 144-160.
• Σαββίδης, Αλέξιος, Οι Τούρκοι και Βυζάντιο. Α΄. Προ-Οθωμανικά φύλα στην Ασία και στα Βαλκάνια, Atina, 1996.
• Schlumberger, Gustave; Sigillographie de l’empire byzantin, Ernest Leroux, Paris, 1884.
• Seibt, Werner; Die Bleisigel in Österreich, C: 1, Kaiserhof (Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für Byzantinistik II/1), Viyana, 1978.
• Seibt, Werner; “Die Eingliederung von Vaspurakan in das byzantinische Reich (etwa Anfang 1019 bzw. Anfang. 1022)”, Handes Amsorya, C: 92 (1978), s. 49-66.
• Werner Seibt, “War Gagik II. von Großarmenien ca. 1072-1073 µέγας δουξ Χαρσιανού?”, Το Ελληνικόν. Studies in Honor of Speros Vryonis, Jr., Bd. II. Artistide D. Caratzas, New Rochelle, N.Y.,1993 (repr. 1994), s. 159-168.
• Seibt, Werner; “Armenische Persönlichkeiten auf byzantinischen Siegeln”, Armenian Perspectives, 10th Anniversary Conference of the Association Internationale des Études Arméniennes, School of Oriental and African Studies, London, (ed. Nicholas Awde), Richmond, Curzon,1997, s. 269-272; 408-409.
• Seibt, Werner – Zarnitz, Marie Luise; Das byzantinische Bleisiegel als Kunstwerk. Katalog zur Austellung, Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Viyana, 1997.
• Seibt, Werner; “Byzantinische Bleisiegel als Quelle düe historische Geographie: Chancen und Probleme”, Byzanz als Raum, zu Methoden und Inhalten der historischen Geographie des östlichen Mittelmeerraumes, Ed: Klaus Belke – Friedrich Hild – Johannes Koder – Peter Soustal, (Veröffentichungen der Kommission der Tabula Imperii Byzantini 7) Viyana, 2000, s. 175-180.
• Seibt, Werner; “Stärken und Schwächen der byzantinischen Integrationspolitik gegenüber den neuen armenischen Staatsbürgern im 11. Jahrhundert”, Η αυτοκρατορία εν κρίση(;). Το Βυζάντιο τον 11ο αι. (1025-1081), Εθνικό Ίδρυμα Ερευνών, Atina, 2003, s. 331-347.
• Seibt, Werner; “Philaretos Brachamios General Rebell Vasall,” Captain and Scholar. Papers in memory of Demetrios I. Polemis, (ed. Evangelos Chrysos – Elisabeth A. Zachariadou), Kaĩreios Bibliothēkē, Andros, 2009, s. 281-295.
• Seibt, Werner, “The Sons of Senekerim Yovhannes, the Last King of Vaspurakan, as Byzantine Aristocrats”, Revue des Études Arméniennes, C: 37 (2016-2017), s. 119-133.
• Seure, Georges; “Antiquites thraces dela Propontide,” Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, C: 36 (1912), s. 534-641.
• Shukourov, Rustam, Byzantine Turks (1204-1461), Brill, Leiden, 2016.
• Skoulatos, Basile; Le personnages byzantines de l’Alexiade. Analyse prosopographique et synthèse, Éditions Nauwelaerts, Löven, 1980.
• Smbaday Sbarapeti Darerkik‘, (= Chronicle of Smbat Sparapet), Translated from Armenian to English by S. Agĕlian, Venecia – San Lazzaro, 1956, from the Russian to English by R. Bedrosian, Long Branch - Νew Jersey 2005. (Older Selected Translation and Commentary by Sirarpie Der Nersessian, The Armenian Chronicle of the Constable Smbad or of the “Royal Historian”, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, C: 13 (1959), s. 141-168. En yeni ve seçme metinlerin çevirisi Georges Dédéyan, La chronique attribuée Connétable Smbat, Paris, 1980.
• Stavrakos, Christos; Die byzantinischen Bleisiegel mit Familiennamen aus der Sammlung des Numismatischen Museums Athen, Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden, 2000.
• Stein, Ernest, Histoire du Bas-Empire. De la disparition de l’empire d’Occident à la mort de Justinien (476-565), C: 2, Paris – Brüksel – Amsterdam, Desclée de Brouwer, 1959.
• Stiernon, Lucien; “Notes de titulature et de prosopographie byzantines. A propos de trois membres de la famille Rogerios (XIIe siècle),” Revue des études byzantines, C: 22 (1964), s. 184–198.
• Stone, Andrew, F.; “The Grand Heteriarches John Doukas”, Byzantion, C: 69 (1999), s. 145-164.
• Στράτος, Ανδρέας Ν.; “Κουροπαλάται κατά τον Ζ΄ αιώνα”, Βυζαντινά, C: 5 (1973), s. 51-56.
• Sturdza, Mihail D.; Dictionnaire Historique et Généalogique des Grandes Familles de Grèce, d'Albanie et de Constantinople, 2e edition, Chez l’auteur, Paris, 1999.
• Synaxarium Ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae, ed. Hippolyte Delehaye, Reproduction Anastatique, Brüksel, 1902.
• Ἡ συνέχεια τῆς Χρονογραφίας τοῦ Ἰωάννου Σκυλίτση, ed. Εύδοξος Θ. Τσολάκης, Εταιρεία Μακεδονικών Σπουδών, Selanik, 1968.
• Theophanes, Chronographia, ed. Carl de Boor, B. G. Teubnner, Bonn, 1883–1885.
• Theophylacti Achridensis epistulae, introduction, texte, traduction et notes par Paul Gautier, Association de recherches byzantines, Selanik, 1986.
• Thomson, Robert W.; The Concept of ‘History’ in Medieval Armenian Historians, Eastern Approaches to Byzantium, Papers from the Thirty-Third Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, University of Warwick, Coventry March 1999, Ed: Antony Eastmond, Routledge, Londra, 2016.
• Thomson, Robert, W; “The Influence of their Environment on the Armenians in Exile in the Eleventh Century”, Proceedings of XIIIth Congrès International d'Études Byzantines, 5-10 September 1966, Oxford University Press, Oxford, s. 432-438.
• Walter, Christopher; “Theodore, Archetype of the Warrior Saint,” Revue des études byzantines, C: 57 (1999), s. 163-210.
• Walter, Christopher; The Warrior Saints in Byzantine Art and Tradition, Ashgate, Aldershot, 2003.
• Walter, Christopher; “The Origins of the Cult of Saint George,” Revue des études byzantines, C: 53 (1995), s. 295–326.
• Wassiliou, Alexandra; Metrisches Legenden auf Byzantinischen Siegeln Österreichisches Sammlungen (Doktora Tezi). Viyana Üniversitesi, Viyana, 1998.
• Wassiliou - Seibt, Alexandra, Kyriaki; Corpus der Byzantinischen Siegel Mit Metrischen Legenden, C: 1. A - M. Verlag der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Viyana 2011.
• Wassiliou - Seibt, Alexandra, Kyriaki; Corpus der Byzantinischen Siegel Mit Metrischen Legenden, C: 2. N – Sphragis, Verlag der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Viyana, 2016.
• Whittow, Mark, Social and political structures in the Maen¬der region of Western Asia Minor on the eve of the Turkish invasi¬on, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Oxford Üniversitesi, 1987.
• Wittek, Paul, “Von der byzantinischen zur türkischen Toponymie,” Byzantion, C: 10/1 (1935), s. 11–64.
• Yinanç, Mükrimin Halil; Türkiye Tarihi. Selçuklular Devri. C: 1. Anadolu’nun Fethi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınları, İstanbul, 1944.
• Zacos, George; Byzantine Lead Seals, C: 2, Benteli, Bern, 1984.
• Zuckerman, Constantine, “Learning from the Enemy and More”, Millenium-Jahrbuch, C: 2 (2005), s. 127-134.
• Zeus Numismatics (Prime Auction 3), Lot. 824, “Aposachles Senachereim magistros vestarches and strategos”; https://www.biddr.com/auctions/zeusnumismatics/browse?a=908&l=960259 [Erişim Tarihi 22.04.2021]