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Antik Roma Gücünün Vahşi Hayvanlar Üzerindeki Yansıması: Roma Venatioları MÖ 252-MS 523/537

Yıl 2022, , 319 - 352, 20.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1059162

Öz

Vahşi hayvanların bir güç gösterisi bağlamında ve bu amaç için belirlenmiş özel alanlarda sergilenmesi ve avlanması hususunda bir ilk teşkil etmemekle birlikte Romalılar, diğer tüm antik uygarlıkları gölgede bırakan bir vahşi hayvan tüketimi ortaya koymuşlardır. Bu tüketim, geride bıraktığı hayvan katliamının çarpıcı boyutları itibarıyla tüm antik uygarlıklardan ayrılmaktadır. Romalıların propaganda amacıyla gerçekleştirdikleri zafer geçitleri bir yana, vahşi hayvanların Roma arenalarındaki temel kullanımı, bunların insanlara ya da başka hayvanlara karşı gerçekleştirdikleri, sıra dışı bir vahşete sahne olan kanlı gösteriler ve mücadeleler olmuştur. Cumhuriyet döneminde Kartaca karşısında kazanılan Birinci Kartaca Savaşı yıllarında ortaya çıkan ve “Venatio” ismiyle anılan bu gösteriler, MÖ I. yüzyılda ve İmparator Octavianus Augustus’un tesis ettiği “Pax Romana” (Roma Barışı) sürecinde muazzam bir yaygınlığa ulaşmıştır. Egzotik hayvanlar Romanın düşmanları karşısında zafer kazanan komutanlar tarafından savaş alanlarında kazanılan zaferi Roma halkının nazarında perçinlemek amacıyla pek çok kez Roma arenalarına çıkarılmışlardır. Bunun yanı sıra venatiolar, Romalı aristokratların siyasi rekabeti çerçevesinde, halkın sempatisini kazanabilmek noktasında önemli birer propaganda aracına dönüşmüş, egzotik hayvanlar ise bu araçların vazgeçilmez unsurları halini almışlardır. Başlı başına ekonomik bir güç göstergesi olan venatiolar, gerek Roma ekonomisinin Pax Romana sürecinde ortaya koyduğu istikrara gerekse MS III. yüzyılda imparatorluğu pençesine alan ekonomik buhrana farklı bir pencereden bakabilmeyi mümkün kılmaktadır. Bu çalışma, Romalıların antik çağdaki yükseliş ve çöküşünü anlayabilmek noktasında en az Roma ordusu ya da Roma diplomasisi kadar geçerli bir ölçüt olarak kabul edilebilecek olan Roma venatiolarını, bu organizasyonlardaki vahşi hayvan etkinliğini ve tüketimini, kronolojik bir düzen içerisinde, antik edebi eserler ve arkeolojik bulgular ışığında ele almayı amaçlamaktadır.

Teşekkür

Yüksek çözünürlüklü görsellerini paylaşma nezaketini gösteren Sn. Carole Raddato'ya sonsuz teşekkürler.

Kaynakça

  • Ath. Athenaeus. Deipnosophistai, The Learned Banqueters, Vol. II, ed. ve Trans. S. D. Olson, The Loeb Classical Library, London 2007.
  • Cassiod. Var. Cassiodorus. Variae Epistulae, The Letters of Cassiodorus: Being a Condensed Translation of the Variae Epistolae of Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator, Trans. T. Hodgkin, Henry Frowde, London 1886.
  • Cic. Off. Cicero. De Officiis, On Duties, Trans. W. Miller, The Loeb Classical Library, London 1913.
  • Dio Cass. Dio Cassius, Rhomaike, Roman History, Trans. E. Cary, The Loeb Classical Library. London 1914-1927.
  • Flor. Epit. Florus. Epitomae Historiae Romanae, Epitome of Roman History, Trans. E. S. Forster, The Loeb Classical Library. London 1929.
  • Iuv. Iuvenalis, Saturae, Juvenal and Persius, Trans. G. G. Ramsay, The Loeb Classical Library. London 1928.
  • Liv. Per. Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, The History of Rome, Trans. G. Baker, Jones & Co. London 1830.
  • Plin. HN. Plinius. Naturalis Historia, Natural History, Trans. H. Rackham, W. H. S. Jones, D. E. Eichholz, The Loeb Classical Library. London 1938-1962.
  • Sen. Brev. Vit. Seneca. Moral Essays, Volume II: De Consolatione ad Marciam. De Vita Beata. De Otio. De Tranquillitate Animi. De Brevitate Vitae. De Consolatione ad Polybium. De Consolatione ad Helviam, Trans. J. W. Basore, The Loeb Classical Library, London 1932.
  • SHA. Ant. Pius. Scriptores Historiae Augustae. Augustan History, Vol. I, Trans. D. Magie, The Loeb Classical Library, London 1921.
  • SHA. Comm. Scriptores Historiae Augustae. Augustan History, Vol. I, Trans. D. Magie, The Loeb Classical Library, London 1921.
  • SHA. Gordiani Tres. Scriptores Historiae Augustae. Augustan History, Vol. II, Trans. D. Magie, The Loeb Classical Library, London 1924.
  • SHA. Aurel. Scriptores Historiae Augustae. Augustan History, Vol. III, Trans. D. Magie, The Loeb Classical Library, London 1932.
  • SHA. Prob. Scriptores Historiae Augustae. Augustan History, Vol. III, Trans. D. Magie, The Loeb Classical Library, London 1932.
  • Strab. Strabo. Geographika, The Geography of Strabo. Trans. H. L. Jones, The Loeb Classical Library, London 1917-1932.
  • Suet. Aug. Suetonius. De Vita Caesarum, Lives of the Caesars, Vol. I, Trans. J. C. Rolfe, The Loeb Classical Library, London 1914.
  • Suet. Calig. Suetonius. De Vita Caesarum, Lives of the Caesars, Vol. I, Trans. J. C. Rolfe, The Loeb Classical Library, London 1914.
  • Suet. Claud. Suetonius. De Vita Caesarum, Lives of the Caesars, Vol. II, Trans. J. C. Rolfe, The Loeb Classical Library, London 1914.
  • Suet. Dom. Suetonius. De Vita Caesarum, Lives of the Caesars, Vol. II, Trans. J. C. Rolfe, The Loeb Classical Library, London 1914.
  • Suet. Iul. Suetonius. De Vita Caesarum, Lives of the Caesars, Vol. I, Trans. J. C. Rolfe, The Loeb Classical Library, London 1914.
  • Suet. Ner. Suetonius. De Vita Caesarum, Lives of the Caesars, Vol. II, Trans. J. C. Rolfe, The Loeb Classical Library, London 1914.
  • Suet. Tit. Suetonius. De Vita Caesarum, Lives of the Caesars, Vol. II, Trans. J. C. Rolfe, The Loeb Classical Library, London 1914.
  • Varro, Rust. Cato, Varro. De Re Rustica, On Agriculture, Trans. W. D. Hooper, H. B. Ash, The Loeb Classical Library, London 1934. BAKER, A., 2000. Gladyatör: Roma’nın Savaşçı Kölelerinin Gizli Tarihi, çev. S. Göktaş, Phoenix Yay., Ankara.
  • BARNETT, R. D., 1976. Sculptures from the North Palace of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh (668-627 B.C.), British Museum Publications Limited, London.
  • BEACHAM, R. C., 1999. Spectacle Entertainments of Early Imperial Rome, Yale University Press, London.
  • BOMGARDNER, D. L., 2000. The Story of The Roman Amphitheatre, Taylar & Francis Group, London.
  • BROUGHTON, T. R. S., 1951. The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Volume I 509 B.C. – 100 B.C. The American Philological Association, New York.
  • BROUGHTON, T. R. S., 1952. The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Volume II 99 B.C. – 31 B.C. The American Philological Association, New York.
  • BUNSON, M., 2002. Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire, Revised Edition, Facts On File, Inc., New York.
  • CAMERON, A., 2013. “The Origin, Context and Function of Consular Diptychs”, The Journal of Roman Studies, 103 / 182, ss. 174-204.
  • CARTER, M., 2003 “Gladiatorial Ranking and the "SC de Pretiis Gladiatorum Minuendis"” (CIL II 6278 = ILS 5163), Phoenix, 57 / 1-2 (Spring-Summer), ss. 83-114.
  • CONNOLLY, P., 2003. Colosseum: Rome’s Arena of Death, BBC Books, London.
  • DUNDABIN, K. M. D., 1978. The Mosaics of Roman North Africa, Studies in Iconography and Patronage, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
  • GOLD, D., 1988. Zoo: A Behind-the-Scenes Look at the Animals and the People Who Care For Them, Contemporary Books, Chicago.
  • FISHWICK, D., 1991. The Imperial Cult in The Latin West, Studies in The Ruler Cult of The Western Provinces of The Roman Empire, Volume II, E. J. BRILL, Leiden.
  • HUBBELL, H. M., 1935. “Ptolemey’s Zoo”, The Classical Journal, 31 / 2, ss. 68-76.
  • İZNİK, E., 2011. “İmparator Diocletianus’un “Tavan (En Yüksek) Fiyatlar Fermanı”, “Edictum de pretiis Rerum Venalium””, Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 30 / 49, ss. 97-130.
  • JENNISON, G., 1937. Animals for Show and Pleasure in Ancient Rome, Manchester University Press, Manchester.
  • KISLING, V. N., 2001. Zoo and Aquarium History: Ancient Animal Collections to Zoological Gardens, CRC Press, New York.
  • KOHNE, E., EWIGLEBEN, C., JACKSON, R. 2000. Gladiators and Caesars: The Power of Spectacle in Ancient Rome, University of California Press. Berkeley.
  • KYLE, D. G., 2015, Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World, John Wiley&Sons, Inc., Chichester.
  • LINDSTORM, T. C., 2010. “The Animals of the Arena: How and Why Could Their Destruction and Death be Endured and Enjoyed?”, World Archaeology, 42 / 2, ss. 310-323.
  • LUOMA, J. R., 1987. A Crowded Ark, The Role of Zoos in Wildlife Conservation, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.
  • MACKINNON, M., 2006. “Supplying Exotic Animals For The Roman Amphitheatre Games: New Reconstructions Combining Archaeological, Ancient Textual, Historical And Ethnographic Data”, Mouseion, III / 6, ss. 1-25.
  • SALZMAN, M. R., 2011. Writings From The Greco-Roman World, The Letters of Symmachus: Book 1, (Ed: D. Konstan, J. C. Thom), The Society of Biblical Literature, Atlanta.
  • SCOTT, S. P., 1932. The Civil Law: Including The Twelve Tables, The Institutes of Gaius, The Rules of Ulpian, The Opinions of Paulus, The Enactments of Justinian, and The Constitutions of Leo, The Central Trust Company, Cincinnati.
  • STILLWELL, R., 1976. The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, Princeton University Press, New Jersey.
  • TOYNBEE, J. M. C., 1973. Animals in Roman Life and Art, Cornell University Press, New York.
  • VILLE, G., 1981. La gladiature en Occident des origines à la mort de Domitien, (Bibliotheque des Écoles Françaises D'Athenes et de Rome #245), École Française de Rome, Rome.
  • WIEDEMANN, T., 1992. Emperors and Gladiators. Routledge, London.
  • https://www.britishmuseum.org (E. T.: 07.02.2022)
  • https://etc.worldhistory.org (E. T.: 07.02.2022)
  • https://followinghadrian.com (E. T.: 07.02.2022)

Reflection on Ancient Roman Power over Wild Animals: Roman Venationes 252 BC - 523/537 AD

Yıl 2022, , 319 - 352, 20.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1059162

Öz

Romans, even if they were not the first to exhibit and hunt wild animals as a part of magnificence in specific areas designated for this purpose, practiced a consumption of wild animals which overshadowed all other ancient civilizations. This consumption, with its dramatic extent of animal slaughter, differs from all other ancient civilizations. Apart from the parades, which were organized by the Romans for the purpose of propaganda, the basic use of wild animals in Roman arenas was the bloody shows or struggles in which these animals were forced to fight against humans or other animals. These shows, which emerged during the Republican period, in the years of the First Punnic War won against the Carthaginians and called ‘venatio’, gained a massive prevalence during the first century BC, and the period of Pax Romana, which was constituted by the Emperor Octavianus Augustus. Exotic animals were taken to the Roman arenas many times by Roman generals who had been victorious against the enemies of Rome on the battlefield and who aimed at confirming these victories before the eyes of the Roman public. In addition to this, as part of political competition of Roman aristocrats, ‘venationes’ turned into significant propaganda instruments to gain the favor of the Roman public, and exotic animals became essential factors of these instruments. Venationes, which are indicators of economic power in themselves, make it possible to view both the stability of the Roman economy during the Pax Romana process, and the economic crisis that gripped the empire in the third century AD, from a different perspective. This study aims to examine the Roman venationes, which can be regarded as a standard as valid as the Roman army or Roman diplomacy, in terms of understanding the rise and fall of the Romans in antiquity, the activity and consumption of wild animals in these organizations in a chronological order, and in the light of philological works and archaeological findings.

Kaynakça

  • Ath. Athenaeus. Deipnosophistai, The Learned Banqueters, Vol. II, ed. ve Trans. S. D. Olson, The Loeb Classical Library, London 2007.
  • Cassiod. Var. Cassiodorus. Variae Epistulae, The Letters of Cassiodorus: Being a Condensed Translation of the Variae Epistolae of Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator, Trans. T. Hodgkin, Henry Frowde, London 1886.
  • Cic. Off. Cicero. De Officiis, On Duties, Trans. W. Miller, The Loeb Classical Library, London 1913.
  • Dio Cass. Dio Cassius, Rhomaike, Roman History, Trans. E. Cary, The Loeb Classical Library. London 1914-1927.
  • Flor. Epit. Florus. Epitomae Historiae Romanae, Epitome of Roman History, Trans. E. S. Forster, The Loeb Classical Library. London 1929.
  • Iuv. Iuvenalis, Saturae, Juvenal and Persius, Trans. G. G. Ramsay, The Loeb Classical Library. London 1928.
  • Liv. Per. Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, The History of Rome, Trans. G. Baker, Jones & Co. London 1830.
  • Plin. HN. Plinius. Naturalis Historia, Natural History, Trans. H. Rackham, W. H. S. Jones, D. E. Eichholz, The Loeb Classical Library. London 1938-1962.
  • Sen. Brev. Vit. Seneca. Moral Essays, Volume II: De Consolatione ad Marciam. De Vita Beata. De Otio. De Tranquillitate Animi. De Brevitate Vitae. De Consolatione ad Polybium. De Consolatione ad Helviam, Trans. J. W. Basore, The Loeb Classical Library, London 1932.
  • SHA. Ant. Pius. Scriptores Historiae Augustae. Augustan History, Vol. I, Trans. D. Magie, The Loeb Classical Library, London 1921.
  • SHA. Comm. Scriptores Historiae Augustae. Augustan History, Vol. I, Trans. D. Magie, The Loeb Classical Library, London 1921.
  • SHA. Gordiani Tres. Scriptores Historiae Augustae. Augustan History, Vol. II, Trans. D. Magie, The Loeb Classical Library, London 1924.
  • SHA. Aurel. Scriptores Historiae Augustae. Augustan History, Vol. III, Trans. D. Magie, The Loeb Classical Library, London 1932.
  • SHA. Prob. Scriptores Historiae Augustae. Augustan History, Vol. III, Trans. D. Magie, The Loeb Classical Library, London 1932.
  • Strab. Strabo. Geographika, The Geography of Strabo. Trans. H. L. Jones, The Loeb Classical Library, London 1917-1932.
  • Suet. Aug. Suetonius. De Vita Caesarum, Lives of the Caesars, Vol. I, Trans. J. C. Rolfe, The Loeb Classical Library, London 1914.
  • Suet. Calig. Suetonius. De Vita Caesarum, Lives of the Caesars, Vol. I, Trans. J. C. Rolfe, The Loeb Classical Library, London 1914.
  • Suet. Claud. Suetonius. De Vita Caesarum, Lives of the Caesars, Vol. II, Trans. J. C. Rolfe, The Loeb Classical Library, London 1914.
  • Suet. Dom. Suetonius. De Vita Caesarum, Lives of the Caesars, Vol. II, Trans. J. C. Rolfe, The Loeb Classical Library, London 1914.
  • Suet. Iul. Suetonius. De Vita Caesarum, Lives of the Caesars, Vol. I, Trans. J. C. Rolfe, The Loeb Classical Library, London 1914.
  • Suet. Ner. Suetonius. De Vita Caesarum, Lives of the Caesars, Vol. II, Trans. J. C. Rolfe, The Loeb Classical Library, London 1914.
  • Suet. Tit. Suetonius. De Vita Caesarum, Lives of the Caesars, Vol. II, Trans. J. C. Rolfe, The Loeb Classical Library, London 1914.
  • Varro, Rust. Cato, Varro. De Re Rustica, On Agriculture, Trans. W. D. Hooper, H. B. Ash, The Loeb Classical Library, London 1934. BAKER, A., 2000. Gladyatör: Roma’nın Savaşçı Kölelerinin Gizli Tarihi, çev. S. Göktaş, Phoenix Yay., Ankara.
  • BARNETT, R. D., 1976. Sculptures from the North Palace of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh (668-627 B.C.), British Museum Publications Limited, London.
  • BEACHAM, R. C., 1999. Spectacle Entertainments of Early Imperial Rome, Yale University Press, London.
  • BOMGARDNER, D. L., 2000. The Story of The Roman Amphitheatre, Taylar & Francis Group, London.
  • BROUGHTON, T. R. S., 1951. The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Volume I 509 B.C. – 100 B.C. The American Philological Association, New York.
  • BROUGHTON, T. R. S., 1952. The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Volume II 99 B.C. – 31 B.C. The American Philological Association, New York.
  • BUNSON, M., 2002. Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire, Revised Edition, Facts On File, Inc., New York.
  • CAMERON, A., 2013. “The Origin, Context and Function of Consular Diptychs”, The Journal of Roman Studies, 103 / 182, ss. 174-204.
  • CARTER, M., 2003 “Gladiatorial Ranking and the "SC de Pretiis Gladiatorum Minuendis"” (CIL II 6278 = ILS 5163), Phoenix, 57 / 1-2 (Spring-Summer), ss. 83-114.
  • CONNOLLY, P., 2003. Colosseum: Rome’s Arena of Death, BBC Books, London.
  • DUNDABIN, K. M. D., 1978. The Mosaics of Roman North Africa, Studies in Iconography and Patronage, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
  • GOLD, D., 1988. Zoo: A Behind-the-Scenes Look at the Animals and the People Who Care For Them, Contemporary Books, Chicago.
  • FISHWICK, D., 1991. The Imperial Cult in The Latin West, Studies in The Ruler Cult of The Western Provinces of The Roman Empire, Volume II, E. J. BRILL, Leiden.
  • HUBBELL, H. M., 1935. “Ptolemey’s Zoo”, The Classical Journal, 31 / 2, ss. 68-76.
  • İZNİK, E., 2011. “İmparator Diocletianus’un “Tavan (En Yüksek) Fiyatlar Fermanı”, “Edictum de pretiis Rerum Venalium””, Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 30 / 49, ss. 97-130.
  • JENNISON, G., 1937. Animals for Show and Pleasure in Ancient Rome, Manchester University Press, Manchester.
  • KISLING, V. N., 2001. Zoo and Aquarium History: Ancient Animal Collections to Zoological Gardens, CRC Press, New York.
  • KOHNE, E., EWIGLEBEN, C., JACKSON, R. 2000. Gladiators and Caesars: The Power of Spectacle in Ancient Rome, University of California Press. Berkeley.
  • KYLE, D. G., 2015, Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World, John Wiley&Sons, Inc., Chichester.
  • LINDSTORM, T. C., 2010. “The Animals of the Arena: How and Why Could Their Destruction and Death be Endured and Enjoyed?”, World Archaeology, 42 / 2, ss. 310-323.
  • LUOMA, J. R., 1987. A Crowded Ark, The Role of Zoos in Wildlife Conservation, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.
  • MACKINNON, M., 2006. “Supplying Exotic Animals For The Roman Amphitheatre Games: New Reconstructions Combining Archaeological, Ancient Textual, Historical And Ethnographic Data”, Mouseion, III / 6, ss. 1-25.
  • SALZMAN, M. R., 2011. Writings From The Greco-Roman World, The Letters of Symmachus: Book 1, (Ed: D. Konstan, J. C. Thom), The Society of Biblical Literature, Atlanta.
  • SCOTT, S. P., 1932. The Civil Law: Including The Twelve Tables, The Institutes of Gaius, The Rules of Ulpian, The Opinions of Paulus, The Enactments of Justinian, and The Constitutions of Leo, The Central Trust Company, Cincinnati.
  • STILLWELL, R., 1976. The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, Princeton University Press, New Jersey.
  • TOYNBEE, J. M. C., 1973. Animals in Roman Life and Art, Cornell University Press, New York.
  • VILLE, G., 1981. La gladiature en Occident des origines à la mort de Domitien, (Bibliotheque des Écoles Françaises D'Athenes et de Rome #245), École Française de Rome, Rome.
  • WIEDEMANN, T., 1992. Emperors and Gladiators. Routledge, London.
  • https://www.britishmuseum.org (E. T.: 07.02.2022)
  • https://etc.worldhistory.org (E. T.: 07.02.2022)
  • https://followinghadrian.com (E. T.: 07.02.2022)
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Nuri Can Uçar 0000-0001-9790-5081

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Eylül 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Ocak 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

APA Uçar, N. C. (2022). Antik Roma Gücünün Vahşi Hayvanlar Üzerindeki Yansıması: Roma Venatioları MÖ 252-MS 523/537. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History, 4(2), 319-352. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1059162
AMA Uçar NC. Antik Roma Gücünün Vahşi Hayvanlar Üzerindeki Yansıması: Roma Venatioları MÖ 252-MS 523/537. OANNES. Eylül 2022;4(2):319-352. doi:10.33469/oannes.1059162
Chicago Uçar, Nuri Can. “Antik Roma Gücünün Vahşi Hayvanlar Üzerindeki Yansıması: Roma Venatioları MÖ 252-MS 523/537”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 4, sy. 2 (Eylül 2022): 319-52. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1059162.
EndNote Uçar NC (01 Eylül 2022) Antik Roma Gücünün Vahşi Hayvanlar Üzerindeki Yansıması: Roma Venatioları MÖ 252-MS 523/537. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 4 2 319–352.
IEEE N. C. Uçar, “Antik Roma Gücünün Vahşi Hayvanlar Üzerindeki Yansıması: Roma Venatioları MÖ 252-MS 523/537”, OANNES, c. 4, sy. 2, ss. 319–352, 2022, doi: 10.33469/oannes.1059162.
ISNAD Uçar, Nuri Can. “Antik Roma Gücünün Vahşi Hayvanlar Üzerindeki Yansıması: Roma Venatioları MÖ 252-MS 523/537”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 4/2 (Eylül 2022), 319-352. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1059162.
JAMA Uçar NC. Antik Roma Gücünün Vahşi Hayvanlar Üzerindeki Yansıması: Roma Venatioları MÖ 252-MS 523/537. OANNES. 2022;4:319–352.
MLA Uçar, Nuri Can. “Antik Roma Gücünün Vahşi Hayvanlar Üzerindeki Yansıması: Roma Venatioları MÖ 252-MS 523/537”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History, c. 4, sy. 2, 2022, ss. 319-52, doi:10.33469/oannes.1059162.
Vancouver Uçar NC. Antik Roma Gücünün Vahşi Hayvanlar Üzerindeki Yansıması: Roma Venatioları MÖ 252-MS 523/537. OANNES. 2022;4(2):319-52.

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