Sharenting: Ebeveynler Çocuklarının Fotoğraflarını Sosyal Medyada Neden Paylaşır?

Öz

Çocukların fotoğraflarının ebeveynleri tarafından sosyal medyada paylaşılması anlamına gelen sharenting, son yıllarda ruh sağlığı alanında önemli ve hassas bir konu olarak ele alınmaya başlanmıştır. Çocukların fotoğrafları, çocuk doğmadan önce bile sosyal medyada sıklıkla paylaşılmaktadır. Annelerin neden çocuklarının fotoğraflarını sosyal medyada paylaştığı ve bu paylaşımların olası sonuçları ise merak konusudur. Ebeveynleri çocuklarının fotoğraflarını sosyal medyada paylaşmaya motive eden çeşitli sebepler bulunmaktadır. Bu derleme çalışmasında, literatürde sıklıkla öne çıkan nedenlerin yanı sıra, shatentingin kuramsal boyutu olan benlik sunumu teorisi ve benliğin sınıflandırılması kuramı, çocuklar açısından sharenting, sharentingin hukuki süreci ve sosyal/duygusal ve psikolojik destek ihtiyaçları, sharentingi bir meslek olarak görme veya para kazanma, dijital kibir ve narsist özellikler, duygu ve düşünceleri ifade etme aracı olarak görme gibi sharentingin nedenleri de incelenmiştir. Ayrıca sharentingin tehlikeli tarafları tartışılmış ve ebeveynlere öneriler verilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• çocuk güvenliği
• dijital zararlar
• sharenting
• sosyal medya
• sharenting ebeveynler

Sharenting: Why Parents Share Their Children’ Photos on Social Media?

Abstract

Sharenting, which means sharing the photos of children on social media by their parents, has started to be considered as an important and sensitive issue in the field of mental health in recent years. Photographs of children are often shared on social media, even before the child is born. Why mothers share photos of their children on social media and possible outcomes of sharenting is a matter of curiosity. There are various reasons that motivates parents to share photos of their children in social media. In this review study, besides the reasons that are frequently prominent in the literature, self-presentation theory and self-categorization theory, which is the theoretical side of the sharenting, sharenting from the in the perspective of children, legal process, and reasons for sharenting such as social/emotional and psychological support needs, seeing sharenting as a profession or earning money, digital arrogance and narcissistic traits, expressing emotions and thoughts also examined. Dark side of sharenting and suggestion to parents also discussed.

Keywords

• children safety
• digital harms
• sharenting
• social media
• sharenting parents

Kaynakça

1. Abidin C. (2015). Micromicrocelebrity: Branding babies on the Internet. M/C Journal. 18(5).
2. Abidin C. (2017). Micro-microcelebrity: Famous babies and business on the internet, Parenting for Digital Future Retrieved 30.05.2020. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/76135/1/Parenting%20for%20a%20Digital%20Future%20%E2%80%93%20Micromicrocelebrity_%20famous%20babies%20and%20business%20on%20the%20internet.pdf
3. Alanka, Ö. & Cezik, A. (2016). Digital arrogance: An analysis on narcissistic rituals in social media, TRT Akademi, 1(2), 548-569.
4. Archer, C. & Kao, K. T. (2018). Mother, baby and Facebook make three: Does social media provide social support for new mothers?, Media International Australia, 168(1), 122–39.
5. Arıkan, D. & Kahriman, İ. (2002). The effect of primipar mother 's perceived social support from their families who have newborn baby on their problem solving skills. Journal of Anatolia Nursing and Health Sciences, 5(1): 60-67
6. Bartholomew, M. K., Schoppe-Sullivan, S. J., Glassman, M., Kamp-Dush, C. M., & Sullivan, J. M. (2012). New parents’ Facebook use at the transition to parenthood. Family Relations 61(3), 455–69.
7. Baştemur, Ş., Borucu, D. H., & Bulut, S. (2021). Psychological Consequences of Sharenting: A Case Study. Turk J Child Adolesc Ment Health, 28(2), 166-173.
8. Battersby, L. (2016). Millions of social media photos found on child exploitation sharing sites. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 05.07.2020. http://www.smh.com.au/national/millions-of-social-mediaphotos-found-on-child-exploitation-sharing-sites-20150929-gjxe55.html

9. Bayad, A. (2016). Reflections on Erving Goffman’s concept of self and assumption of human nature. Studies in Psychology 36(1), 81-93.
10. Bektaş, A. (2021). Being a parent and child on social media. (Unpublished Master’s Thesis), Ordu University Social Science Institute, Ordu.
11. Blum-Ross A, & Livingstone S. (2017). Sharenting, parent blogging, and the boundaries of the digital self. Popular Communicatıon, 15(2), 110–25.
12. Brosch A. (2016). When the child is born into the Internet: Sharenting as a growing trend among parents on Facebook. The New Educational Review, 43(1), 225-36.
13. Brosch, A. (2018). Sharenting: Why do parents violate their children's privacy? The New Educational Review 54(4), 75-85), doi 10.15804/tner.2018.54.4.06
14. Chalklen, C. & Anderson, H. (2017). Mothering on facebook: Exploring the privacy/openness paradox. Social Media+ Society, 3(2), 1-10.
15. Chazan, D. (2016). French parents ‘could be jailed’ for posting children’s photos online. The Telegraph. Retrieved 07.09.2020 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ news/worldnews/europe/france/12179584/French-parents-could-be-jailed-for-posting-childrens-photos-online.html
16. Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA). (2012). 15 U.S.C. 6501–6506.
17. Cino, D., Demozzi, S., & Subrahmanyam, K. (2020). Why post more pictures if no one is looking at them? Parents’ perception of the Facebook like in sharenting. The Communication Review, 23(2), 122-144.
18. Choi, G. Y., & Lewallen, J. (2018). “Say Instagram, kids!”: Examining sharenting and children's digital representations on Instagram. Howard Journal of Communications, 29(2), 144-164.
19. Clark, S. J., Kauffman, A. D., Singer, D. C., Matos-Moreno, A., & Davis, M. M. (2015). Parents on social media: Likes and dislikes of sharenting. C.S. Mott Children's Hospital National Poll on Children's Health, University of Michigan. 23(2). Retrieved 08.09.2020 http://mottpoll.org/reports-surveys/parents-social-media-likes-and-dislikes-sharenting.
20. Constitution of the Republic of Turkey (1982). Articles 41, 42, 50, 56, 58, 61 and 62. Retrieved on 13.12.2021 on https://global.tbmm.gov.tr/docs/constitution_en.pdf
21. Coughlan S. (2018). Sharenting' puts young at risk of online fraud, BBC News, Retrieved 16.06.2020 https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-44153754.
22. Damkjaer, M. S. (2018). ‘S’harenting = good parenting? Four parental approaches to sharenting on Facebook’, G. Mascheroni, C. Ponte and A. Jorge (Eds), In Digital parenting: The challenges for families in the digital age, (p. 209-218). Göteborg: Nordicom.
23. Davidson-Wall, N. (2018). Mum, seriously!. In Sharenting the new social trend with no opt-out. In paper presented at the 9th Debating Communities and Social Networks 2018 OUA Conference, Curtin University, Australia.
24. Duggan, M., Lenhart, A., Lampe, C. & Ellison, B. N. (2015). Parents and social media. Pew Research Center: Internet and Technology, Pew Research Centre Internet & Technology, Retrieved 16.07.2020, http://www.pewinternet. org/2015/07/16/parents-and-social-media/.
25. Duygulu, S. (2019). Evaluation of child picture sharing in social media by parents with respect to privacy violation and child abuse. TRT Akademi, 4(8), 428-487
26. Erişir, R. & Erişir, D. (2019). Children and the new media: Example of “sharenting” specified to Instagram. Yeni Medya Dergisi, 4-5, 50-64.
27. Family Online Safety Institute [FOSI]. (2015). Parents, privacy & technology use. Family Online Safety Institute, Retrieved 19.01.2020 https://www.fosi.org/policy-research/
28. Fox, A. K. & Hoy, M. G. (2019). Smart devices, smart decisions? Implications of parents’ sharenting for children’s online privacy: An investigation of mothers. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 38(4), 414-432.
29. Goffman, E. (2009). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Simon and Schuster.
30. Hearn A, & Schoenhoff S. (2015). From celebrity to influencer: tracing the diffusion of celebrity value across the data stream. In Marshall PD, Redmond S, (Eds). A Companion to celebrity. Hoboken, (p. 194-211). Wiley-Blackwell
31. Highfield, T., & Leaver, T. (2015). A methodology for mapping Instagram hashtags. First Monday, 20(1). 1-11.
32. Hiniker, A., Schoenebeck, S. Y., & Kientz, J. A. (2016). Not at the dinner table: Parents' and children's perspectives on family technology rules. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM conference on computer-supported cooperative work & social computing (p. 1376-1389), San Francisco, California, USA
33. Hood, B. (2012). The self-illusion: How the social brain creates identity. Oxford University Press.
34. İnan-Kaya, G. & Kaya, U. (2018). Bir ebeveyn pratiği olarak sharenting [Sharenting as a parental practice]. Current Database in Education, 5, 471-485.
35. İşman, A., Buluş, B., & Yüzüncüyıl, K. S. (2016). Transformation of socializing into digitalization and representation of digital identity, Trt Akademi, 1(2), 608-619.
36. Jomhari, N., Gonzalez, V. M., & Kurniawan, S. H. (2009). See the apple of my eye: Baby storytelling in social space. People and Computers XXIII Celebrating People and Technology, 238-243.
37. Khamis S, Ang L, Welling R. (2017). Self-branding, ‘micro-celebrity’ and the rise of social media influencers. Celebrity Studies 8(2), 191-208.
38. Keenan, J. (2012). Thanks, mom, for not telling the world I pulled a knife on you. The New York Times. Retrieved 16.07.2020. https://parenting.blogs.nytimes. com/2012/12/27/thanks-mom-for-not-telling-the-world-i-pulled-a-knife-on-you/
39. Keith, B. E. & Steinberg, S. (2017). Parental Sharing on the Internet: Child Privacy in the Age of Social Media and the Pediatrician’s Role. Jama Pediatrics, 171(5), 413-414. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.5059
40. Kerr, H., Booth, R., & Jackson, K. (2020). Exploring the characteristics and behaviors of nurses who have attained microcelebrity status on Instagram: Content analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(5), e16540.
41. Kızılarslan, A., 2012, A critical approach to social media effects on society (Unpublished Master’s Thesis), Marmara University Social Science Institute, Istanbul.
42. Kumar, P. & Schoenebeck, S. (2015). The modern day baby book: Enacting good mothering and stewarding privacy on Facebook, In Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (ACM, 2015), 1302-1312.
43. Latipah, E., Kistoro, H. C. A., Hasanah, F. F., & Putranta, H. (2020). Elaborating motive and psychological impact of sharenting in millennial parents. Universal Journal of Educational Research 8(10), 4807-4817, DOI: 10.13189/ujer.2020.081052
44. Lazard, L., Capdevila, R., Dann, C., Locke, A., & Roper, S. (2019). Sharenting: Pride, affect and the day‐to‐day politics of digital mothering. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 13(4), 1-10. doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12443
45. Maheshwari S. (2019). Online and making thousands, at age 4: Meet the kidfluencers, New York Times, Retrieved 11.09.2020 https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/01/business/media/social-media-influencerskids
46. Marasli, M., Suhendan, E., Yilmazturk, N. H., & Cok, F. (2016). Parents’ shares on social networking sites about their children: Sharenting. The Anthropologist, 24(2), 399-406.
47. Marwick A. (2016). You may know me from Youtube: (Micro)-celebrity in social media. In D.P. Marshall, S. Redmond (Eds). A companion to celebrity. (p. 333-350). John Wiley and Sons
48. Mavroudis, J., & Milne, E. (2016). Researching microcelebrity: Methods, access and labour. First Monday. 21(7).
49. Mastro, D. E., & Kopacz, M. A. (2006). Media representations of race, prototypically, and policy reasoning: An application of self-categorization theory. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 50(2), 305–322.
50. McCain, J. L. & Campbell, W. K. (2018). Narcissism and social media use: A meta-analytic review. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 7(3), 308-327.
51. McDaniel, B.T., Coyne, S. M., & Holmes, E. K. (2012). New mothers and media use: Associations between blogging, social networking, and maternal well-being, Maternal and Child Health Journal, 16(7), 1509-1517.
52. Miller, B. (2014). The creepiest new corner of Instagram: Role-playing with baby photos. Retrieved on 09.01.2020 https://www.fastcompany.com/3036073/the-creepiest-
53. Mitchel, N. (2019). Sharenting: Posting photos of your children online may be a breach of their human rights. Retrieved on 20.02.2020 https://www.3aw.com.au/sharenting-posting-photos-of-your-children-online-may-be-a-breach-of-their-human-rights/
54. Morva, O. (2014). Goffman's dramaturgical approach and identity design in digital environment: A study on social network facebook. S. Çakır (Ed.). In Media and Design. (p.231-255). Urzeni Publishing
55. Nottingham, E. (2020). ‘Dad! cut that part out!’ Children’s rights to privacy in the age of ‘generation tagged’: Sharenting, digital kidnapping and the child micro-celebrity. In Jane Murray, Beth Blue Swadener, Kylie Smith (Eds) The Routledge International Handbook of Young Children's Rights, Routledge.
56. Otero, P. (2017). Sharenting… should children’s lives be disclosed on social media?. Archivos Argentinos de Pediatria, 115(5), 412-414.
57. Ouvrein, G. & Verswijvel, K. (2019). Sharenting: Parental adoration or public humiliation? A focus group study on adolescents' experiences with sharenting against the background of their own impression management. Children and Youth Services Review, 99, 319-327.
58. Parsa, A. F. & Akmeşe, Z. (2019). Social media and child abuse: The case of instagram mothers. Kadem Kadın Araştırmaları Dergisi,5, 163-191. Pettigrew, S., Archer, C., & Harrigan, P. (2016). A thematic analysis of mothers’ motivations for blogging. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 20(5), 1025-1031.
59. Rappoport, A. (2005). Co-narcissism: How we accommodate to narcissistic parents. The Therapist, 1, 1-8.
60. Reicher, S., Spears, R. & Haslam, S. A. (2010). The social identity approach in social psychology. M. Wetherell and C. T. Mohanty (Ed.), In The sage identities handbook (p. 45-62). London: Sage.
61. Senft T. (2008). Camgirls: Celebrity and community in the age of social networks. Peter Lang.
62. Steinberg, S. B. (2017). Sharenting: Children ' s privacy in the age of social media. University of Florida Levin College of Law UF Law Scholarship Repository. Retrieved 10.10.2020 https://scholarship.law.ufl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1796&context=facultypub
63. Szczurowska, M. (2017). Pierwszy w Polsce wyrok za umieszczanie kompromitujących zdjęć dzieci na Facebooku /The first sentence in Poland for posting embarrassing photos of children on Facebook/. Social Press. Retrieved 30.05.2020 https://socialpress. pl/2017/04/pierwszy-w-polsce-wyrok-za-umieszczanie-kompromitujacych-zdjec-dzieci-na-facebooku
64. Timisi, N. (2005). The reality of virtuality: The entry of the Internet into the realm of identity and community. M. Binark ve B. Kılıçbay (Eds). In Internet, community and culture. (p.89-105). Ankara: Epos Publishing.
65. Turkish Criminal Code (2004). Articles 134, 135 and 136. Retrieved on 18.12.2021 from https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.5237.pdf
66. Turner, J. C. (1985). Social categorization and the self-concept: A social cognitive theory of group behavior. E. J. Lawler (Ed.), In Advances in group processes (Vol. 2, p. 77–121). Greenwich, JAI Press.
67. Turner, J. C. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. New York, NY: Basil Blackwell.
68. Turner, J. C., & Reynolds, K. J. (2011). Self-categorization theory. Paul. A. M. Van Lange, Arie W. Kruglanski ve Tory Higgins (Ed). In Handbook of theories of social psychology (p. 399-417). London, England: Sage.
69. Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2009). The narcissism epidemic: Living in the age of entitlement. Free Press.
70. Twitter. (2014). Using hashtags on Twitter. Retrieved on 05.01.2022 https://support.twitter.com/ articles/49309-using-hashtags-on-twitter
71. United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989). Articles 16, 18, 19, and 36. Retrieved on 20.01.2022 from https://www.unicef.org/child-rights-convention/convention-text-childrens-version
72. Verswijvel, K., Walrave, M., Hardies, K., & Heirman, W. (2019). Sharenting, is it a good or a bad thing? Understanding how adolescents think and feel about sharenting on social network sites. Children and Youth Services Review, 104, 104401.
73. Wagner, A. & Gasche, L. A. (2018). Sharenting: Making Decisions about Other's Privacy on Social Networking Sites. In paper presented at Multikonferenz Wirtschaftsinformatik, Lüneburg, Germany.
74. Webb, A. (2013). We post nothing about our daughter online. Slate. Retrieved 30.05.2020 http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/data_mine_1/2013/09/facebook_privacy_and_kids_don_t_post_ photos_of_your_kids_online.html