Genç yetişkinlerde kaygılı bağlanma ile duygu düzenleme güçlüğü arasındaki ilişkide erken dönem uyum bozucu şemaların aracı rolünün incelenmesi

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı kaygılı bağlanma yönelimi ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğü arasındaki ilişkide erken dönem uyum bozucu şemaların aracı rolünü incelemektir. Araştırmanın örneklemini seçkisiz örnekleme yöntemi ile belirlenen 501 üniversite öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma verileri “Yakın İlişkilerde Yaşantılar Envanteri- İlişki Yapıları Anne formu’’, “Duygu Düzenleme Güçlüğü Ölçeği-Kısa Form’’, “Young Şema Ölçeği-Kısa Form 3’’, “kişisel bilgi formu” aracılığı ile yüzyüze toplanmıştır. Araştırmada betimsel analizler kapsamında ortalama, standart sapma, basıklık, çarpıklık ve iç tutarlık katsayıları hesaplanmıştır. Araştırma değişkenleri arasındaki nedensel ilişkiler iki adımlı Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi ile test edilmiştir. Ayrıca değişkenler arasındaki aracılık ilişkisi bootstraping işlemi ile incelenmiştir. Araştırma bulgularına göre; erken dönem uyum bozucu şemaların kısmi aracı olduğu yapısal model iyi uyum göstermiştir (χ2 /df = 3.186, p <.001; CFI = .95; NFI = .93; TLI = .94; SRMR = .047; RMSEA = .066; AIC = 296.579; ECVI = 0.59). Araştırmada elde edilen bulgulara göre kaygılı bağlanma duygu düzenleme güçlüğünü (H1) ve uyum bozucu şemaları (H2) anlamlı düzeyde yordamakta, uyum bozucu şemaların duygu düzenleme güçlüğünü anlamlı düzeyde yordamaktadır (H3). Kaygılı bağlanma ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğü arasındaki ilişkiye erken dönem uyum bozucu şemalar kısmi aracılık ettiği (H4) tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre kaygılı bağlanma yönelimi arttıkça erken dönem uyum bozucu şema puanları artmakta, uyum bozucu şemaların etkisiyle bireyler duygu düzenleme güçlüğü yaşamaktadır. Araştırmada elde edilen sonuçlara dayanarak araştırmacılara ve ruh sağlığı alanındaki uygulamacılara yönelik öneriler sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kaygılı bağlanma
• güvensiz bağlanma
• erken dönem uyum bozucu şemalar
• duygu düzenleme güçlüğü
• aracılık etkisi

Investigating the mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in the relationship between attachment related anxiety and emotion regulation difficulties in young adults

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine the mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in the relationship between anxious attachment orientation and emotion dysregulation difficulties. The sample of the study consisted of 501 university students determined by random sampling method. The research data were collected face-to-face by means of ‘Experiences in Close Relationships–Relationship Structures Questionnaire-Mother form’, ‘Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-Brief Form, ‘Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form-3”, ‘personal information form’. Within the scope of descriptive analyses, mean, standard deviation, kurtosis, skewness and internal consistency coefficients were calculated. The causal relationships between the research variables were tested with two-step structural equation modelling. In addition, the mediation relationship between the variables was examined by bootstrapping. According to the research findings, the structural model in which early maladaptive schemas were partially mediated showed good fit (χ2 /df = 3.186, p <.001; CFI = .95; NFI = .93; TLI = .94; SRMR = .047; RMSEA = .066; AIC = 296.579; ECVI = 0.59). According to the findings obtained in the study, anxious attachment significantly predicts difficulty in emotion regulation (H1) and maladaptive schemas (H2), and maladaptive schemas significantly predict difficulty in emotion regulation (H3). It was determined that early maladaptive schemas partially mediated the relationship between anxious attachment and emotion dysregulation (H4). According to the results of the study, as anxious attachment orientation increases, early maladaptive schema scores increase, and individuals experience difficulty in emotion regulation with the effect of maladaptive schemas. Based on the results obtained in the study, suggestions for researchers and practitioners in the field of mental health were presented.

Keywords

• Attachment related anxiety
• insecure attachment
• early maladaptive schemas
• emotion regulation difficulties
• mediating effect.

Kaynakça

1. Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(2), 217-237. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004
2. Akaike, H. (1987). Factor analysis and AIC. Psychometrika, 52(3), 317-332.
3. Atkinson, L., Paglia, A., Coolbear, J., Niccols, A., Parker, K. C. H., & Guger, S. (2000). Attachment security: A meta-analysis of maternal mental health correlates. Clinical Psychology Review, 20(8), 1019-1040. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(99)00023-9
4. Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411–423. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411
5. Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2), 226-244. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.226
6. Bjureberg, J., Ljótsson, B., Tull, M. T., Hedman, E., Sahlin, H., Lundh, L. G., Bjärehed, J., DiLillo, D., i Messman-Moore, T., Gumpert, C.H. & Gratz, K. L. (2016). Development and validation of a brief version of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale: the DERS-16. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38(2), 284-296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-015-9514-x
7. Bosmans, G., Braet, C., & Van Vlierberghe, L. (2010). Attachment and symptoms of psychopathology: Early maladaptive schemas as a cognitive link? Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 17(5), 374-385. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.667
8. Bowlby, J. (2014). Bağlanma ve kaybetme: Ayrılma. [Attachment and Loss: Separation] Pinhan.

9. Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 230-258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002005
10. Brubacher, L. (2017). Emotionally focused individual therapy: An attachment-based experiential/systemic perspective. Person-Centered & Experiential Psychotherapies, 16(1), 50-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/14779757.2017.1297250
11. Butler, A. C., Brown, G. K., Beck, A. T., & Grisham, J. R. (2002). Assessment of dysfunctional beliefs in borderline personality disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(10), 1231-1240. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00031-1
12. Cassidy, J. (2000). Adult romantic attachments: A developmental perspective on individual differences. Review of General Psychology, 4(2), 111-131. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.4.2.111
13. Cassidy, J., & Berlin, L. J. (1994). The insecure/ambivalent pattern of attachment: Theory and research. Child Development, 65(4), 971-991. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00796.x
14. Collins, N. L. (1996). Working models of attachment: Implications for explanation, emotion, and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(4), 810-832. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.4.810
15. Cooper, M. L., Shaver, P. R., & Collins, N. L. (1998). Attachment styles, emotion regulation, and adjustment in adolescence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1380.-1397. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1380
16. Dadomo, H., Grecucci, A., Giardini, I., Ugolini, E., Carmelita, A., & Panzeri, M. (2016). Schema therapy for emotional dysregulation: Theoretical implication and clinical applications. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1987. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01987
17. Deveci Şirin, H., & Şen Doğan, R. (2021). Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Experiences in Close Relationships–Relationship Structures Questionnaire (ECR-RS). SageOpen, 11(1) https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211006056
18. Estévez, A., Chávez-Vera, M. D., Momeñe, J., Olave, L., & Iruarrizaga, I. (2021). Role of attachment and early maladaptive schemas in the impulsive behaviour of adolescents. Revista Latinoamericana De Psicologia, 53, 143-153. https://doi.org/10.14349/rlp.2021.v53.16
19. Faustino, B., & Vasco, A. B. (2020). Relationships between emotional processing difficulties and early maladaptive schemas on the regulation of psychological needs. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 27(6), 804-813. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2464
20. Fassbinder, E., Schweiger, U., Martius, D., Brand-de Wilde, O., & Arntz, A. (2016). Emotion regulation in schema therapy and dialectical behavior therapy. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1373. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01373
21. Fınney S.J. & Dıstefano, C. (2006). Non-normal and categorical data in structural equation modeling. Hancock, G. ve Muelle, R.(Ed.) Structural Equation Modeling: A Second Course içinde (pp.269-313). Information Age Publishing.
22. Fraley, R.C., Heffernan, M. E., Vicary, A. M., & Brumbaugh, C. C. (2011). The experiences in close relationships—Relationship Structures Questionnaire: A method for assessing attachment orientations across relationships. Psychological Assessment, 23(3), 615-625. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022898
23. Fraley, R. C., & Shaver, P. R. (2021). Attachment theory and its place in contemporary personality theory and research. O. P. John & R. W. Robins (Ed), Handbook of personality: Theory and research içinde (4th ed., pp. 642–666). The Guilford Press.
24. Girme, Y. U., Jones, R. E., Fleck, C., Simpson, J. A., & Overall, N. C. (2021). Infants’ attachment insecurity predicts attachment-relevant emotion regulation strategies in adulthood. Emotion, 21(2), 260. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000721
25. Gross, J. J. (1999). Emotion regulation: Past, present, future. Cognition and Emotion, 13(5), 551-573. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999399379186
26. Gross, J. J., & Jazaieri, H. (2014). Emotion, emotion regulation, and psychopathology: An affective science perspective. Clinical Psychological Science, 2(4), 387-401. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702614536164
27. Gross, J. J., Uusberg, H., & Uusberg, A. (2019). Mental illness and well-being: an affect regulation perspective. World Psychiatry, 18(2), 130-139. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20618
28. Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
29. Hudson, N. W., & Fraley, R. C. (2017). Adult attachment and perceptions of closeness. Personal Relationships, 24(1), 17-26. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12166
30. Ivana, M., Marija, Z., & Jelica, P. (2008). Early maladaptive schemas: relations to attachment in early adulthood. Primenjena Psihologija, 1(1-2), 57-76. https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2008.1-2.57-76
31. Jalilian, K., Momeni, K., & Jebraeili, H. (2023). The mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in the relationship between attachment styles and loneliness. Bmc Psychology, 11(1), 136. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-023-01172-9
32. Karantzas, G. C., Younan, R., & Pilkington, P. D. (2023). The associations between early maladaptive schemas and adult attachment styles: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 30(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1037/cps0000108
33. Karaosmanoğlu, H. A., Köse, B., Aytaç, M., & Armağan Küçükseymen, Z. C. (2024). A new model for basic needs: comparison of the second order factorial structures of young schema questionnaire and its relationship with symptoms of psychopathology. Current Psychology, 43(29), 24565-24580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-06157-4
34. Kaya-Demir, D., & Çırakoğlu, O. C. (2022). The role of sense of coherence and emotion regulation difficulties in the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and grief. Death Studies, 46(6), 1372-1380. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2021.1936295
35. Kaya, Y., & Aydin, A. (2021). The mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in the relationship between attachment and mental health symptoms of university students. Journal of Adult Development, 28(1), 15-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-020-09352-2
36. Ko, C.-H., Liang, Y.-T., Liao, Y.-C., & Chen, H.-F. (2024). Exploring the relationship between transitional object attachment and emotion regulation in college students. Healthcare, 13(1),39. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13010039
37. Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J., Thompson, K., Selwyn, C., Finnegan, H., & Misra, T. (2017). Maladaptive schemas mediate poor parental attachment and suicidality in college students. Death Studies, 41(6), 337-344. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2017.1280714
38. Little, T. D., Cunningham, W. A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K. F. (2002). To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(2), 151–173. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_1
39. Mason, O., Platts, H., & Tyson, M. (2005). Early maladaptive schemas and adult attachment in a UK clinical population. Psychology and Psychotherapy-Theory Research and Practice, 78, 549-564. https://doi.org/10.1348/147608305x41371
40. MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1(2), 130–149. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.1.2.130
41. Mc Donnell, E., David, H., Mathew, M., & and Ducray, K. N. (2018). Exploration of associations between early maladaptive schemas, ımpaired emotional regulation, coping strategies and resilience in opioid dependent poly-drug users. Substance Use and Misuse, 53(14), 2320-2329. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2018.1473438
42. McLean, H. R., Bailey, H. N., & Lumley, M. N. (2014). The secure base script: Associated with early maladaptive schemas related to attachment. Psychology and Psychotherapy-Theory Research and Practice, 87(4), 425-446. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12025
43. Messina, I., Calvo, V., & Grecucci, A. (2024). Attachment orientations and emotion regulation: New insights from the study of interpersonal emotion regulation strategies. Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process, and Outcome, 26(3), 703. https://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2023.703
44. Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2019). Attachment orientations and emotion regulation. Current Opinion in Psychology, 25, 6-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.02.006
45. Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2003). The attachment behavioral system in adulthood: Activation, psychodynamics, and interpersonal processes. M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology içinde (Vol. 35, pp. 53-152). Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(03)01002-5
46. Muezzin, E. E., Çetin, N., & Yüksel, M. M. (2024). Beliren yetişkinlerde erken dönem uyumsuz şemalar ile çocukluk çağı travmalarının romantik ilişki doyumu üzerindeki etkisi: Duygu düzenleme güçlüğünün aracı rolü. [The effect of early maladaptive schemas and childhood traumas on romantic relationship satisfaction in emerging adults: The mediating role of emotion regulation difficulty]. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 12(1), 171-187. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.1309089
47. Nasser, F., & Wisenbaker, J. (2003). A Monte Carlo study investigating the impact of item parceling on measures of fit in confirmatory factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63(5), 729–757. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164403258228
48. Özaslan, E., Türkili, S., & Acar, S. (2025). Evaluation of early maladaptive schemas and adult attachment profiles in patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder and examination of their relationship with disease variables. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(1), 170. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14010170
49. Pilkington, P. D., Karantzas, G. C., Faustino, B., & Pizarro-Campagna, E. (2024). Early maladaptive schemas, emotion regulation difficulties and alexithymia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 31(1), e2914. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2914
50. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879-891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
51. Roelofs, J., Lee, C., Ruijten, T., & Lobbestael, J. (2011). The mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in the relation between quality of attachment relationships and symptoms of depression in adolescents. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 39(4), 471-479. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1352465811000117
52. Sajadi, S. F., Arshadi, N., Zargar, Y., Honarmand, M. M., & Hajjari, Z. (2015). Borderline personality features in students: The predicting role of schema, emotion regulation, dissociative experience and suicidal ideation. International Journal of High Risk Behaviors & Addiction, 4(2), e20021. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba.20021v2
53. Şenkal Ertürk, İ., Yasemin, K., & Gör, N. (2020). Childhood emotional maltreatment and aggression: The mediator role of the early maladaptive schema domains and difficulties in emotion regulation. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 29(1), 92-110. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2018.1541493
54. Shahmoradi, H., Masjedi-Arani, A., Bakhtiari, M., & Abasi, I. (2021). Predicting self-harming behaviors based on attachment styles and early maladaptive schemas among adolescents; mediating roles of trauma, emotion dysregulation, impulsivity and self-criticism. Medical Science, 25(115), 2181-2190. https://doi.org/10.32598/jpcp.9.4.789.1
55. Shaver, P. R., & Mikulincer, M. (2002). Attachment-related psychodynamics. Attachment & Human Development, 4(2), 133-161. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730210154171
56. Shaver, P. R., & Mikulincer, M. (2005). Attachment theory and research: Resurrection of the psychodynamic approach to personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 39(1), 22-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2004.09.002
57. Shaver, P. R., & Mikulincer, M. (2007). Adult attachment strategies and the regulation of emotion. J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation içinde (pp. 446-465). Guilford Press.
58. Simard, V., Moss, E., & Pascuzzo, K. (2011). Early maladaptive schemas and child and adult attachment: A 15-year longitudinal study. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 84(4), 349–366. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.2010.02009.x
59. Soygüt, G., Karaosmanoğlu, A., & Cakir, Z. (2009). Assessment of early maladaptive schemas: A psychometric study of the Turkish Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form-3. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 20(1), 75-84.
60. Stanojevic, T. S., & Nedeljkovic, J. (2012). Attachment patterns from the perspective of early maladaptive schemas. Ljetopis Socijalnog Rada, 19(1), 95-117.
61. Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson Education.
62. Tammilehto, J., Guy, B., Peter, K., Marjo, F., Kirsi, P., A., K. K., & and Lindblom, J. (2022). Dynamics of attachment and emotion regulation in daily life: uni- and bidirectional associations. Cognition and Emotion, 36(6), 1109-1131. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2022.2081534
63. Tetir, D., & Sarı, B. A. (2023). Ebeveynlik biçimleri ve sınırda kişilik arasındaki ilişkide şema alanları ve duygu düzenlemenin aracı rolü. [The mediating role of schema domains and emotion regulation in the relationship between perceived parenting styles and borderline personality]. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 10(3), 517-541. https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.1288001
64. Widom, C. S., Czaja, S. J., Kozakowski, S. S., & Chauhan, P. (2018). Does adult attachment style mediate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and mental and physical health outcomes? Child Abuse & Neglect, 76, 533-545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.05.002
65. Yakın, D., Gençöz, T., Steenbergen, L., & Arntz, A. (2019). An integrative perspective on the interplay between early maladaptive schemas and mental health: The role of self‐compassion and emotion regulation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 75(6), 1098-1113. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22755
66. Yiğit, İ., & Güzey Yiğit, M. (2019). Psychometric properties of Turkish version of difficulties in emotion regulation scale-brief form (DERS-16). Current Psychology, 38(6), 1503-1511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9712-7
67. Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner's guide. Guilford press.
68. Yurtsever, S. S., & Sütcü, S. T. (2017). Algılanan ebeveynlik biçimleri ile bozulmuş yeme tutumu arasındaki ilişkide erken dönem uyumsuz şemaların ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğünün aracı rolü. [The mediating role of early maladaptive schemas and emotion regulation difficulties in the relationship between perceived parenting styles and disordered eating attitudes]. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 32(80), 20-43.