Byzantine Period Rock-Cut Architecture in Phrygia
Öz
The Phrygia region, which has a significant
place in the rich historical geography of Anatolia, is being keenly studied in
recent years. Its strategic importance in both military and commercial terms is
demonstrated by the road system that it had in the Byzantine period. The
structures of the Byzantine period that survived partly today, indicate that
Phrygia is also an important religious center. Most of the constructional
remains from Byzantine period of Phrygia to date, found in archaelogical
excavations, consist of churches and architectural sculpture pieces used in
churches. Today, it is possible to see architectural sculptures of the
Byzantine period in many towns and villages as spolia, although Byzantine settlements to which they
belong are, not located yet. This
indicates that such settlements were looted over time.
The plundering of regional cities was probably really effective in the
course of Arab raids. Between the 7th-9th centuries AD, the constant Arab raids
forced people to hide in rock-cut settlements for safety. Hereabouts, this
tradition can be linked to the age of Phrygians. Traces still exist to show
that rock-cut architecture continued without a break. In parallel,
it can be alleged that rock structures carved out by the Phrygians were
used in Hellen and Roman times, also that new ones were added. It is possible
that these people designed protected rock formations as places of worship and
living. Most probably, these places were
transformed into places of Christian worship during Byzantine times and new
models, including Byzantine architectural types and shapes, were added.
Among the rock-cut churches, two different styles have been identified
for the structures. One of them exposes plan-shapes which are well known in
Byzantine architecture; includes major types of Byzantine church architecture:
Aisleless, two naves, three naves (basilica), Greek-cross and Cross-in-square.
While the other has been different plan-shapes which are formed of some special
analytic structure. This study, aims to identify and introduce the Byzantine
Era rock-cut churches which are situated in Phrygia, around Kütahya,
Afyonkarahisar and Eskişehir, with their plan types, functions and decorative features.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Perrot, G. (1864). Souvenirs d'un Voyage en Asie Mineure. Paris: Michel Lévy.
- Ramsay, W. M. (1895). The Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia: Being an Essay of the Local History of Phrygia from the Earliest Time to the Turkish Conquest (Band 1,1): The Lycos Valley and South-Western Phrygia. Oxford: Clarendon.
- Steuart, J. R. (1842). A Description of Some Ancient Monuments, with Inscriptions, Still Existing in Lydia and Phrygia. London: James Bohn.
- Texier, C. (1839). Description de l'Asie Mineure: Faite par Ordre du Gouvernement Français en 1833-1837; Beaux-Arts, Monuments Historiques, Plans et Topographie des Cités Antiques (Band 1). Paris: Firmin Didot.
- Vryonis, S. (1971). The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century. Los Angeles-London: University of California.
- Yüksel, İ. (2002). Şifalı Frigya. Afyonkarahisar: Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi.
Ayrıntılar
Birincil Dil
Türkçe
Konular
Arkeoloji
Bölüm
Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar
Yayımlanma Tarihi
22 Aralık 2016
Gönderilme Tarihi
22 Aralık 2016
Kabul Tarihi
18 Kasım 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı
Yıl 2016 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3