ABD Büyükelçisi Joseph C. Grew’un Karadeniz Seyahati ve Gözlemleri

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3, 579 - 586, 27.11.2018

Hakan Güngör

Öz

U.S. Ambassador Joseph C. Grew was appointed to Turkey in 1927.
Two years after his appointment to Istanbul as the
U.S. ambassador and on the eve of a trade agreement
between Turkey and the United States, in order to understand the potential of
Turkish economy before signing the trade agreement, Grew decided to travel to
Turkish inland. Thus, his trip to the Black Sea region, which was held on August 15,
1929, played an important role in the development of commercial and economic
relations of Turkey and the United States. Other than the U.S. officials, there
were prominent figures such as British ambassador Sir George Clerk and British
Trade Secretary Colonel Harold Woods in Black Sea trip. This trip was important
in terms of drawing the attention of foreigners to Turkey's Anatolia. Further, Grew's Black Sea trip played an important role on Treaty
of Commerce and Navigation, which was signed on October 1, 1929.
Ambassador Joseph Grew represented the United States and Diyarbakır deputy
Menemenli Numan Bey represented Turkey in this trade negotiation. This trade agreement, which regulated relations between the
two countries, ended the tension that had occurred between the Turks and
Americans during the First World War. Although
there were U.S. representers in Turkey after the Great War, the U.S. did
not appointed its ambassador until 1927. It 
did not also sign any formal agreement with Turkey until 1929. With the Treaty of Commerce and Navigation of 1929, the US Senate, for
the first time, approved a formal agreement with the
Republic of Turkey. In addition, with the
agreement, the US gave  ‘the most
favored nation treatment in customs and navigation’ clause to Turkey. Ambassador Grew put a special effort to fulfill
the Turkey’s demand of ‘the most favored nation treatment in customs and
navigation’ clause of the US, which the ambassador eventually convinced the
Secretary of State  Henry L. Stimson and
became successful in this regard.

Turkey
had several reasons to sign this agreement. Ambassador Grew outlined a reasons
as to why Turkey wanted to sing the agreement. According to him, comparing to
the U.S., Turkey signed a very advantageous trade agreement. Because Turkey
exported a lot more goods to the United States than the U.S. did to Turkey.  Further, Turkey aimed to draw the U.S.
businessmen and capital to better build the public works and infrastructures.
This agreement provided political benefits as well as commercial gains. With
this agreement, the tension that arose between the United States and Turkey during
WWI and the senate rejection of the trade agreement that was signed between the
Turkish and the US delegates at Lozan in 1923 left its place to a more moderate
political environment. Turkey and the US engaged in a formal diplomatic
negotiation for the first time since the WWI.

Lastly,
this study, which is based on the diary that Grew
kept during the trip and the report he sent to the State Department, examines
American and Turkish relations and the importance of the ambassador's visit to
the Black Sea region. This trip had a significant impact on the trade treaty
signed between the two countries, and it is also important because it will help
us to analyze the social, economic and political problems of that day in the
Black Sea region.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Joseph Grew, ABD, Türkiye, Karadeniz

Kaynakça

• Armaoğlu, F. (1991). Belgelerle Türk-Amerikan Münasebetleri. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.
• Armaoğlu, F. (1997, Mart 27). Atatürk Döneminde Türk-Amerikan İlişkileri. Ankara, Türkiye: http://www.atam.gov.tr/dergi/sayi-38/ataturk-doneminde-turk-amerikan-iliskileri [Erişim Tarihi, 18.09.2018].
• Arslan, M. (2010). Cumhuriyet Döneminde Demiryolları Sempozyumu. Ankara: Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi.
• Atıf, İ. M. (1924). Frenk Mukallitliği ve Şapka. İstanbul.
• Atatürk, M. K. (1997). Atatürk‟ün Söylev ve Demeçleri, c:I-III. Ankara.
• Cevdet Yılmaz. (2008). Cumhuriyetin İlk Yıllarında Samsun Liman’ında Ulaşım ve Nakliyat. O. Köse içinde, İlkadımdan Cumhuriyete Milli Mücadele (s. 580-594.). Samsun: İlkadım Belediyesi Kültür ve Eğitim Müdürlüğü Yayını.
• Çolak, F. (2013). Atatürk Dönemi’nde Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin Ulaşım Politikasına Genel Bir Bakış. Turkish Studies, 345-364.
• Gordon, L. J. (1932). American Relations with Turkey, 1830–1930: An Economic Interpretation. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
• Grew, J. C. (1952). Turbulent Era: A Diplomatic Record of Forty Years; 1904-1945, vol. II. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin.
• Grew, J. (September 6, 1929). To Secretary of State Stimson. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin.
• Gungor, H. (2017). Comparative Republican Religion: Eighteenth Century France and Twentieth Century Turkey. B. A. Johnson içinde, The French Revolution and Religion in Global Perspective: Freedom and Faith (s. 203-219). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Köse, M. Z. (2013). XIX. Yüzyıl Ortalarında Samsun Limanı’nda İthalat ve İhracat. O. Köse içinde, Tarih Boyunca Karadeniz Ticareti ve Canik (Cilt I, s. 103-108 ). Samsun: Canik Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları.
• Kılıç, S. (1995). Şapka Meselesi ve Kılık Kıyafet İnkılabı. Ankara Üniversitesi Atatürk Yolu Dergisi, 530-534.
• Leuchtenburg, W. E. (2009). Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932-1940. New York: Harper Perennial.
• Maden Tetkik Arama Enstitüsü. (2010). Maden Tetkik Arama Enstitüsü: GİRESUN İLİ MADEN VE ENERJİ KAYNAKLARI. 10 16, 2018 tarihinde http://www.mta.gov.tr/v3.0/sayfalar/bilgi-merkezi/maden_potansiyel_2010/Giresun_Madenler.pdf adresinden alındı
• Oğuzoğlu, Y. (2015). 20. Yüzyıla Girerken Karadeniz Limanlarının Deniz Ticareti Bakımından İncelenmesi. OÜSBAD, 496-509.
• Sarıkoyuncu, A. (1991). Milli mücadele Döneminde Zonguldak Kömür Havzasında Fransız-İtalyan Rekabeti ve İtalya' nın Faaliyetleri. Atatürk Yolu Dergisi, 7(2), 579-590.
• States, P. R. (1923). American Participation in the Lausanne Conference on Near Eastern Affairs. Washington D.C.: Department of State.
• Streissguth, T. (2001). The Roaring Twenties: An Eyewitness History. New York: Facts on File.
• (supplement), O. D. (Apr., 1931). Treaty of Commerce and Navigation Between the United States of America and the Turkish Republic. The American Journal of International Law , 116-119.
• T.C. Tarım Bakanlığı. (2014, 6 7). Fındık Araştırma Enstitüsü. 10 16, 2018 tarihinde https://arastirma.tarimorman.gov.tr/findik/Sayfalar/Detay.aspx?SayfaId=26 adresinden alındı
• Topal, C. ( 4-6 Mayıs 2006). Cumhuriyetin İlk Yıllarında Samsun Limanı. Geçmişten Geleceğe Samsun Sempozyumu (s. 327-331). Samsun: Samsun Büyükşehir Belediyesi.
• Trask, R. R. (1971). The United States Response to Turkish Nationalism and Reform, 1914-1939. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
• Yılmaz, Ö. (2013). 20. Yüzyılın Başlarında Samsun Limanı: Fransız Konsolosu H. de Cotanze’nin Raporlarına Göre . O. Köse içinde, Tarih Boyunca Karadeniz Ticareti ve Canik, Cilt I, (s. 181-198). Samsun: Canik Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları.