The usage of wood of dahoma (Piptadeniastrum africanum), a tropic tree, in the production of wood plastic composite

Öz

In this study, the effects of the usage of waste dahoma wood flour from the profiling machine as a filler in the production of Polypropylene (PP) based wood plastic composites on the mechanical and morphological properties of composite materials were investigated. Waste wood flour was used as received from the plant and in four different ratios (0%, 15%, 30% and 45%). A dimensional analysis of waste wood flours was carried out. Maleic anhydride polypropylene (MAPP) (3%) was used as a coupling agent, and Paraffin Wax (3%) was used as the lubricant. In the light of the results, although slight fluctuations were observed in the tensile and impact strength values with the addition of wood flour, improvements were determined in the mechanical values in general. Tensile modulus, flexural strength and flexural modulus of the composites were improved with the increase in wood flour loading ratio. A sharp decrease was observed in the elongation at break values. When the morphological properties were examined, it was observed that the wood flours were homogeneously dispersed in the polymer matrix, the polymer matrix wrapped firmly around the RPF fibres, and it shows that the interface interaction is nevertheless robust even after the fracture of samples. As a result, it was concluded that waste dahoma wood flours might be evaluated in the production of wood-plastic composites.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Dahoma (Piptadeniastrum africanum)
• wood plastic composites
• mechanical and morphological properties.

Tropik ağaç türü olan dahoma (Piptadeniastrum africanum) odununun odun plastik kompozit üretiminde kullanımı

Öz

Bu çalışma kapsamında profil çekme makinesinden çıkan atık dahoma odun ununun polipropilen (PP) bazlı odun plastik kompozit üretiminde dolgu maddesi olarak kullanımının kompozit malzemelerin mekanik ve morfolojik özellikleri üzerine etkileri incelenmiştir. Atık odun unları fabrikadan alındığı gibi ve dört farklı oranda (%0, %15, %30 ve %45) kullanılmıştır. Atık odun unlarının boyut analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Uyumlaştırıcı olarak %3 oranında maleik anhidrit polipropilen (MAPP) ve yağlayıcı olarak %3 parafin wax kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar neticesinde odun ununun eklenmesi ile çekme ve darbe direnci değerlerinde hafif dalgalanmalar gözlemlense de genel olarak mekanik değerlerde iyileşmeler belirlenmiştir. Odun ununun katılım oranının artması ile çekmede elastikiyet modülü, eğilme direnci ve eğilmede elastikiyet modülü özellikleri iyileşmiştir. Kopmada uzama değerlerinde ise keskin bir düşüş gözlemlenmiştir. Morfolojik özellikleri incelendiğinde odun ununun homojen bir şekilde polimer matris içerisinde dağılım gösterdiği ve polimer matrisin dolgu maddelerinin etrafını iyice sardığı ve iyi bir arayüz etkileşiminin olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, atık dahoma odun unlarının odun plastik kompozit üretiminde değerlendirilebileceği kanaatine varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Dahoma (Piptadeniastrum africanum)
• odun plastik kompozitler
• mekanik ve morfolojik özellikler.

Kaynakça

1. Acar, H. 2014. “MDF tozu ve pirinç sapı atıklarının termoplastik kompozitlerin üretiminde değerlendirilmesi” Master Thesis. KSÜ Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences. p.74.
2. Annie Paul S, Boudenne A, Ibos L et al 2008. Effect of fiber loading and chemical treatments on thermophysical properties of banana fiber/polypropylene commingled composite materials. Composites A 39:1582–1588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2008.06.004
3. Apnews, 2020. Wood plastic composite (WPC) market production values and generate revenue of USD 9953.8 million with a CAGR of 9.5% worldwide By 2030. https://apnews.com/press-release/wired-release/technology-business-virus-outbreak-corporate-news-diseases-and-conditions-600ee4b4fd2f0b7b0ce7de3214906333 (Ziyaret Tarihi: 07/02/2022)
4. ASTM D6662 2001. Standard Specification for Polyolefin-Based Plastic Lumber Decking Boards. West Conshohocken, PA, USA
5. ASTM D790 2010. Standard test methods for flexural properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics and electrical insulating materials. West Conshohocken, PA, USA
6. ASTM D638 2010. Standard test for tensile properties of plastics. West Conshohocken, PA, USA
7. ASTM D256 .2010. Standard test for determining the izod pendulum impact resistance of plastics. West Conshohocken, PA, USA
8. Avcı, E. 2012. “Ahşap plastik kompozitlerin kullanım performansları üzerine araştırmalar” PhD Thesis. İstanbul University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences. p.267.

9. Başboğa, İ.H., Atar, İ., Karakuş, K. and Mengeloğlu F. 2020. Determination of some technological properties of ınjection molded pulverized-hdpe based composites reinforced with micronized waste tire powder and red pine wood wastes. J Polym Environ 28, 1776–1794 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-020-01726-7
10. Bioplastics Magazine, 2015. European and global markets 2012 and future trends; wood-plastic composites (WPC) and natural fibre composites (NFC), Bioplastics Magazine (03/14) Vol. 9
11. Dönmez Çavdar, A. 2011. “Farklı lignoselülozik ve termoplastik maddelerle üretilen odun-plastik kompozitlerin özelliklerinin incelenmesi” PhD Thesis. KTÜ Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences. p268.
12. Ismail H, Edyham MR, Wirjosentono B 2002. Bamboo fibre flled natural rubber composites: the efects of filler loading and bonding agent. Polym Test 21:139–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9418(01)00060-5
13. Karakuş, K. 2008. “Üniversitemizdeki polietilen ve polipropilen atıkların polimer kompozit üretiminde değerlindirilmesi” Yüksek Lisans Tezi. KSÜ Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. p.75.
14. Karmarkar A, Chauhan SS, Modak JM, Chanda M 2007. Mechanical properties of wood–fber reinforced polypropylene composites: efect of a novel compatibilizer with isocyanate functional group. Composites A 38:227–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPOSITESA.2006.05.005
15. Matuana, L. M., Park, C. P. and Balatinecz, J. J. 1998. Cell morphology and propert relationships of microcellular foamed PVC / wood-fiber composites” Polym. Eng. Sci. 38, 1862-1872
16. Mengeloglu, F., Kurt, R., Gardner, D.J. & Oneil, S. 2007. “Mechanical properties of extruded high density polyethylene and polypropylene wood flour decking board” Iranian Polymer Journal. 16(7), 477-487.
17. Mengeloğlu F, Karakus K 2008a. Some properties of eucalyptus wood flour filled recycled high density polyethylene polymer-composites, Turk J Agric For., 32, pp. 537-546.
18. Mengeloglu, F., Karakus, K. 2008b. Thermal degradation, mechanical properties and morphology of wheat straw flour filled recycled thermoplastic, Sensors, ISSN 1424-8220 8. pp. 497-516.
19. Mengeloglu, F., Kabakci, A. 2008. Determination of thermal properties and morphology of eucalyptus wood residue filled high density polyethylene Composites. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 9: 107–119.
20. Nourbakhsh A, Ashori A. 2008. Highly fiber-loaded composites: physical and mechanical properties. Polymers and Polymer Composites, 16:343–347. https://doi.org/10.1177/096739110801600508
21. Qiu, W., Endo, T. & Hirotsu, T. 2004. Interfacial ınteractions of a novel mechanochemical composite of cellulose with maleated polypropylene. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 94, 1326-1335.
22. Ramezani Kakroodi A, Kazemi Y, Rodrigue D 2013 Mechanical, rheological, morphological and water absorption properties of maleated polyethylene/hemp composites: Efect of ground tire rubber addition. Composites B 51:337–344. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.03.032
23. Rao J, Zhou Y, Fan M 2018. Revealing the interface structure and bonding mechanism of coupling agent treated WPC. Polymers, 10:1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10030266
24. Wang, Y., Yeh, F.C., Lai, S.M., Chan, H.C.& Shen, H.F. 2003. Effectiveness of functionalized polyolefins as compatibilizers for polyethylene/wood flour composites. Polym. Eng. Sci. 43 (4), 933-945.
25. Woodhams RT, Law S, Balatinecz JJ. 1993. Intensive mixing of wood fbers with thermoplastics for injection-molded composites. In: Proc. Wood fiber/polymer composites: fundamental concepts, processes, and material options. Forest Product Society, Madison
26. Yang HS, Wolcott MP, Kim HS et al. 2007. Efect of diferent compatibilizing agents on the mechanical properties of lignocellulosic material filled polyethylene bio-composites. Composite Structures, 79(3); 69–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2006.02.016
27. Yuan Q, Wu D, Gotama J, Bateman S. 2008. Wood fber reinforced polyethylene and polypropylene composites with high modulus and impact strength. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 21(3);195–208pp. https://doi.org/10.1177/0892705708089472