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Yarasa ve orman ilişkisi üzerine bir değerlendirme

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 31 - 43, 01.03.2018
https://doi.org/10.17568/ogmoad.377123

Öz

Dünyada 5490 memeli türü yayılış göstermektedir. 1300 türle yarasalar toplam memelilerin yaklaşık dörtte birini oluşturmaktadır. Yarasalar beslenmek, tünemek ve üremek için çok farklı habitatları ve ekosistemleri kullanabilirler. Bu alanların en önemlilerinden biri ormanlardır. Ormanlar, yarasaların kimi zaman tüneme ve barınma yeri iken, kimi zaman da beslenme alanlarıdır. Bu çalışmada, ormanların yarasalar açısından önemi ve yarasaların ormanlarda yaşadıkları genel problemlere yönelik çözüm önerilerine vurgu yapılmak istenmiştir. Türkiye’de yaşayan 39 yarasa türünün 30’unun ormanla doğrudan veya dolaylı yönden ilişkili olduğu ifade edilmiştir. Yarasaların tüneme ve beslenmeleriyle ilgili çalışmalar derlendiğinde, Türkiye’de ormanla ilişkisi tespit edilmiş 30 yarasa türünden 28’inin ormanları beslenme amaçlı kullandığı kaydedilmiştir. Ormanlarla ilişkili olduğu ifade edilen bu 30 yarasa türünden 15’inin ise ormanları tüneme amaçlı kullandığı rapor edilmiştir. Yarasaların ormanlarda yaşlı ağaçları, gevşek kabuk arkalarını, bazı kuş yuvalarını, devrilmiş ağaç kütüklerini, çeşitli doğal süreçlerle oluşmuş ağaç yarıklarını, kovuklarını ve boşluklarını tercih ettiği bilinmektedir. Yarasaların yaşaması muhtemel olan ormanlık alanlarda ışık tuzakları, dedektörler ve ağlar kullanılarak teşhisleri yapılabilmektedir. Ayrıca yarasalara takılan izleme cihazları ile orman içerisinde hangi alanları tüneme ve beslenme amacıyla tercih ettikleri, mevsimsel olarak orman içerisindeki aktivitelerinin nasıl olduğu da izlenebilmektedir. Orman alanlarında bilinçsiz ve kontrolsüz ağaç kesimleri, çeşitli nedenlere bağlı gözlenen habitat parçalanmaları, orman yangınları, böceklere yönelik kimyasal mücadele, madencilik faaliyetleri ve rüzgâr türbinlerinin kurulması gibi insan faaliyetleri, ormanı kullanan yarasaları tehdit etmektedir. Bu tarz olumsuz insan faaliyetlerinin önlenebilmesi için orman amenajman planlarına biyolojik çeşitlilik verilerinin entegrasyonu, böceklerle biyolojik mücadele, bilimsel odaklı çevresel etki değerlendirme çalışmaları ve halkın bilinçlendirilmesi gibi çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Albayrak, İ., Aşan, N. 1999. Distributional Status of the Bats from Turkey. Communications of the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Ankara, Series C, 17(1/2): 59-68.
  • Altringham, J.D. 1996. Bats: Biology and Behaviour. Oxford University Press, Oxford; New York, 262 p.
  • Anonim 1, 2015. www.yorkshiredales.org.uk/__.../Bats-in-trees-Oct-2015.pdf (Web sayfası 2 Ocak 2018 tarihinde ziyaret edilmiştir.)
  • Anonim 2.OGM Orman zararlıları ile mücadele esasları. https://www.ogm.gov.tr/ekutuphane/Tebligler/Orman%20Zararl%C4%B1lar%C4%B1%20%C4%B0le%20M%C3%BCcadele%20Esaslar%C4%B1.pdf
  • Anonim 3, 2018. http://treeheritage.co.uk/bats-birds-and-other-wildlife/ (Web sayfası 2 Ocak 2018 tarihinde ziyaret edilmiştir.)
  • Anthony, E.L.P., Kunz, T.H. 1977. Feeding strategies of the little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus, in southern New Hampshire. Ecology, 58: 775-786.
  • Bogdanowicz, W., Rajan, K. E., Arasamuthu, A. S., Marimuthu, G., Dabrowski, M., 2014. Baby sitting and aspects of non-maternal infant support in the carnivorous bat Megaderma lyra. XIIIth European Bat Research Symposium, 1- 5 th September 2014, Siberik, Crotia.
  • Brigham, R.M., R.M.R. Barclay, J.M. Psyllakis, D.J.H. Sleep, and K.T. Lowrey. 2002. Guano traps as a means of assessing habitat use by foraging bats. Northwest Naturalist 85:15–18.
  • Dietz C, von Helversen O, Nill D., 2009. Greater Noctula Bat Bats of Britain, Europe & Northwest Africa (English Edition). UK:A & C Black Publishers Ltd., London
  • Eken G, Bozdogan M, İsfendiyaroglu S, Kılıç DT, Lise Y. 2006. Türkiye’nin Önemli Doğa Alanları. (Turkey’s Key Biodiversity Areas). Doğa Derneği & Kitap Yayınevi, İstanbul. II Volumes – 1200 pp.
  • Evelyn, M. J., D. A. Stiles, and R. A. Young. 2004. Conservation of bats in suburban landscapes: roost selection by Myotis yumanensis in a residential area in California. Biological Conservation 1 15:463-473
  • Findley, 1972. J.S., Phenetic Relationships among Bats of the Genus Myotis. Systematic Biology. 21 (1): 31-52.
  • Humphrey, S.R., 1975. Nursery Roosts and Community Diversity of Nearctic Bats. Journal of Mammalogy, Volume 56, Issue 2, 30 May 1975, Pages 321–346.
  • Hundt L 2012. Bat Surveys: Good Practice Guidelines, 2nd edition, Bat Conservation Trust
, 1-99.
  • Hutson AM, Mickleburgh SP, Racey PA 2001 Microchiropteran bats: global status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN/SSC Chiroptera Specialist Group, p 36–46
  • IUCN Redlist of threatened species, version 2017-3. <www. IUCNRedlist. org>. (Web sayfası 2 Ocak 2018 tarihinde ziyaret edilmiştir).
  • Jackson, 2015. The Leaflet of Bats & Trees www.bats.org.uk/data/files/publications/Bats_Trees.pdf (Web sayfası 2 Ocak 2018 tarihinde ziyaret edilmiştir.)
  • Kunz, T.H. (Ed.) 1988. Ecological and Behavioural Methods for the Study of Bats. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
  • Kunz TH, Thomas DW, Richards GC, Tidermann CR, Pierson ED, Racey PA (1996) Observational techniques for bats. In: Wilson DE, Cole FR, Nichols JD, Rudran R, Foster MS (eds) Measuring and monitoring biological diversity, standard methods formammals. Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington and London,pp 105–114
  • Kunz, T.H., 1996. Methods of marking bats. In: Wilson, D.E., Cole, F.R., Nichols, J.D., Rudran, R., Foster, M.S. (Eds.),ARTICLEINPRESSM. Muñoz-Romo et al. / Mamm. biol. 73 (2008) 214–221220Measuring and Monitoring Biological Diversity. Standard Methods for Mammals. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 304–310.
  • Lacki, Michael J.; Hayes, John P.; Kurta, Allen, eds. 2007. Bats in forests: Conservation and management. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 177-205
  • Lunney, D., Barker, J., Priddel, D., and O’Connell, M. 1988. Roost selection by Gould’s long-eared bat, Nyctophilus gouldi Tomes (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae), in logged forest on the south coast of New South Wales. Aust. Wildl. Res. 15: 375-384.
  • Merrit, J.F. 2010. The biology of small mammals. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore, 1-312, 2010.
  • Neuweiler, G. 1990. Auditory adaptations for prey capture in echolocating bats. Physiological Reviews, Vol. 70. No.3, July 1990. Pages 615-637. Printed in USA.
  • Neuweiler, G. 2000. The biology of bats. New York: Oxford University Press. 310 p.
  • Nowak, R.M. 1994. Walker’s Bats of the World. Baltimore (MD): The Johns Hopkins University Press, 287 p.
  • Nowak, R.M. 1999. Walker’s Mammals of the World. 6th ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 836 p.
  • OGM, 2015. Türkiye Orman Varlığı 2015. Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı, Orman Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
  • OGM 2016. Orman Bitkilerinde Zararlı Ve Hastalıklarla Mücadelede Kullanılan İlaçlar., CTA Reklam Hiz. Bas. Yay. Ltd. Şti. Ankara
  • O'Shea, T. J., Bogan, M. A., 2003. Introduction. Pp. 1-7 in O’Shea, T. J. and M. A. Bogan (eds.), Monitoring trends in bat populations of the United States and territories: problems and prospects. U.S. Geological Survey, Information and Technology Report 2003-003, 274 pp.
  • Perry, RW., 2011. A Revıew Of Fıre Effects On Bats And Bat Habıtat In The Eastern Oak Regıon, Proceedings of the 4th Fire in Eastern Oak Forests Conference, Springfield, MO, May 17-19, GTR-NRS-P-102, 170-191 pp
  • Racey, P.A. 1982. Ecology of bat reproduction. In: Ecology of bats, Ed. by I. Kunz, H. Thomas. New York: Plenum Publishing Corporation, pp. 57-68.
  • Richardson, E., P., 2011. Bats. Natural History Museum Life Sciences. London Natural History Museum, London, 1-128.
  • Schober, W., Grimmberger, E. 1997. The Bats of Europe and North America. T.F.H. Publications, USA., 239 p.
  • Speakman, JR, Thomas, DW, 2003. Physiological ecology and energetics of bats. In: Kunz TH, Fenton MB (eds) Bat ecology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 430–492.
  • Taylor, DAR., 2006. Forest Manegement and Bats. Bat Conservation International, 1-14.
  • Tillon L., Bouget C., Paillet Y., Aulagnier S., 2016. How does deadwood structure temperate forest bat assemblages? Eur. J. For. Res., 135(3): 433-449.
  • Yorulmaz, T., 2013. Rüzgar Enerjisi ve Yarasalar (Tam Metin Bildir).Türkiye Yarasaları Sempozyumu I, 25-26 Ekim 2013-Balıkesir.
  • Yorulmaz T, Arslan N, 2016a. Türkiye Yarasalarının (Mammalia: Chiroptera) Son Durumu ve Ulusal Korunma Statüleri İçin Öneriler (Poster Sunum) 23. Ulusal Biyoloji Kongresi, 5-9 Eylül 2016, Gaziantep.
  • Yorulmaz T, Arslan N. 2016b. Türkiye Yarasaları ve Ekolojik Tercihleri. Uluslararası Ekoloji 2016 Adnan Aldemir Sempozyumu, 16-19 Mayıs 2016, Kars.
  • Yorulmaz T, Yetkin D, Arslan N, Erdoğan A. 2016. Türkiye Yarasalarında Aktivite Yoğunluğunun Sıcaklık, Rüzgâr Hızı, Yükseklik ve Bitki Örtüsü ile ilişkisinin Belirlenmesi 23. Ulusal Biyoloji Kongresi, 5-9 Eylül 2016, Gaziantep.
  • Waldien, D.L., and J.P. Hayes. 2001. Activity areas of female long-eared Myotis in coniferous forests in western Oregon. Northwest Science 75: 307–314.
  • Vonhof, M.J., H. Whitehead, and M.B. Fenton. 2004. Analysis of Spix’s disk-winged bat association patterns and roosting home ranges reveal a novel social structure among bats. Animal Behaviour 68:507–521.
  • Whitaker, J.O.Jr. 1995. Food of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus, from maternity colonies in Indiana and Illinois. American Midland Naturalist, 134: 346-360.
  • Wilkinson, G.S., South, J.M. 2002. Life history, ecology and longevity in bats. Aging Cell, 1(2): 124-131.
  • Wilson, D.E., Reeder, D.A.M., 2005. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2. Cilt., JHU Press.
  • Zeale MRK, Butlin RK, Barker GLA, Lees DC, Jones G. 2011. Taxon-specific PCR for DNA barcoding arthropod prey in bat faeces. Mol Ecol Res. 236–244.

An evaluation on the relation of bat and forest

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 31 - 43, 01.03.2018
https://doi.org/10.17568/ogmoad.377123

Öz

There are 5490 mammal species in the world. Approximately one quarter of them are the bats. The bats use very different habitats to feed, roost and breed. One of the most important habitats, the forests are also used as roosting, resting, breeding and feeding places by bats. In this study, it is aimed to emphasize the importance of the forests for bats and the conservation suggestions regarding the challenges that forests pose for bats. It was stated out that 30 out of 39 bat species in Turkey are directly or indirectly related to the forests. 28 of these 30 species use the forest for feeding and 15 species of them use it as roosting places. It is known that the bats prefer aged trees, loose bark backs, some bird nests, overturned tree logs, tree crevices, cavities and voids formed by various natural processes in the forests. The light traps, detectors, sweep nets and the tracking devices are used to identify the bats and understand their feeding, breeding, hibernation and roosting areas in the forests seasonally. The general threats against the bats in the forests may be summarized as unconscious and uncontrolled tree cuttings, habitat fragmentations, forest fires, chemical pest control, mining activities and establishment of wind turbines. Studies on integration of biological diversity data into the forestry management plans, biological pest control, science-based environmental impact assessment, and public awareness activities are required in order to prevent these problems.

Kaynakça

  • Albayrak, İ., Aşan, N. 1999. Distributional Status of the Bats from Turkey. Communications of the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Ankara, Series C, 17(1/2): 59-68.
  • Altringham, J.D. 1996. Bats: Biology and Behaviour. Oxford University Press, Oxford; New York, 262 p.
  • Anonim 1, 2015. www.yorkshiredales.org.uk/__.../Bats-in-trees-Oct-2015.pdf (Web sayfası 2 Ocak 2018 tarihinde ziyaret edilmiştir.)
  • Anonim 2.OGM Orman zararlıları ile mücadele esasları. https://www.ogm.gov.tr/ekutuphane/Tebligler/Orman%20Zararl%C4%B1lar%C4%B1%20%C4%B0le%20M%C3%BCcadele%20Esaslar%C4%B1.pdf
  • Anonim 3, 2018. http://treeheritage.co.uk/bats-birds-and-other-wildlife/ (Web sayfası 2 Ocak 2018 tarihinde ziyaret edilmiştir.)
  • Anthony, E.L.P., Kunz, T.H. 1977. Feeding strategies of the little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus, in southern New Hampshire. Ecology, 58: 775-786.
  • Bogdanowicz, W., Rajan, K. E., Arasamuthu, A. S., Marimuthu, G., Dabrowski, M., 2014. Baby sitting and aspects of non-maternal infant support in the carnivorous bat Megaderma lyra. XIIIth European Bat Research Symposium, 1- 5 th September 2014, Siberik, Crotia.
  • Brigham, R.M., R.M.R. Barclay, J.M. Psyllakis, D.J.H. Sleep, and K.T. Lowrey. 2002. Guano traps as a means of assessing habitat use by foraging bats. Northwest Naturalist 85:15–18.
  • Dietz C, von Helversen O, Nill D., 2009. Greater Noctula Bat Bats of Britain, Europe & Northwest Africa (English Edition). UK:A & C Black Publishers Ltd., London
  • Eken G, Bozdogan M, İsfendiyaroglu S, Kılıç DT, Lise Y. 2006. Türkiye’nin Önemli Doğa Alanları. (Turkey’s Key Biodiversity Areas). Doğa Derneği & Kitap Yayınevi, İstanbul. II Volumes – 1200 pp.
  • Evelyn, M. J., D. A. Stiles, and R. A. Young. 2004. Conservation of bats in suburban landscapes: roost selection by Myotis yumanensis in a residential area in California. Biological Conservation 1 15:463-473
  • Findley, 1972. J.S., Phenetic Relationships among Bats of the Genus Myotis. Systematic Biology. 21 (1): 31-52.
  • Humphrey, S.R., 1975. Nursery Roosts and Community Diversity of Nearctic Bats. Journal of Mammalogy, Volume 56, Issue 2, 30 May 1975, Pages 321–346.
  • Hundt L 2012. Bat Surveys: Good Practice Guidelines, 2nd edition, Bat Conservation Trust
, 1-99.
  • Hutson AM, Mickleburgh SP, Racey PA 2001 Microchiropteran bats: global status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN/SSC Chiroptera Specialist Group, p 36–46
  • IUCN Redlist of threatened species, version 2017-3. <www. IUCNRedlist. org>. (Web sayfası 2 Ocak 2018 tarihinde ziyaret edilmiştir).
  • Jackson, 2015. The Leaflet of Bats & Trees www.bats.org.uk/data/files/publications/Bats_Trees.pdf (Web sayfası 2 Ocak 2018 tarihinde ziyaret edilmiştir.)
  • Kunz, T.H. (Ed.) 1988. Ecological and Behavioural Methods for the Study of Bats. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
  • Kunz TH, Thomas DW, Richards GC, Tidermann CR, Pierson ED, Racey PA (1996) Observational techniques for bats. In: Wilson DE, Cole FR, Nichols JD, Rudran R, Foster MS (eds) Measuring and monitoring biological diversity, standard methods formammals. Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington and London,pp 105–114
  • Kunz, T.H., 1996. Methods of marking bats. In: Wilson, D.E., Cole, F.R., Nichols, J.D., Rudran, R., Foster, M.S. (Eds.),ARTICLEINPRESSM. Muñoz-Romo et al. / Mamm. biol. 73 (2008) 214–221220Measuring and Monitoring Biological Diversity. Standard Methods for Mammals. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 304–310.
  • Lacki, Michael J.; Hayes, John P.; Kurta, Allen, eds. 2007. Bats in forests: Conservation and management. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 177-205
  • Lunney, D., Barker, J., Priddel, D., and O’Connell, M. 1988. Roost selection by Gould’s long-eared bat, Nyctophilus gouldi Tomes (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae), in logged forest on the south coast of New South Wales. Aust. Wildl. Res. 15: 375-384.
  • Merrit, J.F. 2010. The biology of small mammals. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore, 1-312, 2010.
  • Neuweiler, G. 1990. Auditory adaptations for prey capture in echolocating bats. Physiological Reviews, Vol. 70. No.3, July 1990. Pages 615-637. Printed in USA.
  • Neuweiler, G. 2000. The biology of bats. New York: Oxford University Press. 310 p.
  • Nowak, R.M. 1994. Walker’s Bats of the World. Baltimore (MD): The Johns Hopkins University Press, 287 p.
  • Nowak, R.M. 1999. Walker’s Mammals of the World. 6th ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 836 p.
  • OGM, 2015. Türkiye Orman Varlığı 2015. Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı, Orman Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
  • OGM 2016. Orman Bitkilerinde Zararlı Ve Hastalıklarla Mücadelede Kullanılan İlaçlar., CTA Reklam Hiz. Bas. Yay. Ltd. Şti. Ankara
  • O'Shea, T. J., Bogan, M. A., 2003. Introduction. Pp. 1-7 in O’Shea, T. J. and M. A. Bogan (eds.), Monitoring trends in bat populations of the United States and territories: problems and prospects. U.S. Geological Survey, Information and Technology Report 2003-003, 274 pp.
  • Perry, RW., 2011. A Revıew Of Fıre Effects On Bats And Bat Habıtat In The Eastern Oak Regıon, Proceedings of the 4th Fire in Eastern Oak Forests Conference, Springfield, MO, May 17-19, GTR-NRS-P-102, 170-191 pp
  • Racey, P.A. 1982. Ecology of bat reproduction. In: Ecology of bats, Ed. by I. Kunz, H. Thomas. New York: Plenum Publishing Corporation, pp. 57-68.
  • Richardson, E., P., 2011. Bats. Natural History Museum Life Sciences. London Natural History Museum, London, 1-128.
  • Schober, W., Grimmberger, E. 1997. The Bats of Europe and North America. T.F.H. Publications, USA., 239 p.
  • Speakman, JR, Thomas, DW, 2003. Physiological ecology and energetics of bats. In: Kunz TH, Fenton MB (eds) Bat ecology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 430–492.
  • Taylor, DAR., 2006. Forest Manegement and Bats. Bat Conservation International, 1-14.
  • Tillon L., Bouget C., Paillet Y., Aulagnier S., 2016. How does deadwood structure temperate forest bat assemblages? Eur. J. For. Res., 135(3): 433-449.
  • Yorulmaz, T., 2013. Rüzgar Enerjisi ve Yarasalar (Tam Metin Bildir).Türkiye Yarasaları Sempozyumu I, 25-26 Ekim 2013-Balıkesir.
  • Yorulmaz T, Arslan N, 2016a. Türkiye Yarasalarının (Mammalia: Chiroptera) Son Durumu ve Ulusal Korunma Statüleri İçin Öneriler (Poster Sunum) 23. Ulusal Biyoloji Kongresi, 5-9 Eylül 2016, Gaziantep.
  • Yorulmaz T, Arslan N. 2016b. Türkiye Yarasaları ve Ekolojik Tercihleri. Uluslararası Ekoloji 2016 Adnan Aldemir Sempozyumu, 16-19 Mayıs 2016, Kars.
  • Yorulmaz T, Yetkin D, Arslan N, Erdoğan A. 2016. Türkiye Yarasalarında Aktivite Yoğunluğunun Sıcaklık, Rüzgâr Hızı, Yükseklik ve Bitki Örtüsü ile ilişkisinin Belirlenmesi 23. Ulusal Biyoloji Kongresi, 5-9 Eylül 2016, Gaziantep.
  • Waldien, D.L., and J.P. Hayes. 2001. Activity areas of female long-eared Myotis in coniferous forests in western Oregon. Northwest Science 75: 307–314.
  • Vonhof, M.J., H. Whitehead, and M.B. Fenton. 2004. Analysis of Spix’s disk-winged bat association patterns and roosting home ranges reveal a novel social structure among bats. Animal Behaviour 68:507–521.
  • Whitaker, J.O.Jr. 1995. Food of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus, from maternity colonies in Indiana and Illinois. American Midland Naturalist, 134: 346-360.
  • Wilkinson, G.S., South, J.M. 2002. Life history, ecology and longevity in bats. Aging Cell, 1(2): 124-131.
  • Wilson, D.E., Reeder, D.A.M., 2005. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2. Cilt., JHU Press.
  • Zeale MRK, Butlin RK, Barker GLA, Lees DC, Jones G. 2011. Taxon-specific PCR for DNA barcoding arthropod prey in bat faeces. Mol Ecol Res. 236–244.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Koruma
Yazarlar

Tarkan Yorulmaz 0000-0002-9033-7162

Okan Ürker 0000-0002-5103-7757

Rıdvan Özmen Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-9251-3353

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Mart 2018
Gönderilme Tarihi 10 Ocak 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Yorulmaz, T., Ürker, O., & Özmen, R. (2018). Yarasa ve orman ilişkisi üzerine bir değerlendirme. Ormancılık Araştırma Dergisi, 5(1), 31-43. https://doi.org/10.17568/ogmoad.377123