Araştırma Makalesi
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The effects of forest fire and post-fire salvage logging on soil properties

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 29 - 46, 01.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.17568/ogmoad.430649

Öz

In
this study, it was aimed to see the effects of wildfire on biochemical
properties of soil and the effects of removing the residuals of burned trees on
the soil, as well. Chemical and biological properties of soil on oak (Quercus pubescens) and crimean pine (Pinus nigra) mixed sites were studied
after a wildfire, in Safranbolu which is in Black Sea-Central Anatolia
transition zone. Statistical evaluation for burned (with and  without burned trees) and unburned (control)
areas monitored for three years was made according to two-way anova analysis,
and Duncan and Dunnett T3 post hoc tests were conducted with SPSS 21.
The
results indicated that low- and moderate-intensity forest fire had positive
effects on some chemical properties of soil (pH, CaCO
3, Ca, P2O5)
while it had no effects on some of them (EC, OM, TN, acid phosphatase,) or had
negative effects (β-D glucosidase, urease enzyme activities) on others.
In
the light of analyzed parameters, it was not detected any negative effects of
salvage logging works in the forests, after a low- and moderate-intensity fire,
on the improvement of soil properties.

Kaynakça

  • Acosta-Martinez, V., Tabatabai, M.A. 2000. Enzyme activities in a limed agricultural soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 31: 85-91
  • Adams, P.W., Boyle, J.R. 1980. Effects of fire on soil nutrients in clearcut and whole-tree harvest sites in Central Michigan. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 44: 847-850
  • Akburak, S., Son, Y., Makineci, E., Çakır, M. 2017. Impacts of low-intensity prescribed fire on microbial and chemical properties in a Quercus frainetto forest. Journal of Forestry Research, 29: 687-696.
  • Anon, 2014a. Keys to Soil Taxonomy Twelfth ed. NRSC, (Natural Resources Conservation Service), Uni-ted States Department of Agriculture
  • Anon, 2014b. World reference base for soil resources (International soil classification system for na-ming soils and creating legends for soil maps), FAO, 181, Rome
  • Barnes, B.V., Zak, D.R., Denton, S.R., Spurr, S.H. 1998. Forest Ecology, Fourth Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York
  • Barreiro, A., Lombao, A., Martín, A., Carballas, T., Fonturbel, M.T., Vega, J.A., Fernández, C., Díaz-Raviña, M. 2015. Short-term effects of a wildfire on soil properties in Fragas do Eume Natural Park (Ga-licia, NW Spain), FLAMMA, 6(2): 61-64.
  • Beier, C., Blanck, K., Bredemeier, M., Lamersdorf, N., Rasmussen, L. 1998. Responses of soil and vege-tation to reduced input of S, N and acidity to two Norway spruce stands of the EXMAN Project, Forest Ecology and Management, 101: 111–123.
  • Bentley, J. R., Fenner, R. L. 1958. Soil temperatures during burning related to post fire seedbeds on woodland range. Journal of Forest Research, 56: 737-740
  • Berber, A. S., Tavşanoğlu, Ç. ve Turgay, O.C. 2015. Effects of surface fire on soil properties in a mixed chesnut-beech-pine forest in Turkey. FLAMMA, 6(2): 78-80 (In press)
  • Bergkvist, B., Folkeson, L., 1995. The influence of tree species on acid deposition proton budgets and element fluxes in South Swedish forest ecosystems, Ecological Bulletin, 44: 90–99
  • Bilgili, E. 2009. Wildland Fires, Forest Ecosystems and Soils. 2nd International meeting of Fire Effects on Soil Properties, February 11-15, Marmaris, Turkey.
  • Blank, R.R., Zamudio, D.C. 1998. The influence of wildfire on aqueous-extractable soil solutes in fores-ted and wet meadow ecosystems along the eastern front of the Sierra-Nevada Range, California. In-ternational Journal of Wildland Fire, 8: 79-85
  • Boerner, R.E.J., Decker, K.L.M., Sutherland, E.K. 2000. Prescribed burning effects on soil enzyme acti-vity in a southern Ohio hardwood forest: a landscape-scale analysis. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 32: 899–908
  • Boerner, R.E.J., Brinkman J.A., Smith A. 2005. Seasonal variations in enzzyme activity and organic carbon in soil of a burned and unburned hardwood forest. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 37: 1419-1426
  • Boydak, M., Eler, Ü., Pehlivan, N. 1996. Antalya-Elmalı Yöresi Sedirlerinin (Cedrus libani Rich.) Gençleşti-rilmesinde Denetimli Yakma ve Diğer bazı Faktörlerin Başarı Üzerine Etkileri. Batı Akdeniz Araştırma Müdürlüğü, Teknik Rapor, No:2, 42s, Antalya
  • Brady, N.C., Weil, R.R. 1999. The Nature and Properties of Soils, Twelfth Edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
  • Brookes, P.C. 1995. The use of microbial parameters in monitoring soil pollution by heavy metals. Bio-logy and Fertility of Soils, 19: 269–279
  • Caon L., Vallejo V.R., Coen R.J., Geissen V., 2014. Effects of wildfire on soil nutrients in Mediterranean ecosystems. Earth Science Reviews, 139:47-58
  • Certini G., 2005. Effects of fire on properties of forest soils: a review. Oecologia, 143: 1-10.
  • Certini G., 2013. Fire as soil-forming factor. Ambio, 43: 191-195
  • Clarholm, M. 1993. Microbial biomass P, labile P, and acid phosphatase activity in the humus layer of a spruce forest, after repeated additions of fertilizer. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 8: 128–133
  • Çepel, N. 1975. Orman yangınlarının mikroklima ve toprak özellikleri üzerine yaptığı etkiler. İstanbul Üniversitesi. Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, Seri B, Cilt XXV, 1, 71-93
  • Eivasi, F., Bayan, M.R. 1996. Effects of long-term prescribed burning on the activity of selected soil enzymes in an oak-hickory forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 26: 1799–1804.
  • Eriksson, E., Karltun, E., Lundmark, J.E, 1992. Acidification of forest soils in Sweden, Ambiology, 21: 150–154.
  • Ergene, A., 1997. Toprak Biliminin Esasları, Genişletilmiş Yedinci Baskı, 0027, Öz Eğitim Basım Yayın Dağı-tım Ltd. Şti., Konya.
  • Eron, Z. 1977. Heating effects on forest soil physical properties and subsequent seedling growth. Ph. D., University of Montana.
  • Eron, Z. ve Gürbüzer, E. 1988. Marmaris 1979 Yılı Orman Yangını ile Toprak Özelliklerinin Değişimi ve Kızıl-çam Gençliğinin Gelişimi Arasındaki İlişkiler. Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü, Teknik Bülten, Ankara.
  • Esquilin, A.E.J., Stromberger, M.E., Shepperd W.D. 2008. Soil scarification and wildfire interactions and effects on microbial communities and carbon. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 72:111-118.
  • Etiegni, L., Campbell, A.G. 1991. Physical and chemical characteristics of wood ash. Bioresource Techno-logy, 37: 173-178.
  • Fisher, R., Binkley, D. 2000. Ecology and Management of Forest Soils, John Wiley&Sons, Inc., 241-261, USA
  • Fitzpatric, E.A. 1986. An Introduction to Soil Science, Second Edition, Longman Scientific and Technical, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
  • Foth, H.D., 1990. Fundamentals of Soil Science, Eighth Edition, John Wiley and Sons.
  • Francos, M., Úbeda, X., Pereira, P., Alcaniz, M., 2018. Long-term impacts of wildfire on soils exposed to different fire severities. A case study in Cadiretes Massif (NE Iberian Peninsula). Science of the Total Environement, 615:664-671.
  • Goforth B.R., Graham R.C., Hubbert K.R., Zanner, C.W., Minnich, R.A., 2005. Spatial distribution and properties of ash and thermally altered soils after high-severity forest fire, southern California. Interna-tional Journal of Wildland Fire, 14: 343-354.
  • Gülçur, F. 1974. Toprağın Fiziksel ve Kimyasal Analiz Metodları. İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Yayınları, 1970, 201-225, İstanbul.
  • Gürlevik, N., Özkan, K., Gülcü, S. (2009). Effects of prescribed burning and mechanical site preparation on soil properties in a kermes oak field in Isparta region. Turkish Journal of Forestry, A (1): 24-37.
  • Hernandez, T., Garcia, C., Reinhardt, I., 1997. Short-term effect of wildfire on the chemical, biochemical and microbiological properties of Mediterranean pine forest soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 25 (2):109-116.
  • Hoffman, G., Teicher, K. 1961. Ein kolorimetrisches verfahren zur bestimmung der ureaseaktivitat in boden. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung, Düngung, Bodenkunde, 95 (1): 55-63.
  • Irmak, A. 1953. Arazide ve Laboratuarda toprağın Araştırılması Metodları. İ.Ü. Orman Fak. Yayınları, No:27, İstanbul.
  • Jackson, M.L., 1962. Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice-Hall, inc. N.J.
  • Kaçar, B., 2009. Amunyum Asetat Metodu, Toprak Analizleri, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, Nobel Yayın No: 1387, Genişletilmiş 2. Basım, 467 s., Ankara.
  • Kantarcı, M.D., Parlakdağ, S., Pehlivan, N., 1986. Sedir Ormanlarının Gençleştirilmesinde Yangın Kültürü ve Ekolojik Yorum, İ.Ü. Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 36(2): 20-39.
  • Kantarcı, M.D., 2000. Toprak İlmi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Yayınları, 4261, İstanbul.
  • Kara, Ö., Bolat, I. 2009. Short-term effects of wildfire on microbial biomass and abundance in black pine plantation soils in Turkey. Ecological Indicators, 9: 1151-1155.
  • Karaca, A., Çetin, S.C., Turgay, O.C., Kızılkaya, R. 2011. Soil enzymes as indication of soil quality. In Soil Enzymology, Shukla G. and Varma A. (eds.). Soil Biology 22, Springer, 119-149.
  • Khanna, P.K., Raison, R.J., 1986 Effect of fire intensity on solution chemistry of surface soilunder a Eu-calyptus pauciflora forest. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 24: 423–434.
  • Khanna, P.K., Raison, R.J., Falkiner, R.A. 1994. Chemical properties of ash derived from Eucalyptus litter and its effects on forest soils. Forest Ecology Management, 66: 107-125.
  • Klemmedson, J.O. 1992. Decomposition and nutrient release from mixtures of Gambel oak and Pande-rosa pine. Forest Ecology and Management, 47(1-4): 349-361.
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Orman yangınının ve yangın sonrası boşaltma kesimlerinin toprak özelliklerine etkisi

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 29 - 46, 01.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.17568/ogmoad.430649

Öz

Bu
çalışmada, orman yangının biyokimyasal toprak özellikleri üzerindeki
etkilerinin ve yanan ağaçların kesilerek sahadan uzaklaştırılmasının toprağa
etkilerinin gösterilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Karadeniz ve İç Anadolu bölgeleri
arasında geçit kuşağında yer alan Safranbolu’da (Karabük) yangından sonra tüylü
meşe (Quercus pubescens) ve karaçam (Pinus nigra) karışık meşceresi
topraklarında kimyasal ve biyolojik özellikler çalışılmıştır. Üç yıl izlenen
yanmış (enkazı üzerinde bırakılan, boşaltma kesimleri yapılmış) ve yanmamış
orman (kontrol) sahaları için istatistiksel değerlendirme çift yönlü varyans
analizine göre, gruplar arası karşılaştırma ise Duncan ve Dunnett T3 post hoc
testleri uygulanarak SPSS 21 ile yapılmıştır.
Sonuçlar,
düşük ve orta şiddetli orman yangınının toprakta bazı kimyasal özellikleri
olumlu etkilediğini (pH, CaCO
3, Ca, P2O5),
bazılarını etkilemediğini (EC, OM, TN, asit fosfataz), bazılarını ise olumsuz
etkilediğini (β-D glikosidaz, üreaz enzim aktiviteleri) göstermiştir.
İncelenen
parametreler ışığında, düşük ve orta şiddetli yangın sonrası bu ormanda yapılan
boşaltma çalışmalarının ise toprak özelliklerinin iyileşmesine olumsuz bir
etkisi tespit edilmemiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Acosta-Martinez, V., Tabatabai, M.A. 2000. Enzyme activities in a limed agricultural soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 31: 85-91
  • Adams, P.W., Boyle, J.R. 1980. Effects of fire on soil nutrients in clearcut and whole-tree harvest sites in Central Michigan. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 44: 847-850
  • Akburak, S., Son, Y., Makineci, E., Çakır, M. 2017. Impacts of low-intensity prescribed fire on microbial and chemical properties in a Quercus frainetto forest. Journal of Forestry Research, 29: 687-696.
  • Anon, 2014a. Keys to Soil Taxonomy Twelfth ed. NRSC, (Natural Resources Conservation Service), Uni-ted States Department of Agriculture
  • Anon, 2014b. World reference base for soil resources (International soil classification system for na-ming soils and creating legends for soil maps), FAO, 181, Rome
  • Barnes, B.V., Zak, D.R., Denton, S.R., Spurr, S.H. 1998. Forest Ecology, Fourth Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York
  • Barreiro, A., Lombao, A., Martín, A., Carballas, T., Fonturbel, M.T., Vega, J.A., Fernández, C., Díaz-Raviña, M. 2015. Short-term effects of a wildfire on soil properties in Fragas do Eume Natural Park (Ga-licia, NW Spain), FLAMMA, 6(2): 61-64.
  • Beier, C., Blanck, K., Bredemeier, M., Lamersdorf, N., Rasmussen, L. 1998. Responses of soil and vege-tation to reduced input of S, N and acidity to two Norway spruce stands of the EXMAN Project, Forest Ecology and Management, 101: 111–123.
  • Bentley, J. R., Fenner, R. L. 1958. Soil temperatures during burning related to post fire seedbeds on woodland range. Journal of Forest Research, 56: 737-740
  • Berber, A. S., Tavşanoğlu, Ç. ve Turgay, O.C. 2015. Effects of surface fire on soil properties in a mixed chesnut-beech-pine forest in Turkey. FLAMMA, 6(2): 78-80 (In press)
  • Bergkvist, B., Folkeson, L., 1995. The influence of tree species on acid deposition proton budgets and element fluxes in South Swedish forest ecosystems, Ecological Bulletin, 44: 90–99
  • Bilgili, E. 2009. Wildland Fires, Forest Ecosystems and Soils. 2nd International meeting of Fire Effects on Soil Properties, February 11-15, Marmaris, Turkey.
  • Blank, R.R., Zamudio, D.C. 1998. The influence of wildfire on aqueous-extractable soil solutes in fores-ted and wet meadow ecosystems along the eastern front of the Sierra-Nevada Range, California. In-ternational Journal of Wildland Fire, 8: 79-85
  • Boerner, R.E.J., Decker, K.L.M., Sutherland, E.K. 2000. Prescribed burning effects on soil enzyme acti-vity in a southern Ohio hardwood forest: a landscape-scale analysis. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 32: 899–908
  • Boerner, R.E.J., Brinkman J.A., Smith A. 2005. Seasonal variations in enzzyme activity and organic carbon in soil of a burned and unburned hardwood forest. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 37: 1419-1426
  • Boydak, M., Eler, Ü., Pehlivan, N. 1996. Antalya-Elmalı Yöresi Sedirlerinin (Cedrus libani Rich.) Gençleşti-rilmesinde Denetimli Yakma ve Diğer bazı Faktörlerin Başarı Üzerine Etkileri. Batı Akdeniz Araştırma Müdürlüğü, Teknik Rapor, No:2, 42s, Antalya
  • Brady, N.C., Weil, R.R. 1999. The Nature and Properties of Soils, Twelfth Edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
  • Brookes, P.C. 1995. The use of microbial parameters in monitoring soil pollution by heavy metals. Bio-logy and Fertility of Soils, 19: 269–279
  • Caon L., Vallejo V.R., Coen R.J., Geissen V., 2014. Effects of wildfire on soil nutrients in Mediterranean ecosystems. Earth Science Reviews, 139:47-58
  • Certini G., 2005. Effects of fire on properties of forest soils: a review. Oecologia, 143: 1-10.
  • Certini G., 2013. Fire as soil-forming factor. Ambio, 43: 191-195
  • Clarholm, M. 1993. Microbial biomass P, labile P, and acid phosphatase activity in the humus layer of a spruce forest, after repeated additions of fertilizer. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 8: 128–133
  • Çepel, N. 1975. Orman yangınlarının mikroklima ve toprak özellikleri üzerine yaptığı etkiler. İstanbul Üniversitesi. Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, Seri B, Cilt XXV, 1, 71-93
  • Eivasi, F., Bayan, M.R. 1996. Effects of long-term prescribed burning on the activity of selected soil enzymes in an oak-hickory forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 26: 1799–1804.
  • Eriksson, E., Karltun, E., Lundmark, J.E, 1992. Acidification of forest soils in Sweden, Ambiology, 21: 150–154.
  • Ergene, A., 1997. Toprak Biliminin Esasları, Genişletilmiş Yedinci Baskı, 0027, Öz Eğitim Basım Yayın Dağı-tım Ltd. Şti., Konya.
  • Eron, Z. 1977. Heating effects on forest soil physical properties and subsequent seedling growth. Ph. D., University of Montana.
  • Eron, Z. ve Gürbüzer, E. 1988. Marmaris 1979 Yılı Orman Yangını ile Toprak Özelliklerinin Değişimi ve Kızıl-çam Gençliğinin Gelişimi Arasındaki İlişkiler. Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü, Teknik Bülten, Ankara.
  • Esquilin, A.E.J., Stromberger, M.E., Shepperd W.D. 2008. Soil scarification and wildfire interactions and effects on microbial communities and carbon. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 72:111-118.
  • Etiegni, L., Campbell, A.G. 1991. Physical and chemical characteristics of wood ash. Bioresource Techno-logy, 37: 173-178.
  • Fisher, R., Binkley, D. 2000. Ecology and Management of Forest Soils, John Wiley&Sons, Inc., 241-261, USA
  • Fitzpatric, E.A. 1986. An Introduction to Soil Science, Second Edition, Longman Scientific and Technical, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
  • Foth, H.D., 1990. Fundamentals of Soil Science, Eighth Edition, John Wiley and Sons.
  • Francos, M., Úbeda, X., Pereira, P., Alcaniz, M., 2018. Long-term impacts of wildfire on soils exposed to different fire severities. A case study in Cadiretes Massif (NE Iberian Peninsula). Science of the Total Environement, 615:664-671.
  • Goforth B.R., Graham R.C., Hubbert K.R., Zanner, C.W., Minnich, R.A., 2005. Spatial distribution and properties of ash and thermally altered soils after high-severity forest fire, southern California. Interna-tional Journal of Wildland Fire, 14: 343-354.
  • Gülçur, F. 1974. Toprağın Fiziksel ve Kimyasal Analiz Metodları. İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Yayınları, 1970, 201-225, İstanbul.
  • Gürlevik, N., Özkan, K., Gülcü, S. (2009). Effects of prescribed burning and mechanical site preparation on soil properties in a kermes oak field in Isparta region. Turkish Journal of Forestry, A (1): 24-37.
  • Hernandez, T., Garcia, C., Reinhardt, I., 1997. Short-term effect of wildfire on the chemical, biochemical and microbiological properties of Mediterranean pine forest soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 25 (2):109-116.
  • Hoffman, G., Teicher, K. 1961. Ein kolorimetrisches verfahren zur bestimmung der ureaseaktivitat in boden. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung, Düngung, Bodenkunde, 95 (1): 55-63.
  • Irmak, A. 1953. Arazide ve Laboratuarda toprağın Araştırılması Metodları. İ.Ü. Orman Fak. Yayınları, No:27, İstanbul.
  • Jackson, M.L., 1962. Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice-Hall, inc. N.J.
  • Kaçar, B., 2009. Amunyum Asetat Metodu, Toprak Analizleri, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, Nobel Yayın No: 1387, Genişletilmiş 2. Basım, 467 s., Ankara.
  • Kantarcı, M.D., Parlakdağ, S., Pehlivan, N., 1986. Sedir Ormanlarının Gençleştirilmesinde Yangın Kültürü ve Ekolojik Yorum, İ.Ü. Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 36(2): 20-39.
  • Kantarcı, M.D., 2000. Toprak İlmi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Yayınları, 4261, İstanbul.
  • Kara, Ö., Bolat, I. 2009. Short-term effects of wildfire on microbial biomass and abundance in black pine plantation soils in Turkey. Ecological Indicators, 9: 1151-1155.
  • Karaca, A., Çetin, S.C., Turgay, O.C., Kızılkaya, R. 2011. Soil enzymes as indication of soil quality. In Soil Enzymology, Shukla G. and Varma A. (eds.). Soil Biology 22, Springer, 119-149.
  • Khanna, P.K., Raison, R.J., 1986 Effect of fire intensity on solution chemistry of surface soilunder a Eu-calyptus pauciflora forest. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 24: 423–434.
  • Khanna, P.K., Raison, R.J., Falkiner, R.A. 1994. Chemical properties of ash derived from Eucalyptus litter and its effects on forest soils. Forest Ecology Management, 66: 107-125.
  • Klemmedson, J.O. 1992. Decomposition and nutrient release from mixtures of Gambel oak and Pande-rosa pine. Forest Ecology and Management, 47(1-4): 349-361.
  • Kutiel, P., Shaviv, A., 1992. Effects of soil type, plant composition and leaching on soil Nutrients fol-lowing a simulated forest fire. Forest Ecology and Management, 53: 329-343.
  • Küçük, M. 2006. Genç karaçam meşcerelerinde yangının toprak solunumu, kök kütlesi ve toprağın fizik-sel ve kimyasal özellikleri üzerine etkileri. Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Li-sans Tezi, 61s, Artvin.
  • Ludwig, B., Khanna, P.K., Raison, R.J., Jacobsen, K.L. 1998. Modelling cation composition of soil extracts under ashbeds following an intense slashfire in a eucalypt forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 103: 9–20.
  • Miller, R.W., Donahue, R.L., 1990. Soils, Sixth Edition, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
  • Naseby, D.C., Lynch, J.M. 1997. Rhizopshere soil enzymes as indicators of perturbation caused by enzyme substrate addition and inoculation of a genetically modified strain of Pseudomonas fluores-cens on wheat seed. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 29:1353-1362.
  • Neyisçi, T. 1989. Kızılçam orman ekosistemlerinde denetimli yakmanın toprak kimyasal özellikleri ve fidan gelişimi üzerine etkileri. Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları Teknik Bülten Serisi, 205, Ankara.
  • Neyişçi, T., Şirin, G. ve Sarıbaşak, H. 2002. Batı Akdeniz Bölgesinde orman yangını tehlikesinin düşürül-mesinde denetimli yakma tekniğinin uygulanma olanakları. Türkiye Ormancılar Derneği Yayını, 2, Anka-ra.
  • Özdamar, K., 2004. Paket Programlar ile İstaistiksel Veri Analizi-1, 5.Baskı, Kaan Kitabevi, 649, Eskişehir
  • Pausas, J.G., Lllovet, J., Rodrigo, A. and Vallejo, R. 2008. Are wildfires a disaster in the Mediterranian Basin?-A Review. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 17: 713-723
  • Pereira, P., Francos, M., Brevik, E.C., Ubeda, X., Bogunovic, 2008. I. Post fire management. Current Opinion in Environmental Science and Health (In press)
  • Richards, L.A., 1954. Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkaline Soils (Agricultural Handbook No. 60). US Salinity Laboratory. USDA. 159, Washington
  • Saa, A., Trasar-Cepeda, M.C., Gil-Sotres, F., Carballas, T. 1993. Changes in soil phosphorus and acid phosphatase activity immediately following forest fires. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 25: 1223–1230
  • Sarıyıldız T., 2004. Toprak asitliği üzerinde ağaç türleri, tepe yapıları ve mevsimlerin etkisi. Kafkas Üniver-sitesi, Artvin Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 3-4: 220-231
  • Simard, D.G., Fyles, J.W., Pare´, D., Nguyen, T. 2001. Impacts of clearcut harvesting and wildfire on soil nutrient status in the Quebec boreal forest. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 81: 229–237
  • Tavşanoğlu, Ç. and Gürkan, B. (2010). Physical and chemical properties of the soils at burned and un-burned Pinus brutia Ten. forest sites in the Marmaris region. Hacettepe Journal of Biological Chemistry, 38: 71-76.
  • Tomkins, I.B., Kellas, J.D., Tolhurst, K.G. and Oswin, D.A. 1991. Effects of fire intensity on soil chemistry in a eucalypt (Eucalyptus sp.) forest. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 29: 25–47
  • Turgay, O.C., Lumbanraja, J., Yusnaini, S., Nonaka, M., 2002. Effect of land degradation on soil microbial biomass in a hilly area of south Sumatra, Indonesia. Soil Science Plant Nutrition, 48(5): 769-774
  • Ulery. A.L., Graham. R.C., Amrhein. C., 1993. Wood-ash composition and soil pH following intense bur-ning Soil Science, 156: 358-364
  • Ülgen, N., Ateşalp, M., 1972. Toprakta Bitki Tarafından Alınabilir Fosfor Tayini, Köy İşleri Bakanlığı, Top-rak Su Genel Müdürlüğü, Toprak ve Gübre Araştırma Enstitüsü, Teknik Yayınlar, Sayı 21, Ankara
  • Vance, E.D., Brookes, P.C., Jenkinson, D.S. 1987. An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 19: 703-707
  • Woodwell, G.M., Whittaker, R.H. and Hoghton, R.A. 1975. Nutrient concentrations in plants in the Brookhaven oak-pine forest. Ecology, 56: 318-332
  • Yıldız, O., Esen, D., Sargıncı, M., Toprak, B. 2010. Effects of forest fire on soil nutrients in Turkish pine (Pinus brutia, Ten) Ecosystems. Journal of Environmental Biology, 31: 11-13
Toplam 71 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Ekoloji
Yazarlar

Aliye Sepken Kaptanoğlu 0000-0001-6535-5257

Ayten Namlı 0000-0003-1913-2751

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Haziran 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kaptanoğlu, A. S., & Namlı, A. (2019). Orman yangınının ve yangın sonrası boşaltma kesimlerinin toprak özelliklerine etkisi. Ormancılık Araştırma Dergisi, 6(1), 29-46. https://doi.org/10.17568/ogmoad.430649