Duygulanımların Yenilikçi İş Davranışı Üzerine Etkisinde Öz Şefkatin Rolü: Karma Bir Araştırma

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı hissedilen pozitif-negatif duygulanımların yenilikçi iş davranışı üzerindeki etkilerini tespit ederek öz şefkatin bu etkiler üzerinde bir rolü olup olmadığını araştırmak ve katılımcıların deneyimleri üzerinden kavramlara yönelik derinlemesine bir bakış açısı sunmaktır. Karma yöntemle açıklayıcı sıralı desen üzerinden yürütülen araştırmada kadın girişimciler örneklem olarak seçilmiştir. Nicel aşamada 286 adet anket toplanmış ve veriler analiz edilmiştir. Fenomoloji temelinde yürütülen nitel aşamada ise 12 kadın girişimci ile yarı-yapılandırılmış görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiş, bu görüşmelere ilişkin betimsel ve içerik analiz sonuçları raporlanmıştır. Nicel aşama sonuçlarında öz şefkatin aracılık rolü saptanmış olup nitel aşamayla da nicel sonuçların zenginleştirilmesi ve kavramlara yönelik ayrıntılara ulaşılması sağlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Duygulanım
• Yenilikçi İş Davranışı
• Öz Şefkat
• Kadın Girişimciler

The Role of Self Compassion in the Effect of Affects on Innovative Work Behavior: A Mixed Research

Öz

The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of positive-negative affect on innovative work behavior and to investigate whether self-compassion plays a role in these effects and provide an in-depth perspective on the concepts through the experiences of the participants. Women entrepreneurs were selected as the sample in the research, which was conducted through an explanatory sequential design by choosing a mixed method. In the quantitative phase, 286 questionnaires were collected and the data were analyzed. In the qualitative phase, which was carried out on the basis of phenomenology, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 women entrepreneurs, and the results of descriptive and content analysis of these interviews were reported. The mediating role of self-compassion was determined in the quantitative phase results, with the qualitative phase, the quantitative results were enriched and details about the concepts were provided.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Affect
• Innovative Work Behaviour
• Self Compassion
• Women Entrepreneur

Kaynakça

1. Amabile, T. M., Barsade, S. G., Mueller, J. S. & Staw, B. M. (2005). Affect and creativity at work. Administrative Science Quarterly, 50(3), 367-403.
2. Arpacı, S. (2024). Kadın girişimciliği üzerine yapılan uluslararası çalışmaların bibliyometrik analizi. Sosyal Mucit Academic Review, 5(2), 154-171.
3. Aytar, O. (2020). Kriz yönetimi bağlamında Türk bankacılık sektörünün covid-19 pandemisine yönelik iletişim stratejisi. International Social Sciences Studies Journal, 6(65), 2948-2955.
4. Bammens, Y.P.M. (2016). Employees’ innovative behavior in social context: a closer examination of the role of organizational care. J. Prod. Innov. Manag, 33(3), 244–259.
5. Barsade, S. G. & Gibson, D. E. (2007). Why does affect matter in organizations? Academy of Management Perspectives, 21(1), 36-59.
6. Baumann, N. & Kuhl, J. (2002). Intuition, affect and personality: Unconscious coherence judgments and self-regulation of negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(5), 1213-1223.
7. Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., DeWall, C. N. & Zhang, L. (2007). How emotion shapes behavior: feedback, anticipation and reflection rather than direct causation. Personal Soc Psychol Rev, 11, 167– 203.
8. Bindl, U. K., Parker, S. K., Totterdell, P. & Hagger-Johnson, G. (2012). Fuel of the self- starter: How mood relates to proactive goal regulation. J Appl Psychol, 97, 134–150.

9. Brody, L. R. & Hall, J. A. (1993). Gender and Emotion. M. Lewis ve J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of Emotions içinde (ss. 447–460). The Guilford Press.
10. Carver, C. S. (2006). Approach, avoidance and the self-regulation of affect and action. Motivation and Emotion, 30(2), 105-110.
11. Choi, J. & Hwang, K. (2018). An empirical study on the effects of career ambition and self-compassion on innovation work behavior of CEOs and executives of SMEs. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 13(2), 139-158.
12. Creswell. J. W. & Creswell., J.D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). Sage.
13. Çalışkan, A., Akkoç, İ. & Turunç, Ö. (2019). Yenilikçi davranış: Bir ölçek uyarlama çalışması. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 5(1), 94-111.
14. Davis, M. A. (2009). Understanding the relationship between mood and creativity: a meta-analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 108(1), 25-38.
15. De Dreu CK, Baas, M. & Nijstad, B. A. (2008). Hedonic tone and activation level in the mood-creativity link: Toward a dual pathway to creativity model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(5), 739-756.
16. De Dreu, CK. W., Baas, M. & Nijstad, B. A. (2011). The emotive roots of creativity: Basic and applied issues on affect and motivation. M. Mumford (Ed.), Handbook of Organizational Creativity içinde (ss. 217– 240). New York: Academic Press/Elsevier.
17. Delgado García, J. B., De Quevedo Puente, E. & Blanco Mazagatos, V. (2015). How affect relates to entrepreneurship: A systematic review of the literature and research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 17(2), 191-211.
18. Deniz, M. E., Arslan, C. , Özyeşil, Z., İzmirli, M. (2012). Öz-anlayış, yaşam doyumu, negatif ve pozitif duygu: Türk ve diğer ülke üniversite öğrencileri arasında bir karşılaştırma. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(23), 428-446.
19. Drellich, M. G. (1981). Theoretical and clinical considerations of affects in psychoanalysis. Part I, classical theories of affect. Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 9(3), 399-414.
20. Estrada, C. A., Isen, A. M. & Young, M. J. (1997). Positive affect facilitates integration of information and decreases anchoring in reasoning among physicians. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 72(1), 117-135.
21. Fidanboy, C. & Fidanboy, M. (2019). Çalışanların yenilik iklimi algılarının pozitif ve negatif duygu durumlarına etkileri: Teknokentler örneği. Sosyal Araştırmalar ve Davranış Bilimleri Dergisi, 5, 102-120.
22. Folkman, S. & Moskowitz, J. T. (2000). Positive affect and the other side of coping. American Psychologist, 55(6), 647–654.
23. Fujita, F., Diener, E. & Sandvik, E. (1991). Gender differences in negative affect and well- being: The case for emotional intensity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(3), 427.
24. Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E. & Hyun, N. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
25. Frijda, N. H. (1986). The Emotions. Cambridge University Press.
26. Gençöz, T. (2000). Positive and negative affect schedule: A study of validity and reliability. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 15(46), 19-28.
27. George, J. M. & Zhou, J. (2002). Understanding when bad moods foster creativity and good ones don't: The role of context and clarity of feelings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 687-697.
28. Grichnik, D., Smeja, A. & Welpe, I. (2010). The importance of being emotional: How do emotions affect entrepreneurial opportunity evaluation and exploitation? Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 76(1), 15-29.
29. Gross, J. J. & Thompson, R. (2007). Emotion regulation: Conceptual foundations. J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of Emotion Regulation (ss. 3-24). Guilford Press.
30. Guan, F., Wu, Y., Ren, W., Zhang, P., Jing, B., Xu, Z. … He, J.-b. (2021). Self- compassion and the mitigation of negative affect in the era of social distancing. Mindfulness, 12, 2184-2195.
31. Gürbüz, S. & Bayık M. E. (2021). Aracılık modellerinin analizinde yeni yaklaşım: Baron ve Kenny’nin yöntemi hâlâ geçerli mi? Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 36(88), 1-14.
32. Gürbüz, S. & Şahin, F. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri (4th ed.). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
33. Harwood, E. M. & Kocovski, N. L. (2017). Self-compassion induction reduces anticipatory anxiety among socially anxious students. Mindfulness, 8, 1544- 1551
34. Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
35. Herbig, P., Golden, E.J. & Dunphy, A. (1994), The Relationship of Structure to Entrepreneurial and Innovative Success. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 12(9), 37-48.
36. Higgins, E. T. (1997). Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist, 52(12), 1280-1300.
37. Hundeling, M. & Rosing, K. (2020). The role of affect and it's regulation for creativity and innovation. The Cambridge handbook of workplace affect (ss.131-146). Cambridge University Press.
38. Hobfoll, S. E. (2001). The influence of culture, community and the nested self in the stress process: advancing conservation of resources theory. Appl Psychol: An Int Rev, 50, 337–370.
39. Hobfoll, S. E. (2011). Conservation of resource caravans and engaged settings. J Occup Organ Psychol, 84, 116–122.
40. Isen, A. M., Daubman, K. A. & Nowicki, G. P. (1987). Positive affect facilitates creative problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(6), 1122-1131.
41. Isen, A. M. (2000). Some perspectives on positive affect and self-regulation. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 184–188.
42. Isen, A. M. (2001). An influence of positive affect on decision making in complex situations: Theoretical issues with practical implications. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 11(2), 75-85.
43. Janssen, O. (2000). Job demands, perceptions of effort-reward fairness and innovative work behaviour. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73(3), 287-302.
44. Kashdan, T. B., Rose, P. & Fincham, F. D. (2004). Curiosity and exploration: Facilitating positive subjective experiences and personal growth opportunities. J Pers Assess, 82(3), 291-305.
45. Keskin, S. (2014). Türkiye’de kadın girişimcilerin durumu. Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi, 9(1), 72-94.
46. Kırçiçek, Ö. B. & Aytar, O. (2021). Kadın girişimciliği: Motivasyon faktörleri üzerine bir araştırma. Bartın Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(24), 494-515.
47. Koh, H. C. (1996). Testing hypotheses of entrepreneurial characteristics: A study of Hong Kong MBA students, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 11(3), 12-25.
48. Klingle, K. E., & Van Vliet, K. J. (2019). Self-compassion from the adolescent perspective: A qualitative study. Journal of Adolescent Research, 34(3), 323–346.
49. Lane, R. D., Quinlan, D. M., Schwartz, G. E., Walker, P. A. & Zeitlin, S. B. (1990). The levels of emotional awareness scale: A cognitive-developmental measure of emotion. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55(1-2), 124–134.
50. Leary, M., Shonkoff, E., Spears, C., Allen, A. & Hancock, J. (2007). Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: The implications of treating oneself kindly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 887-904.
51. Lefebvre, J.-I., Montani, F. & Courcy, F. (2020). Self-compassion and resilience at work: A practice-oriented review. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 22(4), 437-452.
52. Lyubomirsky, S., King, L. & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131(6), 803- 855.
53. Madrid, H., Patterson, M., Birdi, K., Leiva, P. & Kausel, E. (2014). The role of weekly high-activated positive mood, context and personality in innovative work behavior: A multilevel and interactional model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35, 234-256.
54. Martin, L. L., Ward, D. W., Achee, J. W. & Wyer, R. S. (1993). Mood as input: People have to interpret the motivational implications of their moods. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(3), 317–326.
55. Mielniczuk, E. & Laguna, M. (2020). Positive Affect Mediates the Relationship Between Self-efficacy and Innovative Behavior in Entrepreneurs. J Creat Behav, 54, 267-278.
56. Montani, F., Dagenais-Desmarais, V., Giorgi, G. & Grégoire, S. (2018). A conservation of resources perspective on negative affect and innovative work behaviour: The role of affect activation and mindfulness. J. Bus. Psychol, 33, 123–139.
57. Muştu, Y. (2023). Dünyada ve Türkiye'de Dijital Kadın Girişimciliği. Journal Of Business in the Digital Age, 6(1), 53-67.
58. Neff, K. D. (2003a). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223-250.
59. Neff, K. (2003b). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85-101.
60. Neff, K. D., Kirkpatrick, K. L. & Rude, S. S. (2007). Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(1), 139-154.
61. Neff, K. D. & Tóth-Király, I. (2022). Self-compassion scale (SCS). O. N. Medvedev, C. U. Krägeloh, R. J. Siegert, & N. N. Singh (Eds.), Handbook of assessment in mindfulness research (ss. 1-22). Springer International Publishing.
62. Neff, K. D. & Vonk, R. (2009). Self-compassion versus global self-esteem: Two different ways of relating to oneself. Journal of Personality, 77, 23-50.
63. Niven, K. (2013). Affect. M. D. Gellman ve J. R. Turner (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine (ss. 49-50). Springer New York.
64. Odou, N. & Brinker, J. (2014). Exploring the relationship between rumination, self- compassion and mood. Self and Identity, 13(4), 449-459.
65. Park, J. & Banaji, M. R. (2000). Mood and heuristics: The influence of happy and sad states on sensitivity and bias in stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(6), 1005-1023.
66. Pennebaker, J. W. (1995). Emotion, disclosure & health. American Psychological Association.
67. Polce-Lynch‚ M.‚ Myers‚ B. J.‚ Kliewer‚ W. & Kilmartin‚ C. T. (1998). Expression‚ body image and self-esteem: A qualitative analysis. Sex Roles‚ 38‚ 1025-1048.
68. Raes, F., Pommier, E., Neff, K. D. & Van Gucht, D. (2011). Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the self‐compassion Scale. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(3), 250-255.
69. Ramamoorthy, N., Flood, P., Slattery, T. & Sardessai, R. (2005). Determinants of innovative work behaviour: Development and test of an integrated model. Creativity and Innovation Management, 14, 142-150.
70. Rietzschel, E. F. (2011). Collective regulatory focus predicts specific aspects of team innovation. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 14(3), 337-345.
71. Rosa, P. J., Ribeiro, R., & Nogueira, S. I. (2023). Is negative affect that bad? The effect of affective states on conventional and unconventional creative thinking in University Students. International Journal of Psychological Research, 16(2), 14–23.
72. Russell, J. A. (2003). Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Psychological Review, 110(1), 145-172.
73. Scott, S. G. & Bruce, R. A. (1994). Determinants of innovative behavior: A path model of individual innovation in the workplace. Academy of Management Journal, 37(3), 580-607.
74. Shaver, P., Schwartz, J., Kirson, D. & O'Connor, C. (1987). Emotion knowledge: Further exploration of a prototype approach. J Pers Soc Psychol, 52(6), 1061- 1086.
75. Schwarz, N. & Clore, G. L. (2007). Feelings and phenomenal experiences. E. T. Higgins ve A. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social Psychology. A Handbook of Basic Principles içinde (2nd ed., ss. 385–407). New York: Guilford Press.
76. Sirois, F. M., Kitner, R. & Hirsch, J. K. (2015). Self-compassion, affect and health-promoting behaviors. Health Psychology, 34(6), 661–669.
77. Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
78. Teddlie, C. & Tashakkori, A. (2009) Foundations of mixed methods research: Integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches in the social and behavioral sciences. Sage, London.
79. Türkiye Odalar ve Borsalar Birliği. (2023). Erişim tarihi: 3 Eylül 2023. https://www.tobb.org.tr/TOBBKadinGirisimcilerKurulu/Sayfalar/Mevzuat.php
80. Watson, D., Clark, L. A. & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. J Pers Soc Psychol, 54(6), 1063-1070.
81. Weiss, H. & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective events theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, cause and consequences of affective experiences at work. Research in Organizational Behavior, 18, 1-74.
82. West, M. A. & Farr, J. L. (1989). Innovation at work: Psychological perspectives. Social Behaviour, 4(1), 15-30.
83. Wong, C. C. & Mak, W. W. (2016). Writing can heal: Effects of self-compassion writing among Hong Kong Chinese college students. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 7(1), 74.
84. Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2013). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. (9th ed.). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
85. Yıldırım, M. & Sarı, T. (2018). Öz-Şefkat ölçeği kısa formu’nun Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(4), 2502-2517.
86. Zabelina, D. L. & Robinson, M. D. (2010). Don't be so hard on yourself: self- compassion facilitates creative originality among self-judgmental individuals. Creativity Research Journal, 22(3), 288-293.