Avrupa’da “İlerici” Neoliberalizm: Siyasal İktidarın Gölgesinde Söylemler

Öz

Neoliberalizm, küresel kapitalizm içinde tartışmalı bir anlatı olarak farklı sınıflar ve siyasal fraksiyonlar arasında ittifakları gerekli kılar. Bu bağlamda ilerici neoliberalizm, finans kapital ile toplumsal hareketlerin ilerici unsurları arasındaki özgün bir uzlaşmayı temsil eder. 2010’larda ABD’de “insani” iddiaları sorgulayan tartışmalardan doğan bu kavram, çalışmada Avrupa bağlamına taşınmış, merkezdeki sosyal ve liberal demokratik politikaya odaklanılmıştır. Nancy Fraser’in ilerici neoliberalizm yaklaşımı temel alınarak dört Avrupalı liderin (Rutte, Macron, Scholz, Sanchez) söylemleri incelenmiş, Batı ittifaklarını savunan bu söylemlerin toplumsal sorunları ılımlı bir çerçeveyle yeniden tanımladığı gösterilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• ilerici neoliberalizm
• Avrupa siyaseti
• merkez partiler
• uluslararası liberal düzen

“Progressive” Neoliberalism in Europe: Discourses in the Shadow of Political Power

Öz

Neoliberalism remains a contested narrative within global capitalism, requiring alliances across social classes and political fractions. Within this landscape, progressive neoliberalism occupies a distinct position, representing an alliance between financial capital and progressive elements of social movements. Originating in US debates of the 2010s that questioned its “humanitarian” claims, this research extends the analysis to Europe, focusing on centrist social and liberal democratic politics. Using Nancy Fraser’s concept of progressive neoliberalism, the study applies discourse analysis to speeches of four European leaders—Rutte, Macron, Scholz, and Sanchez—showing how their rhetoric combines support for Western alliances with moderate framings of social issues.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• progressive neoliberalism
• European politics
• center parties
• international liberal order

Etik Beyan

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article

Teşekkür

The authors would like to sincerely thank Dr. S. Barış Gülmez and Dr. Cihan Özpınar for their inspiring suggestions and critiques on the earlier draft of this article. A shorter version of the draft was presented at the National Political Science Congress of the Turkish Political Sciences Association in 2023. The authors are grateful to the participants of the session for their comments

Kaynakça

1. Agustin, O. G. (2019). Building left-wing populism in Denmark: Moving far away from the right. In J. Zienkowski & R. Breeze (Eds.), Imagining the Peoples of Europe: Populist Discourses across the Political Spectrum (pp. 149–172). John Benjamins
2. Aluya, I., Daniel, O. U., & David, R. (2024). Discursive construction of ingroup and outgroup identity in the bilateral speech by president Joe Biden and prime minister Pedro Sanchez. Canadian Journal of Language and Literature Studies, 4(3), 24–36. https://doi.org/10.53103/cjlls.v4i3.165
3. Bansak, K., Bechtel, M., & Margalit, Y. (2021). Why austerity? The mass politics of a contested policy. American Political Science Review, 115(2), 486–505. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420001136
4. Bisiada, M. (2023). The discursive construction of a new reality in Olaf Scholz’s zeitenwende speech. Critical Discourse Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2023.2186450
5. Borriello, A. (2017). ‘There is no alternative’: How Italian and Spanish leaders’ discourse obscured the political nature of austerity. Discourse and Society, 28(3), 241–261. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926516687419
6. Brenner, J., & Fraser, N. (2017). What is progressive neoliberalism?: A debate. Dissent, 64(2), 130–140. https://doi.org/10.1353/DSS.2017.0051
7. Campello, M., Graham, J., & Harvey, C. (2010). The real effects of financial constraints: Evidence from a financial crisis. Journal of Financial Economics, 97(3), 470–487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2010.02.009
8. Collins, C., & McCartney, G. (2011). The impact of neoliberal “political attack” on health: The case of the “scottish effect”. International Journal of Health Services, 41(3), 501–523. https://doi.org/10.2190/HS.41.3.f

9. Degano, C., & Sicurella, F. G. (2019). A dialogue on populism? A study of intellectual discourse about populism in the Brexit debate in Italy and the UK. In J. Zienkowski & R. Breeze (Eds.), Imagining the peoples of Europe: Populist discourses across the political spectrum (pp. 43–72). John Benjamins.
10. Dixon, J. (2019). Understanding perceived worker insecurity in Europe, 2002–2016: Economic freedom and neoliberalism as alternative theories?. Sociological Perspectives, 63(1), 5–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731121419862233
11. ElGindi, T. (2016). Natural resource dependency, neoliberal globalization, and income inequality: Are they related? A longitudinal study of developing countries (1980–2010). Current Sociology, 65(1), 21–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392116632031
12. Fairclough, N. (1995). Media discourse. Edward Arnold.
13. Fanning, B. (2021). Three roads to the welfare state: Liberalism, social democracy and Christian democracy. Bristol University Press.
14. Fraser, N. (1998). Social justice in the age of identity politics: Redistribution, recognition, participation. WZB Discussion Paper, No. FS I, 98–108.
15. Fraser, N. (2003). Social justice in the age of identity politics: Redistribution, recognition, and participation. In N. Fraser & A. Honneth (Eds.), Redistribution or recognition? A political-philosophical exchange (pp. 7–110). Verso.
16. Fraser, N. (2013). A triple movement?. New Left Review, 81, 119–132, https://doi.org/10.64590/6vs
17. Fraser, N. (2019). The old is dying and the new cannot be born. Verso.
18. Fraser, N. (2023). From progressive neoliberalism to Trump - and beyond. In M.C. Léger (Ed.), Identity trumps socialism: The class and identity debate after neoliberalism (pp. 99–113). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003320890-8
19. Fraser, N., & Honneth, A. (2003). Introduction: Redistribution or recognition? In N. Fraser & A. Honneth (Eds.), Redistribution or recognition? A political-philosophical exchange (pp. 1–7). Verso.
20. Froio, C., & Ganesh, B. (2019). The transnationalization of far right discourse on Twitter: Issues and actors that cross borders in Western European democracies. European Societies, 21(4), 513–539. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2018.1494295
21. Furko, P. (2019). Populist discursive strategies surrounding the immigration quota referendum in Hungary. In J. Zienkowski & R. Breeze (Eds.), Imagining the peoples of Europe: Populist discourses across the political spectrum (pp. 341–362). John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/dapsac.83.14fur
22. Giddens, A. (2013). The third way and its critics. Wiley.
23. Harvey, D. (2007). A brief history of neoliberalism. Oxford University Press.
24. Hübscher, E., Sattler, T., & Wagner, M. (2021). Voter responses to fiscal austerity. British Journal of Political Science, 51(4), 1751–1760. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123420000320
25. Kocijan, B. (2015). Who is populist in Central and Eastern Europe? A comparative analysis of prime ministers’ populist discourse. Corvinus Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 6(1), 71–92. https://doi.org/10.14267/cjssp.2015.01.04
26. Larsen, H. (2014). Discourses of state identity and post-Lisbon national foreign policy: The case of Denmark. Cooperation and Conflict, 49(3), 368–385. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836713495000
27. Laruffa, F. (2022). Neoliberalism, economization and the paradox of the new welfare state. European Journal of Sociology, 63(1), 131–163. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003975622000169
28. Lazear, E. (1990). Job security provisions and employment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 105(3), 699–726. https://doi.org/10.2307/2937895
29. McLennan, G. (2004). Traveling with vehicular ideas: The case of the third way. Economy and Society, 33(4), 484–499. https://doi.org/10.1080/0308514042000285251
30. Perez-Curiel, C. (2020). Trend towards extreme right-wing populism on Twitter: An analysis of the influence on leaders, media and users. Communication and Society, 33(2), 175–192. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.33.2.175-192
31. Polanyi, K. (2001). The great transformation: The political and economic origins of our time. Beacon Press.
32. Randall, N., & Sloam, J. (2009). New labour, the third way and social democracy: An ideological assessment. In T. Casey (Ed.), The Blair legacy: Politics, policy, governance, and foreign affairs (pp. 94–106). Palgrave Macmillan.
33. Roth, S. (2018). Introduction: contemporary counter-movements in the age of Brexit and Trump. Sociological Research Online, 23(2), 496–506. https://doi.org/10.1177/1360780418768828
34. Schmidt, V. A. (2014). Speaking to the markets or to the people? A discursive institutionalist analysis of the EU’s sovereign debt crisis. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 16(1), 188–209. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-856X.12023
35. Tyler, I. (2015). Classificatory struggles: Class, culture and inequality in neoliberal times. The Sociological Review, 63(2), 493–511. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-954X.12296
36. Wallerstein, I. (2013). Structural crisis or why capitalists may no longer find capitalism rewarding. In I. Wallerstein, R. Collins, M. Mann, G. Derluguian & C. Calhoun (Eds.), Does Capitalism Have A Future? (pp. 1–19). Oxford University Press.
37. van Dijk, T. A. (2001). Discourse, ideology, and context. Folia Linguistica, 35(1-2), 11–40. https://doi.org/10.1515/flin.2001.35.1-2.11
38. Wang, H. (2023). On German national image self-shaping from the perspective of multimodal discourse analysis: A case study of German chancellor Scholz's tweets. Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences, 17, 243–253. https://doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v17i.10665
39. Wodak, R., & Meyer, M. (2015). Critical discourse studies: History, agenda, theory and methodology. In R. Wodak & M. Meyer (Eds.), Methods of critical discourse studies (3rd ed., pp. 2–23). SAGE Publications.
40. Macron, E. (2017). Full interview, president Emmanuel Macron of France [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pe_MAYfj2AE
41. Macron, E. (2020, November 16). La doctrine Macron : une conversation avec le président Français. Le Grand Continent. https://www.legrandcontinent.eu/fr/2020/11/16/macron/
42. Macron, E. (2022a). «Face aux Françaises», entretien exclusif d'Emmanuel Macron pour Elle et LCI [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXp63GS7pdU&t=4s
43. Macron, E. (2022b). Emmanuel Macron: The 60 minutes interview [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MRgjUQ6kzeA
44. Macron, E. (2023a). Emmanuel Macron s'adresse aux Français dans le JT de 13H [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OInY0FHey_g
45. Macron, E. (2023b). Exclusive interview of Emmanuel Macron on France 24 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ehuKw_VEkM
46. Macron, E. (2023c). L'interview d'Emmanuel Macron au 20H de TF1 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DXTMIiVtlOY
47. Rutte, M. (2017). Het Mark Rutte interview: Kiezen met Vice [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eAcd9hu60Ns
48. Rutte, M. (2019a, January 24). CNBC interview with Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte from the World Economic Forum 2019. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/24/cnbc-interview-with-dutch-prime-minister-mark-rutte-from-the-world-economic-forum-2019.html
49. Rutte, M. (2019b). Europe in a changing global context - A conversation with PM Mark Rutte [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qO7JD4hPS3Y
50. Rutte, M. (2019c). Address by Mark Rutte, prime minister of the Netherlands [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9YrsyjkI_M
51. Rutte, M. (2021). Integrale persconferentie van formateur Mark Rutte van 17 december 2021 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jdtCb3tpQbw
52. Rutte, M. (2022a). 60 minutes with the prime minister of the Netherlands Mark Rutte [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e0vkthBlFGs
53. Rutte, M. (2022b, November 7). Dutch PM to address ‘issue of tech’ with US, Asia [Video]. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2022-11-07/dutch-pm-to-address-issue-of-tech-with-us-asia
54. Sánchez, P. (2019). Debate on the future of Europe: Opening statement by Pedro Sánchez, Spanish prime minister [Video]. European Parliament Multimedia Centre. https://multimedia.europarl.europa.eu/en/video/debate-on-the-future-of-europe-opening-statement-by-pedro-sanchez-spanish-prime-minister_I166569
55. Sánchez, P. (2020). H.E. Mr Pedro Sánchez, prime minister of Spain - Gem 2020 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9MWUqyKAnVA
56. Sánchez, P. (2021). Spanish prime minister Pedro Sánchez speaks with Reuters [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDDX_uqEoqU
57. Sánchez, P. (2022a). CNBC's full interview with Spain's PM Pedro Sánchez from Davos [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zOpvYeN1ra8
58. Sánchez, P. (2022b). Discurso del presidente del gobierno de España, Pedro Sánchez, en la cumbre climática COP27 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TGCZgkxx6ig
59. Sánchez, P. (2023). Spain PM Pedro Sánchez speech | Sánchez Madrid election rally [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJIlxaDDTy0
60. Scholz, O. (2022a). German chancellor Olaf Scholz addresses parliament ahead of G7, NATO summits [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iE-kTINCHIA
61. Scholz, O. (2022b, August 29). Speech by Federal Chancellor Olaf Scholz at the Charles University in Prague. The Federal Government. https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-en/news/scholz-speech-prague-charles-university-2080752
62. Scholz, O. (2023a). German chancellor Olaf Scholz speaks in exclusive interview [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jhRrvcQoq0
63. Scholz, O. (2023b). German chancellor Olaf Scholz speech at World Economic Forum [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qzSx0ZA0qEo
64. Scholz, O. (2023c). Germany - Chancellor addresses United Nations general debate, 78th session [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lBdL82kdwG4
65. Scholz, O. (2023d). Scholz: Frieden durch gespräche möglich | ZDF-Sommerinterview [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MM90ot5xYgc
66. Scholz, O. (2023e). This is Europe [Video]. European Parliament Multimedia Centre. https://multimedia.europarl.europa.eu/en/video/this-is-europe-debate-with-olaf-scholz-german-federal-chancellor-statement-by-olaf-scholz-german-federal-chancellor_I240386