Eco-Innovation Indicators and Eco-Innovation Efficiency in Turkey

Öz

The purpose of this study is to evaluate eco-innovation indicators of Turkey and to determine eco-innovation efficiency. Turkey has a better position in some of the components of Eco-IS Index than the EU countries that are known as catching up. However, in some components, Turkey lags behind these countries. Eco-innovation activities in Turkey decreased significantly in recent years, and moving away from active status. To increase the eco-innovation performance and to get ahead of the mean of Eco-IS components for EU countries, Turkey needs to increase the proportion of researchers and public spending in research and development.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Eco-innovation
• Data Envelopment Analysis
• Environmental Analysis

Türkiye’de Eko-İnovasyon Göstergeleri ve Eko-İnovasyon Etkinliği

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’nin eko-inovasyon göstergelerinin değerlendirilmesi ve eko-inovasyon etkinliğinin belirlenmesidir. Türkiye, Eco-IS endeksi bileşenlerinden bazılarında eko-inovasyonu yakalayan AB ülkelerinden iyi konumda olmasına karşın bazılarında eko-inovasyonu yakalayan ülkelerin de gerisinde kalmaktadır. Türkiye’de eko-inovasyon etkinliği son yıllarda önemli ölçüde azalarak etkin durumdan uzaklaşılmaktadır. Türkiye’nin eko-inovasyonda etkin duruma geçebilmesi ve Eco-IS endeksi bileşenlerinde AB ülkeleri ortalamalarını yakalayabilmesi için Ar-Ge personel oranı ve kamu Ar-Ge harcamalarının artırılması gerekmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Eko-inovasyon
• Veri Zarflama Analizi
• Çevre Performansı

Kaynakça

1. Aguilera-Caracuel, J. ve Ortiz-de-Mandojana, N. (2013), “Green Innovation and Financial Performance: An İnstitutional Approach”, Organization & Environment, Vol. 26, No.4: 365-385.
2. Álvarez-Herránz, A., Balsalobre, D., Cantos, J. M., ve Shahbaz, M. (2017), “Energy İnnovations-GHG Emissions Nexus: Fresh Empirical Evidence From OECD Countries”, Energy Policy, Vol.101: 90-100.
3. Andersen, M.M. (2006), “Eco-Innovation Indicators”, European Environment Agency.https://backend.orbit.dtu.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/115329898/2007_115_report.pdf, (Erişim:20.10.2020)
4. Arundel, A. ve Kemp, R. (2009). Measuring Eco-Innovation. UNU-MERIT Working Paper Series-017.
5. Ashford, N.A. (1993), “Understanding Technological Responses of Industrial Firms to Environmental Problems: Implications for Government Policy”, (Ed. Fischer K. & Schot J.), Environmental Strategies For Industry: International Perspectives on Research Needs and Policy Implications, Washington: Island Press:277-307.
6. Atalla, T., ve Bean, P. (2017), “Determinants of Energy Productivity in 39 Countries: An Empirical Investigation. Energy Economics”, Vol.62: 217-229.
7. Banker, R. D., Charnes, A., ve Cooper, W. W. (1984), ”Some Models for Estimating Technical and Scale Inefficiencies in Data Envelopment Analysis” ,Management Science, Vol.30, No.9: 1078–1092.
8. Basso L.C., Santos, D. F. L., Kimura, H. ve Braga, A. C. S. (2013), “Eco-Innovation in Brazil: The Creation of an Index”, SSRN: 2284336

9. Carrillo-Labella, R., Fort, F., ve Parras-Rosa, M. (2020), “Motives, Barriers and Expected Benefits of ISO 14001 in the Agri-food sector. Sustainability”, Vol.12 No.5: 1724.
10. CEC (Commission of the European Communities) (2004), “Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions Stimulating Technologies for Sustainable Development: An Environmental Technologies Action Plan for the European Union”, COM(2004) 38 final
11. Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W., ve Rhodes, E. (1978), “Measuring the Efficiency of Decision Making Units. European Journal of Operational Research”, Vol.2: 429–444.
12. Charter, M. ve Clark, T. (2007), ”Sustainable Innovation: Key Conclusions from Sustainable Innovation Conferences 2003–2006”, Organised by the Centre for Sustainable Design, The Centre for Sustainable Design, University College For The Creative Arts.
13. Cooper, W. W., Li, S., Tone, K., Thrall, R. M., & Zhu, J. (2001), ”Sensitivity and Stability Analysis in DEA : Some Recent Developments”, Journal for Productivity Analysis, Vol.15: 217–246.
14. Çankaya, S. Y. ve Sezen, B. (2015), “Ekolojik Yenilik ile Sürdürülebilirlik Performansı Arasındaki İlişkide Çevresel Belirsizliğin Moderatör Etkisi”, Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, C.11, S.24: 111-134.
15. Del Río González, P. (2005), “Analysing the Factors Influencing Clean Technology Adoption: A Study of the Spanish Pulp and Paper Industry”, Business Strategy and the Environment, Vol.14, No.1: 20-37.
16. DeSimone, L.D. ve Popoff, F. (2000), ”Eco-efficiency: The Business Linkto Sustainable Development” , MIT Press Development WBCFS,Cambridge.
17. Díaz-García, C., González-Moreno, Á. ve Sáez-Martínez, F. J. (2015), “Eco-Innovation: Insights from A Literature Review”, Innovation: Management, Policy & Practice, Vol.17 No.1: 6-23.
18. Ekins, P. (2010), “Eco-Innovation for Environmental Sustainability: Concepts, Progress and Policies. International Economics and Economic Policy”, Vo.7 No.2: 267-290.
19. EIO, (2010), “Methodological Report. Eco-Innovation Observatory. Funded by the European Commission, DG Environment, Brussels”, https://www.eco-innovation.eu/index.php/reports (Erişim:15.07.2020).
20. EIO (2018), “Eco-Innovation of Products: Case Studies and Policy Lessons from EU Member States for a Product Policy Framework that Contributes to a Circular Economy. Eco-Innovation Observatory, Funded by the European Commission”, DG Environment, Brussels. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/ecoap/sites/default/files/documents/eio_report_2018.pdf, (Erişim:15.07.2020).
21. Eurostat. (Tarih Yok), “Database”, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, (Erişim: 16.06.2020).
22. Freeman, C. (1996), “The Greening of Technology and Models of Innovation”, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol.53, No.1: 27-39.
23. Frondel, M., Horbach, J. ve Rennings, K. (2007), “End‐of‐Pipe or Cleaner Production? An Empirical Comparison of Environmental Innovation Decisions Across OECD Countries”, Business Strategy and the Environment, Vol.16, No.8: 571-584.
24. Fussler, C. ve James, P. (1996)” Driving eco-innovation: A Breakthrough Discipline for Innovation and Sustainability”, London: Pitman Publishing.
25. Geffen, C. A. ve Rothenberg, S. (2000), “Suppliers and Environmental Innovation: The Automotive Paint Process”, International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol.20, No.2:166-86.
26. Hellström, T. (2007), “Dimensions Of Environmentally Sustainable Innovation: The Structure of Eco‐Innovation Concepts”, Sustainable Development, Vol.15, No.3:148-159.
27. Horbach, J. (2008), “Determinants of Environmental Innovation—New Evidence from German Panel Data Sources” Research Policy, Vol.37, No.1: 163-173.
28. Horbach, J., Rammer, C. ve Rennings, K. (2012), “Determinants of Eco-Innovations by Type of Environmental Impact—The Role Of Regulatory Push/Pull, Technology Push and Market Pull”, Ecological Economics, Vol.78:112-122.
29. Huppes G, Kleijn R, Huele R, Ekins P, Shaw B, Esders ve M, Schaltegger S (2008), “Measuring Eco-Innovation: Framework and Typology of Indicators Based On Causal Chains”, Final Report ff the Ecodrive Project, CML, Leiden University, https://www.eco-innovation.eu/wiki/images/Ecodrive_final_report.pdf (Erişim:17.07.2020).
30. ISO (2019) “ISO Survey Report”, https://www.iso.org/the-iso-survey.html (Erişim Tarihi: 01/07/2020).
31. İncekara, A. ve Hobikoğlu, E. H. (2014), “Sürdürülebilir Ekonomik Kalkınma Belirleyicisi Olarak Eko İnovasyonun Önemi: Dünya ve Türkiye Örneği”, International Conference on Eurasian Economies, 1-2 Haziran 2014, Makedonya.
32. Kemp, R. ve Oltra, V. (2011), “Research Insights and Challenges on Eco-Innovation Dynamics”, Industry and Innovation, Vol.18, No.03: 249-253. Kemp, R. ve Pearson, P. (2007), “Final Report MEI Project about Measuring Eco-Innovation”, https://www.oecd.org/env/consumption-innovation/43960830.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 21.09.2020).
33. Kiani Mavi, R., & Kiani Mavi, N. (2021), “National Eco-Innovation Analysis with Big Data: A Common-Weights Model For Dynamic DEA”, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol.162: 120369.
34. Kowalska, A. (2014), “Implementing Eco-Innovations. Determinants and Effects”, Roczniki Naukowe Stowarzyszenia Ekonomistów Rolnictwa i Agrobiznesu, Vol.16, No.3: 153-158.
35. Kuo, T. C. ve Smith, S. (2018), “A Systematic Review of Technologies Involving Eco-Innovation for Enterprises Moving Towards Sustainability”, Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol.192: 207-220.
36. Meadows D.H., Meadows D.L., Randers J., Behrens W.W. (1972), “The Limits to Growth”, New York: Universe Books. M'Gonigle, M. ve Dempsey, J. (2003), “Ecological Innovation in an Age of Bureaucratic Closure: The Case of the Global Forest”, Studies in Political Economy, Vol.70, No.1: 97-124.
37. Nie, P. Y., Chen, Y. H., Yang, Y. C., & Wang, X. H. (2016), “Subsidies in Carbon Finance for Promoting Renewable Energy Development”, Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol.139: 677-684.
38. Oslo Manual (2005), ”Guidelines for Collecting and İnterpreting İnnovation Data”, OECD:Paris, https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/oslo-manual_9789264013100-en (Erişim Tarihi:21.09.2020).
39. Oltra, V. ve Saint Jean, M. (2009), “Sectoral Systems of Environmental Innovation: An Application to the French Automotive Industry”, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol.76 No.4: 567-583.
40. Park, M. S., Bleischwitz, R., Han, K. J., Jang, E. K. ve Joo, J. H. (2017). “Eco-Innovation Indices as Tools for Measuring Eco-Innovation”, Sustainability, Vol.9, No.12: 2206.
41. Picazo-Tadeo, A. J., Castillo-Giménez, J., & Beltrán-Esteve, M. (2014), “An Intertemporal Approach to Measuring Environmental Performance With Directional Distance Functions : Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the European Union”, Ecological Economics, Vol.100: 173–182.
42. Preuss, L. (2007), “Contribution of Purchasing and Supply Management to Ecological Innovation”, International Journal of Innovation Management, Vol.11, No.04: 515-537.
43. Reid, A. ve Miedzinski, M. (2008). “Eco-Innovatıon Final Report for Sectoral Innovatıon Watch”. Systematic Eco-Innovation Report, Technopolis Group.
44. Rennings, K. (1998), “Towards A Theory and Policy of Eco-İnnovation-Neoclassical and (Co-) Evolutionary Perspectives”, ZEW Discussion Papers, No.98-24.
45. Rennings, K. (2000), “Redefining Innovation—Eco-Innovation Research and the Contribution from Ecological Economics”, Ecological Economics, Vol.32, No.2: 319-332.
46. Rennings, K., Ziegler, A., Ankele, K., ve Hoffmann, E. (2006), “The Influence of Different Characteristics of the EU Environmental Management and Auditing Scheme On Technical Environmental Innovations and Economic Performance”, Ecological Economics, Vol.57, No.1: 45-59.
47. Sáez-Martínez, F. J., Ferrari, G. ve Mondéjar-Jiménez, J. (2015), “Eco-İnnovation: Trends and Approaches for A Field of Study”, Innovation: Management Policy. &Practice, Vol.17, No.1: 1-5.
48. Schiederig, T., Tietze, F. ve Herstatt, C. (2012), “Green Innovation in Technology and Innovation Management–An Exploratory Literature Review”, R&D Management, Vol.42, No.2: 180-192.
49. Smol, M., Kulczycka, J., & Avdiushchenko, A. (2017), “Circular Economy Indicators in Relation to Eco-İnnovation in European Regions”, Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, Vol.19, No.3: 669-678.
50. Spaini, C., Markianidou, P. ve Asel, D. (2018). “EU Eco-Innovation Index: 2018 version, Technical Note”. Technopolis Group. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/ecoap/sites/ecoap_stayconnected/files/ecoi_index_eu_2018_technical_note.pdf (Erişim Tarihi:14.05.2020).
51. Svedin, U. (1991), “The Contextual Features of the Economy-Ecology Dialogue. Linking the Natural Environment and the Economy”, (Ed.Folke C. & Kaberger T.), Essays From The Eco-Eco Group, Dordrecht: Springer:3-19.
52. Triguero, A., Moreno-Mondéjar, L. ve Davia, M. A. (2013), “Drivers of Different Types of Eco-Innovation in European Smes”, Ecological Economics, Vol.92:25-33.
53. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (2011), “Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication”, https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/report/towards-green-economy-pathways-sustainable-development-and-poverty-eradication-10 (Erişim Tarihi: 11.02.2020).
54. WCED, (1987), “Our Common Future, World Commission on Environment and Development”, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Welford, R. (1997), “Hijacking Environmentalism: Corporate Responses to Sustainable Development” Routledge, London.
55. Yang, F., & Yang, M. (2015), “Analysis on China ’ s Eco-Innovations : Regulation Context, Intertemporal Change and Regional Differences”, European Journal of Operational Research, Vol.247, No.3: 1003–1012.
56. Yang, X., He, L., Xia, Y., & Chen, Y. (2019)”, “Effect of Government Subsidies on Renewable Energy Investments: The Threshold Effect”, Energy Policy, Vol.132:156-166.
57. Yiğit, S. (2014). “İnovasyonun Çevreci Yüzü ve Türkiye”. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İİBF, Yönetim ve Ekonomi, C.21, S.1: 251-265. Yurdakul, M. (2019). “İşletmelerde Sürdürülebilirliğin Sağlanmasında Eko İnovasyon Uygulamaları: Bir Model Önerisi”. İşletme Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, C.1:15-33.
58. Ziółkowski, B. (2013). The World Trends in Eco-Innovation Assessment. Modern Management Review, Vol.20, No.1:153-162.