BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Ar‐Ge Harcamaları ve Vergi Teşvikleri: Belirli Ülkeler Karşısında Türkiye’nin Durumu

Yıl 2009, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 29 - 48, 01.10.2009

Öz

Günümüz ekonomileri yoğun bir rekabet ile karşı karşıyadırlar. Bu durum sadece küreselleşmenin getirdiği rekabet değil aynı zamanda bilgi ve teknolojik alandaki gelişimin bir sonucudur. Bu yeni rekabet, araştırma geliştirme Ar‐Ge faali‐ yetlerine daha fazla önem vermeyi gerektirmiş‐ tir. Araştırma geliştirme yatırımları bir ülkenin gelişmişlik düzeyini önemli ölçüde etkiler. Ar‐Ge faaliyetlerinden elde edilen bilgi ve tekno‐ lojik buluşların dışlanamama ve tüketimlerinde rekabetin olmaması gibi özellikleri, kamusal mal grubu içinde yer almalarına yol açmaktadır. Bu nedenle üretimleri kamu müdahalesi gerektirir. Bu müdahale iki şekilde gerçekleşmektedir. Birincisi Ar‐Ge faaliyetlerinin devlet tarafından sunulması, ikincisi özel sektör Ar‐Ge faaliyetleri‐ nin çeşitli teşvik politikalarıyla desteklenmesidir. Son yıllarda birçok OECD ve AB ülkesi Ar‐Ge faaliyetlerini teşvik politikalarında doğrudan sübvansiyonlar yerine vergi teşviklerini tercih etmektedir. Ayrıca teşvik politikalarını yeniden gözden geçirerek etkinliğini arttırma çabası içine girmişlerdir. Türkiye’de de uzun bir süre ihmal edilen Ar‐Ge alanını teşvik için birtakım düzen‐ lemeler yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmada sözkonusu düzenlemelerin yeterliliği incelenmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Atkinson, R.D. (April, 2007), “Expanding the R&D Tax Credit to Drive Innovation, Competitiveness and Prosperity”, The Information Technoloji and Innovation Foundation, 1‐13.
  • BJK Associates (2002), The Influence of R&D Expenditures on New Firm Formationand Economic Growth, Washington, DC: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration.
  • Cohen, Wesley M. and Daniel A. Levinthal (1989), “Innovation and Learninig: The Two Facesof R&D”, The Economic Journal, 569‐596.
  • DPT, 9. Kalkınma Planı ve DPT Tarafından Verilen AR‐GE Destekleri, http://www.biyomut2008.org/pdf/pelin_deveci_DPT.pdf., erişim tar: 26.05.2009.
  • Elschner Christina and Christof Ernst (2008), The Impact of R&D Tax Incentives on R & D Costs and Income Tax Burden, Centre for European Economic Research, Discussion Paper No. 08‐124.
  • “Entrepreneurship, Knowledge and Economic Growth” (August 2007) CESİS Electronic Working Paper Series, http://www.infra.kth.se/cesis/documents/WP102.pdf, erişim tar: 1.10.2009.
  • Eurostat (2007), Research & Development in the EU:preliminary Results.
  • Goel, Rajeev K. and Rati Ram (1994), “Research and Development Expenditures and Economic Growth: A Cross Country Study”, Economic Development and Cultural Change ,Vol. 42, No.2, pp.403.411
  • Griffith, R., S.Redding, and J. Van Reenen, (2000), Mapping the two faces of R&D: productivity growth in a panel of OECD industries, Centre for Economic Policy Research, Discussion Paper no. 2457.
  • Gündoğdu, Burhan (Aralık, 2008), “ Uluslararası Araştırma ve Geliştirme (Ar‐Ge) Teşvikleri”, Yaklaşım, 192.
  • Jones, Charles I. (1995), “ R & D‐ Based Models of Economic Growth”, The Journal of Political Economy, Vol.103, No.4, 759‐784.
  • Kılınç, Nurcan. “ Yeni Ekonomi: Piyasa, Rekabet ve Ar‐Ge”, http://paribus.tr.googlepages.com/kılnc.doc. erişim tar: 10.05.2009.
  • Krugman, P. R., and M.Obstfeld, (2003), International Economics Theory and Policy, Boston.
  • Mohnen, Pierre and Boris Lokshin (2009), What Does It Take For an R&D Tax Incentive Policy to be Effective, United Nations University, Working Paper Series, 1‐32.
  • OECD (2002), Tax Incentives For Reserach and Development: Trends and Issues, http://www.metutech.metu.edu.tr/download/tax%20incentives%20for%20R&D.p df. erişim tar: 12.03.2009.
  • OECD (2007), OECD Science, Technology and Industry: Scoreboard 2007 Edition, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/63/0/39527286.pdf. erişim tar. 21.06.2009.
  • OECD (2008a), Bilim, Teknoloji ve Sanayi Görünüm Raporu, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/19/58/41553445.pdf, erişim tar: 20.05.2009.
  • OECD (2008 b), Main Science and Technology İndicators.
  • OECD (2009), OECD Factbook 2009: Economic, Enviromental and Social Statistics.
  • http://www.oecd.org/document/10/0,3343,en_2649_34487_40401674_1_1_1_1, 00.html
  • Research and Development in Ontario, http://www.londonedc.com/statpub/publications/pdf/LifeSciencesRDOntario.pdf. erişim tar. 04.05.2009.
  • Rosenberg, Nathan (2004), “Innovation and Economic Growth”, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/55/49/34267902.pdf., erişim tar: 05.10.2009.
  • Saygılı, Şeref (2003), Bilgi Ekonomisine Geçiş Sürecinde Türkiye Ekonomisinin Dün‐ yadaki Konumu, Uzmanlık Tezi, Yayın no. DPT 2675.
  • Stiglitz, J. E. (1999), “Knowledge as a Global Public Good”, Global Public Goods, (Ed: Inge Kaul, Isabelle Grunberg, Marc A. Stern), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 308‐326.
  • Stokey, L. Nancy (Jul. ,1995), “R&D and Economic Growth”, The Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 62, No.3. pp.469‐489.
  • Sylwester, Kevin (2001), R&D and Economic Growth, http://www.springerlink.com/content/06mnyapnkjf4xjxk/fulltext.pdf, erişim tar: 12.04.2009.
  • Szarowská, Irena (t.y.), Research And Development Expendıture And Cooperatıon Of Publıc And Prıvate Sector In R&D In The Czech Republıc, http://dspace‐ unipr.cilea.it/bitstream/1889/852/1/SZAROW~1.PDF. erişim tar: 04.04.2009.
  • Tax Treatment of Research & Development Expenses, (December, 2004), http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_custos/resorces/documents/eu_rd_find_rep_dec_2 004.pdf.
  • Torun, Hasan ve Cumhur Çiçekçi (2007), “Innovation: is the Engine For The Economic Growth” http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/iletisimgm/Innovation.pdf, eri‐ şim tar: 04.04.2009.
  • TUİK, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=1944. World Bank, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf.
  • Yücel, İsmail Hakkı (2006), Türkiye’de Bilim Teknoloji Politikaları ve İktisadi Geliş‐ menin Yönü, Uzmanlık Tezi, Yayın No. DPT 2690.
  • 28 Şubat 2008 tarih ve 26814 sayılı Resmi Gazete’nin 5746 sayılı Kanunu .
  • 6 Temmuz 2001 tarih ve 24454 sayılı Resmi Gazetenin 4691 sayılı Kanunu

R&D Expenditures and Tax Incentives: Turkey’s Situation in the front of Different Countries

Yıl 2009, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 29 - 48, 01.10.2009

Öz

The current economies have been faced with an intensive competition. This case is a result of not only the competition created by globalization, but also of the improvement in the knowledge and technology area. This new competition needs more attention paid to Research and Development R&D activities. R&D investments have a rather important effect on the level of development of a country. R&D activities are called to take place in public goods cathegory for the fact that they have such features as non‐excludability of knowledge and technological inventions and non‐rivalry in consumption. Therefore, the production of knowledge and technological inventions requires public intervention. This intervention occurs in two ways. The first way is that R&D activities can be provided by the government. The second is that the R&D activities in private sector can be supported by various incentive policies. In recent years, most OECD and European Union countries have preferred tax incentives rather than direct subsidies. And these countries revise their incen‐tive policies and start effort towards increase the efficiency of their tax incentives. In Turkey some arrangements have been realized in order to promote the R&D field, which has been ne‐glected for a long time. The sufficiency of these arrangements is investigated in this study.

Kaynakça

  • Atkinson, R.D. (April, 2007), “Expanding the R&D Tax Credit to Drive Innovation, Competitiveness and Prosperity”, The Information Technoloji and Innovation Foundation, 1‐13.
  • BJK Associates (2002), The Influence of R&D Expenditures on New Firm Formationand Economic Growth, Washington, DC: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration.
  • Cohen, Wesley M. and Daniel A. Levinthal (1989), “Innovation and Learninig: The Two Facesof R&D”, The Economic Journal, 569‐596.
  • DPT, 9. Kalkınma Planı ve DPT Tarafından Verilen AR‐GE Destekleri, http://www.biyomut2008.org/pdf/pelin_deveci_DPT.pdf., erişim tar: 26.05.2009.
  • Elschner Christina and Christof Ernst (2008), The Impact of R&D Tax Incentives on R & D Costs and Income Tax Burden, Centre for European Economic Research, Discussion Paper No. 08‐124.
  • “Entrepreneurship, Knowledge and Economic Growth” (August 2007) CESİS Electronic Working Paper Series, http://www.infra.kth.se/cesis/documents/WP102.pdf, erişim tar: 1.10.2009.
  • Eurostat (2007), Research & Development in the EU:preliminary Results.
  • Goel, Rajeev K. and Rati Ram (1994), “Research and Development Expenditures and Economic Growth: A Cross Country Study”, Economic Development and Cultural Change ,Vol. 42, No.2, pp.403.411
  • Griffith, R., S.Redding, and J. Van Reenen, (2000), Mapping the two faces of R&D: productivity growth in a panel of OECD industries, Centre for Economic Policy Research, Discussion Paper no. 2457.
  • Gündoğdu, Burhan (Aralık, 2008), “ Uluslararası Araştırma ve Geliştirme (Ar‐Ge) Teşvikleri”, Yaklaşım, 192.
  • Jones, Charles I. (1995), “ R & D‐ Based Models of Economic Growth”, The Journal of Political Economy, Vol.103, No.4, 759‐784.
  • Kılınç, Nurcan. “ Yeni Ekonomi: Piyasa, Rekabet ve Ar‐Ge”, http://paribus.tr.googlepages.com/kılnc.doc. erişim tar: 10.05.2009.
  • Krugman, P. R., and M.Obstfeld, (2003), International Economics Theory and Policy, Boston.
  • Mohnen, Pierre and Boris Lokshin (2009), What Does It Take For an R&D Tax Incentive Policy to be Effective, United Nations University, Working Paper Series, 1‐32.
  • OECD (2002), Tax Incentives For Reserach and Development: Trends and Issues, http://www.metutech.metu.edu.tr/download/tax%20incentives%20for%20R&D.p df. erişim tar: 12.03.2009.
  • OECD (2007), OECD Science, Technology and Industry: Scoreboard 2007 Edition, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/63/0/39527286.pdf. erişim tar. 21.06.2009.
  • OECD (2008a), Bilim, Teknoloji ve Sanayi Görünüm Raporu, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/19/58/41553445.pdf, erişim tar: 20.05.2009.
  • OECD (2008 b), Main Science and Technology İndicators.
  • OECD (2009), OECD Factbook 2009: Economic, Enviromental and Social Statistics.
  • http://www.oecd.org/document/10/0,3343,en_2649_34487_40401674_1_1_1_1, 00.html
  • Research and Development in Ontario, http://www.londonedc.com/statpub/publications/pdf/LifeSciencesRDOntario.pdf. erişim tar. 04.05.2009.
  • Rosenberg, Nathan (2004), “Innovation and Economic Growth”, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/55/49/34267902.pdf., erişim tar: 05.10.2009.
  • Saygılı, Şeref (2003), Bilgi Ekonomisine Geçiş Sürecinde Türkiye Ekonomisinin Dün‐ yadaki Konumu, Uzmanlık Tezi, Yayın no. DPT 2675.
  • Stiglitz, J. E. (1999), “Knowledge as a Global Public Good”, Global Public Goods, (Ed: Inge Kaul, Isabelle Grunberg, Marc A. Stern), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 308‐326.
  • Stokey, L. Nancy (Jul. ,1995), “R&D and Economic Growth”, The Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 62, No.3. pp.469‐489.
  • Sylwester, Kevin (2001), R&D and Economic Growth, http://www.springerlink.com/content/06mnyapnkjf4xjxk/fulltext.pdf, erişim tar: 12.04.2009.
  • Szarowská, Irena (t.y.), Research And Development Expendıture And Cooperatıon Of Publıc And Prıvate Sector In R&D In The Czech Republıc, http://dspace‐ unipr.cilea.it/bitstream/1889/852/1/SZAROW~1.PDF. erişim tar: 04.04.2009.
  • Tax Treatment of Research & Development Expenses, (December, 2004), http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_custos/resorces/documents/eu_rd_find_rep_dec_2 004.pdf.
  • Torun, Hasan ve Cumhur Çiçekçi (2007), “Innovation: is the Engine For The Economic Growth” http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/iletisimgm/Innovation.pdf, eri‐ şim tar: 04.04.2009.
  • TUİK, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=1944. World Bank, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf.
  • Yücel, İsmail Hakkı (2006), Türkiye’de Bilim Teknoloji Politikaları ve İktisadi Geliş‐ menin Yönü, Uzmanlık Tezi, Yayın No. DPT 2690.
  • 28 Şubat 2008 tarih ve 26814 sayılı Resmi Gazete’nin 5746 sayılı Kanunu .
  • 6 Temmuz 2001 tarih ve 24454 sayılı Resmi Gazetenin 4691 sayılı Kanunu
Toplam 33 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Simla Güzel Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ekim 2009
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2009 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Güzel, S. (2009). Ar‐Ge Harcamaları ve Vergi Teşvikleri: Belirli Ülkeler Karşısında Türkiye’nin Durumu. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 4(2), 29-48.