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Elitlerin Etnik Kimlikleri Manipülasyonu: Suriye Örneği

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1, 87 - 103, 01.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.17153/oguiibf.1198111

Öz

Elitler neden belirli etnik kimlikleri manipüle eder ve bu manipülasyon nasıl gerçekleşir? İlgili literatür elitlerin etnik kimlikleri kendi siyasal ve maddi çıkarlarını maksimize etmek için manipüle ettiğini iddia ederken, neden etnik kimliklerin seçildiğini ve manipülasyonun nasıl gerçekleştiğini yeterince açıklayamamaktadır. Bu çalışmada 2011 yılında barışçıl gösteriler olarak başlayan ve kısa bir süre sonra kanlı bir iç çatışmaya dönüşen Suriye iç savaşı örnek olay olarak incelenmiştir. Bu minvalde Suriyeli mülteciler ile yapılan mülakatlar ve incelenen ikincil kaynaklar sonucunda, Beşar Esad liderliğindeki rejimin iktidarını devam ettirebilmek adına, göstericileri ve muhalefeti bölmek amacıyla Sünnileri yalnızlaştırarak Alevi ve diğer azınlıkların kendi tarafına çekmeye çalıştığı anlaşılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Arjona, A., Mampilly, Z., & Pearlman, W. (2018). Research in Violent or Post-Conflict Political Settings. American Political Science Association.
  • Balcells, L. (2012). The Consequences of Victimization on Political Identities: Evidence from Spain. Politics & Society, 311-347.
  • Bennett, A., & Checkel, J. T. (2015). Process Tracing: From Metaphor to Analytic Tool. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Byman, D. (2019). Road Warriors: Foreign Fighters in the Army of Jihad. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Cederman, L.-E., & Vogt, M. (2017). Dynamics and Logics of Civil War. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 1992-2016.
  • Chandra, K. (2012). Constructivist Theories of Ethnic Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Corstange, D., & York, E. A. (2018). Sectarian Framing in the Syrian CivilWar. American Journal of Political Science, 62(2), 441–455.
  • Droz-Vincent, P. (2014). “State of Barbary” (Take Two): From the Arab Spring to the Return of Violence in Syria. MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL, 68(1), 33-58.
  • Editors, M. (2011, October 8). Syria's Torment. Retrieved April 2020, from MERIP: https://merip.org/2011/08/syrias-torment/
  • Fearon, J. D., & Laitin, D. D. (2000). Violence and the Social Construction of Ethnic Identity. International Organization, 845-877.
  • Fujii, L. A. (2010). Shades of truth and lies: Interpreting testimonies of war and violence. Journal of Peace Research, 47(2), 231-241.
  • Fujii, L. A. (2018). Interviewing in Social Science Research. New York: Routledge.
  • HINNEBUSCH, R. (2012). Syria: from 'authoritarian upgrading' to revolution? International Affairs, 88(1), 95-113.
  • Ismail, R., Jebaie, J., Mehchy, Z., & Nasser, R. (2017). The Conflict Impact on Social Capital: Social Degradation in Syria. Damascus: Syrian Center for Policy Research.
  • Ismail, S. (2011). The Syrian Uprising: Imagining and Performing the Nation. Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism, 11(3), 538-549.
  • Kalin, M., & Sambanis, N. (2018). How to Think About Social Identity. Annual Review of Political Science, 239–57.
  • Kataria, S. (2018). Explaining Ethnicity: Primordialism vs. Instrumentalism. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 5(4), 130-135.
  • Kaufmann, C. (1996). Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Civil Wars. International Security, 136-175.
  • Lake, D. A., & Rothchild, D. (1996). Containing Fear: The Origins and Management of Ethnic Conflict. International Security, 41-75.
  • Leenders, R. (2013). Social Movement Theory and the Onset of the Popular Uprising in Syria. Arab Studies Quarterly, 35(3), 273-289.
  • Mosley, L. (2013). “Just to Talk People”? Interviews in Contemporary Political Science . In L. Mosley, Interview Research in Political Science (pp. 1-28). New York: Cornell University Press.
  • Nasser, R., Mehchy, Z., & Ismail, K. A. (2013). Socioeconomic Roots and Impacts of the Syrian Crisis. Damascus: The Syrian Center for Policy Research.
  • No108. (2011). Popular Protest in North Africa and the Middle East (VI): The Syrian People’s Slow-motion Revolution. Damascus/Brussels: International Crises Group.
  • No128. (2012). SYRIA’S MUTATING CONFLICT. Damascus/Brussels: International Crises Group.
  • No143. (2013). Syria’s Metastasising Conflicts. Damascus/Cairo/Brussels: International Crises Group.
  • PEARLMAN, W. (2016a). Moral Identity and Protest Cascades in Syria. British Journal of Political Science, 48, 877–901.
  • Pearlman, W. (2016b). Narratives of Fear in Syria. Perspectives on Politics, 14(1), 21-37.
  • Phillips, C. (2015). Sectarianism and conflict in Syria. Third World Quarterly, 36(2), 357-376.
  • SCPR. (2014). Syria Squandering Humanity: Socioeconomic Monitoring Report on Syria. Damascus: Syrian Centre for Policy Research.
  • SCPR. (2015). ALIENATION AND VIOLENCE: IMPACT OF SYRIA CRISIS REPORT 2014. Damascus: SYRIAN CENTER FOR POLICY RESEARCH.
  • Sekulić, D., Massey, G., & Hodson, R. (2006). Ethnic intolerance and ethnic conflict in the dissolution of Yugoslavia. Ethnic and Racial Studies.
  • Stolleis, F. (2015). Playing the Sectarian Card Identities and Affiliations of Local Communities in Syria. Beirut: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.
  • TDA. (2016). Sectarianism in Syria: Survey Study. Istanbul: The Day After.
  • UNHRC. (2011). Report of the independent international commission of inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic. Human Rights Council. United Nations.
  • UNHRC. (2012). Report of the independent international commission of inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic. Human Rights Council. United Nations.
  • UNHRC. (2013a). Report of the independent international commission of inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic. Human Rights Council. United Nations.
  • UNHRC. (2013b). Report of the independent international commission of inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic. Human Rights Council. United Nations.
  • UNHRC. (2017). Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic. Human Rights Council. United Nations.
  • Vick, D., & Ishiyama, J. T. (2010). ETHNIC AND IDENTITY POLITICS. In J. T. Ishiyama, & M. Breuning, 21st Century Political Science: A Reference Handbook. Thousand Oaks, Calif: SAGE Publications, Inc.
  • WILKINSON, S. I. (2004). VOTES AND VIOLENCE: ELECTORAL COMPETITION AND ETHNIC RIOTS IN INDIA. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Williams, D. U. (2015). How Useful are the Main Existing Theories of Ethnic Conflict? Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 4(1), 157-152.
  • Wood, E. J. (2003). Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Wood, E. J. (2006). The Ethical Challenges of Field Research in Conflict Zones. 29(3), 373–386.
  • Wood, E. J. (2008). The Social Processes of CivilWar: TheWartime Transformation of Social Networks. The Annual Review of Political Science, 539–61.

Elite’s Manipulation of Ethnic Identities: The Case of Syria

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1, 87 - 103, 01.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.17153/oguiibf.1198111

Öz

Why and how do elites manipulate certain ethnic identities? While scholars argue that elites manipulate ethnic identities to maximize their material interests, they insufficiently explain how this manipulation operates and why ethnic identities are selected. The case study for this research is the Syrian civil war, which started as a peaceful protest in 2011. The findings of this study, derived from the interviews conducted with Syrian refugees and secondary sources, suggest that the Assad regime in Syria manipulated the ethnic division between Sunnis and Alawites to divide the opposition and isolate the Sunni population from other minorities to maintain their rule in Syria.

Kaynakça

  • Arjona, A., Mampilly, Z., & Pearlman, W. (2018). Research in Violent or Post-Conflict Political Settings. American Political Science Association.
  • Balcells, L. (2012). The Consequences of Victimization on Political Identities: Evidence from Spain. Politics & Society, 311-347.
  • Bennett, A., & Checkel, J. T. (2015). Process Tracing: From Metaphor to Analytic Tool. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Byman, D. (2019). Road Warriors: Foreign Fighters in the Army of Jihad. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Cederman, L.-E., & Vogt, M. (2017). Dynamics and Logics of Civil War. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 1992-2016.
  • Chandra, K. (2012). Constructivist Theories of Ethnic Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Corstange, D., & York, E. A. (2018). Sectarian Framing in the Syrian CivilWar. American Journal of Political Science, 62(2), 441–455.
  • Droz-Vincent, P. (2014). “State of Barbary” (Take Two): From the Arab Spring to the Return of Violence in Syria. MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL, 68(1), 33-58.
  • Editors, M. (2011, October 8). Syria's Torment. Retrieved April 2020, from MERIP: https://merip.org/2011/08/syrias-torment/
  • Fearon, J. D., & Laitin, D. D. (2000). Violence and the Social Construction of Ethnic Identity. International Organization, 845-877.
  • Fujii, L. A. (2010). Shades of truth and lies: Interpreting testimonies of war and violence. Journal of Peace Research, 47(2), 231-241.
  • Fujii, L. A. (2018). Interviewing in Social Science Research. New York: Routledge.
  • HINNEBUSCH, R. (2012). Syria: from 'authoritarian upgrading' to revolution? International Affairs, 88(1), 95-113.
  • Ismail, R., Jebaie, J., Mehchy, Z., & Nasser, R. (2017). The Conflict Impact on Social Capital: Social Degradation in Syria. Damascus: Syrian Center for Policy Research.
  • Ismail, S. (2011). The Syrian Uprising: Imagining and Performing the Nation. Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism, 11(3), 538-549.
  • Kalin, M., & Sambanis, N. (2018). How to Think About Social Identity. Annual Review of Political Science, 239–57.
  • Kataria, S. (2018). Explaining Ethnicity: Primordialism vs. Instrumentalism. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 5(4), 130-135.
  • Kaufmann, C. (1996). Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Civil Wars. International Security, 136-175.
  • Lake, D. A., & Rothchild, D. (1996). Containing Fear: The Origins and Management of Ethnic Conflict. International Security, 41-75.
  • Leenders, R. (2013). Social Movement Theory and the Onset of the Popular Uprising in Syria. Arab Studies Quarterly, 35(3), 273-289.
  • Mosley, L. (2013). “Just to Talk People”? Interviews in Contemporary Political Science . In L. Mosley, Interview Research in Political Science (pp. 1-28). New York: Cornell University Press.
  • Nasser, R., Mehchy, Z., & Ismail, K. A. (2013). Socioeconomic Roots and Impacts of the Syrian Crisis. Damascus: The Syrian Center for Policy Research.
  • No108. (2011). Popular Protest in North Africa and the Middle East (VI): The Syrian People’s Slow-motion Revolution. Damascus/Brussels: International Crises Group.
  • No128. (2012). SYRIA’S MUTATING CONFLICT. Damascus/Brussels: International Crises Group.
  • No143. (2013). Syria’s Metastasising Conflicts. Damascus/Cairo/Brussels: International Crises Group.
  • PEARLMAN, W. (2016a). Moral Identity and Protest Cascades in Syria. British Journal of Political Science, 48, 877–901.
  • Pearlman, W. (2016b). Narratives of Fear in Syria. Perspectives on Politics, 14(1), 21-37.
  • Phillips, C. (2015). Sectarianism and conflict in Syria. Third World Quarterly, 36(2), 357-376.
  • SCPR. (2014). Syria Squandering Humanity: Socioeconomic Monitoring Report on Syria. Damascus: Syrian Centre for Policy Research.
  • SCPR. (2015). ALIENATION AND VIOLENCE: IMPACT OF SYRIA CRISIS REPORT 2014. Damascus: SYRIAN CENTER FOR POLICY RESEARCH.
  • Sekulić, D., Massey, G., & Hodson, R. (2006). Ethnic intolerance and ethnic conflict in the dissolution of Yugoslavia. Ethnic and Racial Studies.
  • Stolleis, F. (2015). Playing the Sectarian Card Identities and Affiliations of Local Communities in Syria. Beirut: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.
  • TDA. (2016). Sectarianism in Syria: Survey Study. Istanbul: The Day After.
  • UNHRC. (2011). Report of the independent international commission of inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic. Human Rights Council. United Nations.
  • UNHRC. (2012). Report of the independent international commission of inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic. Human Rights Council. United Nations.
  • UNHRC. (2013a). Report of the independent international commission of inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic. Human Rights Council. United Nations.
  • UNHRC. (2013b). Report of the independent international commission of inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic. Human Rights Council. United Nations.
  • UNHRC. (2017). Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic. Human Rights Council. United Nations.
  • Vick, D., & Ishiyama, J. T. (2010). ETHNIC AND IDENTITY POLITICS. In J. T. Ishiyama, & M. Breuning, 21st Century Political Science: A Reference Handbook. Thousand Oaks, Calif: SAGE Publications, Inc.
  • WILKINSON, S. I. (2004). VOTES AND VIOLENCE: ELECTORAL COMPETITION AND ETHNIC RIOTS IN INDIA. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Williams, D. U. (2015). How Useful are the Main Existing Theories of Ethnic Conflict? Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 4(1), 157-152.
  • Wood, E. J. (2003). Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Wood, E. J. (2006). The Ethical Challenges of Field Research in Conflict Zones. 29(3), 373–386.
  • Wood, E. J. (2008). The Social Processes of CivilWar: TheWartime Transformation of Social Networks. The Annual Review of Political Science, 539–61.
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ayhan Sarı 0000-0002-8752-7205

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Nisan 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Kasım 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Sarı, A. (2023). Elitlerin Etnik Kimlikleri Manipülasyonu: Suriye Örneği. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 18(1), 87-103. https://doi.org/10.17153/oguiibf.1198111