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İmparatorluk ile Reform Arasında: Ştir Bey’in Eflak İdaresine İlişkin 1827 Tarihli Memorandumu

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 1, 406 - 418, 17.03.2026
https://izlik.org/JA29HF73YU

Öz

Bu makale, Barbu Ştir Bey’in 1827 yılının Aralık ayında Bükreş’teki Rusya Başkonsolosluğu için Fransızca olarak yazdığı Mémoire sur le système administratif de la Valachie başlıklı çalışmasını yeniden ele almaktadır. Bu çalışma, söz konusu memorandumu yalnızca Fanaryot idaresinin son döneminde yaşanan bozulmayı eleştirmek için yazılmış bir metin olarak okumak yerine, Eflak elitlerinin Osmanlı otoritesi ile Rusya’nın desteği arasında reform ve daha fazla özerklik talep etmek için kullandıkları siyasî bir araç olarak yorumlamaktadır. Akkerman Antlaşması ile 1828-1829 Rusya-Osmanlı Savaşı arasındaki diplomatik konjonktüre odaklanan bu çalışma, Ştir Bey’in Eflak’ın iç modernizasyonu üzerine olan idarî tenkidini Rusya’nın “medenileştirme” iddialarıyla ilişkilendirmektedir. Çalışma, arşiv kaynaklarından yararlanarak, memorandumun siyasî manifesto ve reform planı olarak ikili işlevini vurgulamakla beraber Ştir Bey’i Regulamentul Organic düzenine geçişte arabulucu olarak yeniden konumlandırmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Archival Sources
  • Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Voenno-Istoricheskii Arkhiv - RGVIA (Russian State Military Historical Archive), fond 846, opis’ 16, delo 943.
  • Secondary Sources
  • Agoston, G. (2003). A flexible empire: Authority and its limits on the Ottoman frontiers. International Journal of Turkish Studies, 9(1–2), 15–31.
  • Anderson, M. S. (1991). The Eastern Question, 1774–1923. London: MacMillan.
  • Barratt, G. R. (1973). Notices sur l’insurrection des Grecs contre l’Empire Ottoman: A Russian view of the Greek War of Independence. Balkan Studies, 14(1), 47–115.
  • Bitis, A. (2006). Russia and the Eastern Question: Army, government and society, 1815–1833. Oxford: Oxford University Press – The British Academy.
  • Campbell, J. C. (1971). French influence and the rise of Roumanian nationalism, 1830–1857. New York: Arno Press & The New York Times.
  • Cazacu, M. (1993). Familles de la noblesse roumaine au service de la Russie, XVe–XIXe siècle. Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique, 34(1–2), 211–226.
  • Chulkov, N. (1906). Graf Pavel Dmitrievich Kiselev. In S. A. Panchulidzev (Ed.), Sbornik Biografii Kavalergardov (Vol. 3, pp. 144–159). St. Petersburg: Ekspeditsiia Zagotovleniia G. B.
  • Constantiniu, F., & Papacostea, Ş. (1972). Les réformes des premiers princes phanariotes en Moldavie et en Valachie: Essai d’interprétation. Balkan Studies, 13(1), 89–118.
  • Costache, S. (2013). At the end of empire: Imperial governance, inter-imperial rivalry and ‘autonomy’ in Moldavia and Wallachia (1780s–1850s) (PhD thesis). University of Illinois.
  • Druzhinin, N. M. (1946). Gosudarstvennye krest’iane i reforma P. D. Kiseleva. Moscow: Akademiia Nauk SSSR.
  • Dvoichenko-Markov, D. (1994). The impact of Russia in the Danubian Principalities, 1806–1812. South-East European Monitor, 1(3–4), 24–50.
  • Eliade, P. (1898). De l’influence française sur l’esprit publique en Roumanie: Étude sur l’état de la société roumaine à l’époque des règnes phanariotes. Paris: Ernest Leroux.
  • Emerit, M. (1937). Les paysans roumains depuis la paix d’Adrianople jusqu’à la libération des terres. Paris: Plon.
  • Filitti, I. C. (1915). Domniile române sub Regulamentul Organic, 1834–1848. Bucharest: Librariile Socec și C. Sfetea.
  • Florescu, R. R. (1997). The struggle against Russia in the Romanian principalities: A problem in Anglo-Turkish diplomacy, 1821–1854. Iași: Center for Romanian Studies.
  • Georgescu, V. (1973). The Romanian boyars in the eighteenth century: Their political ideology. East European Quarterly, 7(1), 31–40.
  • Grosul, G. S. (1975). Dunaiskie kniazhestva v politike Rossii, 1774–1806. Kishinev: Shtiintsa.
  • Grosul, V. Ia. (1966). Reformy v Dunaiskikh kniazhestvakh 1820-kh–1830-kh gg. i Rossiia. Moscow: Nauka.
  • Grosul, V. Ia. (1995). Pavel Dmitrievich Kiselev. In A. P. Korelin (Ed.), Rossiiskie reformatory: XIX – nachalo XX vv. (pp. 77–115). Moscow: Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniia.
  • Hitchins, K. (1996). The Romanians, 1774–1866. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Iorga, N. (1910). Viaţa şi domnia lui Barbu Dimitrie Ştirbei, domn al Ţării Româneşti (1849–1856). Vălenii de Munte: Tipografia “Neamul Romănesc”.
  • Jelavich, B. (1984). Russia and the formation of the Romanian national state, 1821–1878. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kiniapina, N. S. (Ed.). (1978). Vostochnyi vopros v politike Rossii, konets XVIII – nachalo XX vv. Moscow: Nauka.
  • Sheremet, V. I. (1975). Turtsiia i Adrianopol’skii mir 1829 g. Moscow: Nauka.
  • Ştirbei, B. (1888). Mémoire sur le système administratif de la Valachie. Convorbiri Literare, (9–12), 737–751.
  • Ştirbei, B. (1889). Mémoire sur le système administratif de la Valachie. Convorbiri Literare, (1–2), 26–43.
  • Taki, V. (2016). Tsar and sultan: Russian encounters with the Ottoman Empire. London: I.B. Tauris.
  • Taki, V. (2021). Russia on the Danube: Empire, elites, and reform in Moldavia and Wallachia, 1812–1834. Budapest–Vienna–New York: Central European University Press.
  • Yenidünya, S. (2020). 1848 ihtilali’nden sonra Eflak’ın yeniden yapılanmasına dair bir değerlendirme: Stirbei’in müesses nizâm arayışları (1849–1851). Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 15(1), 11–23.

Between Empire and Reform: Ştirbei’s Memorandum on the Administration of Wallachia in 1827

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 1, 406 - 418, 17.03.2026
https://izlik.org/JA29HF73YU

Öz

This article re-examines Barbu Ştirbei’s Mémoire sur le système administratif de la Valachie, written in French in December 1827 for the Russian Consulate General in Bucharest. Rather than reading the memorandum merely as a critique of corruption under late Phanariot rule, it interprets the text as a political instrument through which a Wallachian elite sought reform and greater autonomy between Ottoman authority and Russian support. Situated within the diplomatic context following the Treaty of Akkerman and on the eve of the Russo-Ottoman War of 1828-1829, the work argues that Ştirbei’s administrative critique linked internal modernization to Russia’s “civilizing” claims. Drawing on archival sources, it highlights the memorandum’s dual function as both a political manifesto and a plan for reform and repositions Ştirbei as a mediator in the transition toward the Regulamentul Organic order.

Kaynakça

  • Archival Sources
  • Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Voenno-Istoricheskii Arkhiv - RGVIA (Russian State Military Historical Archive), fond 846, opis’ 16, delo 943.
  • Secondary Sources
  • Agoston, G. (2003). A flexible empire: Authority and its limits on the Ottoman frontiers. International Journal of Turkish Studies, 9(1–2), 15–31.
  • Anderson, M. S. (1991). The Eastern Question, 1774–1923. London: MacMillan.
  • Barratt, G. R. (1973). Notices sur l’insurrection des Grecs contre l’Empire Ottoman: A Russian view of the Greek War of Independence. Balkan Studies, 14(1), 47–115.
  • Bitis, A. (2006). Russia and the Eastern Question: Army, government and society, 1815–1833. Oxford: Oxford University Press – The British Academy.
  • Campbell, J. C. (1971). French influence and the rise of Roumanian nationalism, 1830–1857. New York: Arno Press & The New York Times.
  • Cazacu, M. (1993). Familles de la noblesse roumaine au service de la Russie, XVe–XIXe siècle. Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique, 34(1–2), 211–226.
  • Chulkov, N. (1906). Graf Pavel Dmitrievich Kiselev. In S. A. Panchulidzev (Ed.), Sbornik Biografii Kavalergardov (Vol. 3, pp. 144–159). St. Petersburg: Ekspeditsiia Zagotovleniia G. B.
  • Constantiniu, F., & Papacostea, Ş. (1972). Les réformes des premiers princes phanariotes en Moldavie et en Valachie: Essai d’interprétation. Balkan Studies, 13(1), 89–118.
  • Costache, S. (2013). At the end of empire: Imperial governance, inter-imperial rivalry and ‘autonomy’ in Moldavia and Wallachia (1780s–1850s) (PhD thesis). University of Illinois.
  • Druzhinin, N. M. (1946). Gosudarstvennye krest’iane i reforma P. D. Kiseleva. Moscow: Akademiia Nauk SSSR.
  • Dvoichenko-Markov, D. (1994). The impact of Russia in the Danubian Principalities, 1806–1812. South-East European Monitor, 1(3–4), 24–50.
  • Eliade, P. (1898). De l’influence française sur l’esprit publique en Roumanie: Étude sur l’état de la société roumaine à l’époque des règnes phanariotes. Paris: Ernest Leroux.
  • Emerit, M. (1937). Les paysans roumains depuis la paix d’Adrianople jusqu’à la libération des terres. Paris: Plon.
  • Filitti, I. C. (1915). Domniile române sub Regulamentul Organic, 1834–1848. Bucharest: Librariile Socec și C. Sfetea.
  • Florescu, R. R. (1997). The struggle against Russia in the Romanian principalities: A problem in Anglo-Turkish diplomacy, 1821–1854. Iași: Center for Romanian Studies.
  • Georgescu, V. (1973). The Romanian boyars in the eighteenth century: Their political ideology. East European Quarterly, 7(1), 31–40.
  • Grosul, G. S. (1975). Dunaiskie kniazhestva v politike Rossii, 1774–1806. Kishinev: Shtiintsa.
  • Grosul, V. Ia. (1966). Reformy v Dunaiskikh kniazhestvakh 1820-kh–1830-kh gg. i Rossiia. Moscow: Nauka.
  • Grosul, V. Ia. (1995). Pavel Dmitrievich Kiselev. In A. P. Korelin (Ed.), Rossiiskie reformatory: XIX – nachalo XX vv. (pp. 77–115). Moscow: Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniia.
  • Hitchins, K. (1996). The Romanians, 1774–1866. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Iorga, N. (1910). Viaţa şi domnia lui Barbu Dimitrie Ştirbei, domn al Ţării Româneşti (1849–1856). Vălenii de Munte: Tipografia “Neamul Romănesc”.
  • Jelavich, B. (1984). Russia and the formation of the Romanian national state, 1821–1878. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kiniapina, N. S. (Ed.). (1978). Vostochnyi vopros v politike Rossii, konets XVIII – nachalo XX vv. Moscow: Nauka.
  • Sheremet, V. I. (1975). Turtsiia i Adrianopol’skii mir 1829 g. Moscow: Nauka.
  • Ştirbei, B. (1888). Mémoire sur le système administratif de la Valachie. Convorbiri Literare, (9–12), 737–751.
  • Ştirbei, B. (1889). Mémoire sur le système administratif de la Valachie. Convorbiri Literare, (1–2), 26–43.
  • Taki, V. (2016). Tsar and sultan: Russian encounters with the Ottoman Empire. London: I.B. Tauris.
  • Taki, V. (2021). Russia on the Danube: Empire, elites, and reform in Moldavia and Wallachia, 1812–1834. Budapest–Vienna–New York: Central European University Press.
  • Yenidünya, S. (2020). 1848 ihtilali’nden sonra Eflak’ın yeniden yapılanmasına dair bir değerlendirme: Stirbei’in müesses nizâm arayışları (1849–1851). Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 15(1), 11–23.
Toplam 32 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Yakınçağ Balkan Tarihi, Yakınçağ Osmanlı Tarihi, Yakınçağ Rusya Tarihi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Serkan Keçeci 0000-0003-2179-7584

Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Aralık 2025
Kabul Tarihi 2 Şubat 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi 17 Mart 2026
IZ https://izlik.org/JA29HF73YU
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 27 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Keçeci, S. (2026). Between Empire and Reform: Ştirbei’s Memorandum on the Administration of Wallachia in 1827. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 27(1), 406-418. https://izlik.org/JA29HF73YU
AMA 1.Keçeci S. Between Empire and Reform: Ştirbei’s Memorandum on the Administration of Wallachia in 1827. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2026;27(1):406-418. https://izlik.org/JA29HF73YU
Chicago Keçeci, Serkan. 2026. “Between Empire and Reform: Ştirbei’s Memorandum on the Administration of Wallachia in 1827”. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 27 (1): 406-18. https://izlik.org/JA29HF73YU.
EndNote Keçeci S (01 Mart 2026) Between Empire and Reform: Ştirbei’s Memorandum on the Administration of Wallachia in 1827. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 27 1 406–418.
IEEE [1]S. Keçeci, “Between Empire and Reform: Ştirbei’s Memorandum on the Administration of Wallachia in 1827”, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, c. 27, sy 1, ss. 406–418, Mar. 2026, [çevrimiçi]. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA29HF73YU
ISNAD Keçeci, Serkan. “Between Empire and Reform: Ştirbei’s Memorandum on the Administration of Wallachia in 1827”. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 27/1 (01 Mart 2026): 406-418. https://izlik.org/JA29HF73YU.
JAMA 1.Keçeci S. Between Empire and Reform: Ştirbei’s Memorandum on the Administration of Wallachia in 1827. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2026;27:406–418.
MLA Keçeci, Serkan. “Between Empire and Reform: Ştirbei’s Memorandum on the Administration of Wallachia in 1827”. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, c. 27, sy 1, Mart 2026, ss. 406-18, https://izlik.org/JA29HF73YU.
Vancouver 1.Serkan Keçeci. Between Empire and Reform: Ştirbei’s Memorandum on the Administration of Wallachia in 1827. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi [Internet]. 01 Mart 2026;27(1):406-18. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA29HF73YU