Araştırma Makalesi
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Suç Korkusunun Sosyolojik Belirleyenleri: Sosyal Sermaye mi? Sosyal Kontrol mü?

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1, 1 - 19, 01.03.2013

Öz

Bu araştırmada, İstanbul’da 60 farklı mahallede ikamet eden ve
küme örnekleme yöntemiyle belirlenen 1800 katılımcı arasında
suç korkusunun sosyolojik belirleyenleri incelenmiştir. Yapılan iki
ve çok değişkenli analizler, suç korkusunun erkeklere kıyasla
kadınlarda, yaşlılara oranla gençlerde ve son beş yıl içerisinde
herhangi bir suçtan mağdur olanlarda daha yüksek olduğunu
göstermektedir. Sosyolojik faktörlerden sosyal sermaye arttıkça
bireylerin suç korkusu azalırken; beklenmedik bir şekilde, sosyal
kontrol arttıkça suç korkusu da artmaktadır. Mahallede
algılanan fiziki ve sosyal düzensizlik de suç korkusunu arttırmaktadır.
Türk toplumunda sosyal sermaye ve sosyal kontrol
mekanizmaları arasındaki ilişkilerin Batı ülkeleri ile benzer ve
farklı yönlerinin de incelendiği araştırma sonucunda, Türkiye’de
suç korkusunun azaltılması, sosyal organizasyon ve sosyal
kontrolün arttırılmasına yönelik politika uygulamaları ve ileride
yapılacak çalışmalara yönelik öneriler de sunulmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Adu-Mireku, S. (2002). Fear of crime among residents of three communities in Accra, Ghana. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 43, 153−168.
  • Alpkan, L., & Palacı, M. (2008). Toplum destekli polislik uygulaması: Zara örneği. Polis Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(3), 93-122.
  • Başıbüyük, O., & Karakuş, Ö. (2010). Sosyal düzensizlik ve toplum destekli güvenlik politikaları. Sosyoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 13(2), 65-97.
  • Baumer, T. L. (1985). Testing a general model of fear of crime: Data from a national sample. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 22, 239−255.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In J. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education. Westport CT: Greenwood Press.
  • Bridenball, B., & Jesilow, P. (2005). Weeding criminals or planting fear: An evaluation of a weed and seed project. Criminal Justice Review, 30(1), 64-89.
  • Burgess, E. W. (1928). The Growth of the City. In R. E. Park, Burgess, E.W, McKenzie R.D. (Ed.), The City. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Burke, R. (2001). An introduction to criminological theory. Devon: Willan Publishing.
  • Bursik, R. J., & Grasmick, H. G. (1993). Neighborhoods and crime: The dimensions of effective community control. New York: Lexington Books.
  • Castle, E. N. (2002). Social capital: An interdisciplinary concept. Rural Sociology, 67, 331-349.
  • Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, 95-120.
  • Coleman, J. S. (1990). Foundations of social theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Covington, J., & Taylor, R. B. (1991). Fear of crime in urban residential neighborhoods: Implications of between-and within-neighborhood sources for current models. Sociological Quarterly, 32, 231−249.
  • Dammert, L., & Malone, M. F. T. (2006). Doest it take a village? Policing strategies and fear of crime in Latin America. Latin American Politics and Society, 48(4), 27-51.
  • Dolu, O., Uludağ, Ş., & Doğutaş, C. (2010). Suç korkusu: Nedenleri, sonuçları ve güvenlik politikaları. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 65(1), 57-81.
  • Donnelly, P. G., & Majka, T. J. (1998). Residents' efforts at neighborhood stabilization: Facing the challenges of inner-city neighborhoods. Sociological Forum, 13(2), 189-213.
  • Durkheim, E. (1951). Suicide. New York: Free Press.
  • Durkheim, E. (1984). The Division of Labor in Society. New York: Free Press.
  • Ferguson, K. M., & Mindel, C. H. (2007). Modeling fear of crime in Dallas neighborhoods: A test of social capital theory. Crime and Delinquency, 53, 322−349.
  • Garofalo, J. (1979). Victimization and the fear of crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 16, 80−97.
  • Gibson, C. L., Zhao, J., Lovrich, N. P., & Gaffney, M. J. (2002). Social integration, individual perceptions of collective efficacy, and fear of crime in three cities. Justice Quarterly, 19, 537−564.
  • Hawdon, J. E., Ryan, J., & Griffin, S. P. (2003). Policing tactics and perceptions of police legitimacy. Police Quarterly, 6, 469−491.
  • Hunter, A., & Baumer, T. L. (1982). Street trafic, social integration, and fear of crime. Sociological Inquiry, 52(2), 122-131.
  • Jacobs, J. (1961). The life and death of great American cities. London: Random House.
  • Jiang, S., Wang, J., & Lambert, E. (2010). Correlates of informal social control in Guangzhou, China neighborhoods. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38(4), 460-469.
  • Kanan, J. W., & Pruitt, M. V. (2002). Modeling fear of crime and perceived victimization risk: The (in) significance of neighborhood integration. Sociological inquiry, 72(4), 527-548.
  • Karakuş, Ö., McGarrell, E. F., & Başıbüyük, O. (2010). Fear of crime among citizens of Turkey. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38(2), 174-184.
  • Kerley, K. R., & Benson, M. L. (2000). Does community-oriented policing help build stronger communities? Police Quarterly, 3(1), 46-69.
  • Koschmann, M., & Laster, N. M. (2011). Communicative tensions of community organizing: The case of a local neighborhood association. Western Journal of Communication, 75(1), 28-51.
  • Markowitz, F. E., Bellair, P. E., Liska, A. E., & Liu, J. (2001). Extending social disorganization theory: Modeling the relationships between cohesion, disorder and fear. Criminology, 39(2), 293-319.
  • Marx, K. (1967). Capital, Vol. 3. New York: International Publishers.
  • McGarrell, E. F., Giacomazzi, A. L., & Thurman, Q. C. (1997). Neighborhood disorder, integration, and the fear of crime. Justice Quarterly, 14(3), 479-500.
  • Moyer, I. (2001). Criminological theories: Traditional and nontraditional voices and themes. London: Sage.
  • Park, R. E. (1921). Introduction to the Study of Sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Polat, A., & Gül, S. K. (2009). Kentlerde güvensizlik kaygısı: Erzincan alan araştırması. In V. K. Bilgiç (Ed.), Değişik yönleriyle yerelleşme (pp. 163-185). Ankara: Seçkin yayınevi.
  • Portes, A. (2000). Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology. LESSER, Eric L. Knowledge and Social Capital. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, 43-67.
  • Putnam, R. (1993). The prospectus community: Social capital and public life. American Prospect, 4, 35-42.
  • Putnam, R. D. (1995). Bowling alone: America’s declining social capital. Journal of Democracy, 6(1), 65-78.
  • Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and renewal of American community. New York: Simon and Schuster.
  • Putnam, R. D., Leonardi, R., & Nanetti, R. Y. (1993). Making democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton university press.
  • Quinney, R. (1970). The Social Reality of Crime. Boston: Little, Brown.
  • Renauer, B. C. (2007). Reducing Fear of Crime: Citizen, Police, or Government Responsibility? Police Quarterly, 10(1), 41.
  • Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277(5328), 918.
  • Scott, J. D. (2002). Assessing the relationship between police-community coproduction and neighborhood-level social capital. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 18(2), 147-166.
  • Shaw, C. R., & McKay, H. D. (1972). Juvenile delinquency and urban areas. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press.
  • Skogan, W. G. (1990). Disorder and decline: Crime and the spiral of decay in American neighborhoods. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Skogan, W. G., & Maxfield, M. G. (1981). Coping with crime: Individual and neighborhood reactions. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Taylor, R. B. (2000). Breaking away from broken windows: Baltimore neighborhoods and the nationwide fight against crime, guns, fear, and decline. Boulder, Colarado: Westview Press.
  • Taylor, R. B., & Hale, M. (1986). Testing alternative models of fear of crime. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 77, 151−189.
  • Trojanowicz, R. C. (1994). The future of community policing. In D. P. Rosenbaum (Ed.), The challenge of community policing: Testing the promises (pp. 258-262). London: Sage.
  • Turk, A. T. (1969). Criminality and the Social Order. Chicago: Rand-McNally.
  • Uludağ, Ş. (2010). Vatandaşların suç korku (güvenlik endişesi) seviyesine etki eden faktörler ve alınabilecek önlemler: Malatya örneği. Polis Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(1), 1-28.
  • Vilalta, C. J. (2012). Fear of Crime and Home Security Systems. Police Practice and Research: An International Journal, 13(1), 4-14.
  • Zhang, L., Messner, S. F., & Liu, J. (2007). An exploration of the determinants of reporting crime to the police in the city of Tianjin, China. Criminology, 45(4), 959-984.

Sociological Predictors of Fear of Crime: Is It Social Capital or Social Control?

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1, 1 - 19, 01.03.2013

Öz

Sociological predictors of fear of crime among a clustered sample of 1800 participants residing in 60 different neighborhoods in İstanbul have been examined in this study. Bivariate and multivariate analyses indicate that women, elderly and those who have been victimized in the last five years have higher rates of fear than males, younger people and those who were not victimized in the last five years respectively. Among sociological factors, while social capital decreases individuals’ fear of crime; unexpectedly, social control increases fear of crime. Perceived physical and social disorder in the neighborhood, on the other hand, increases fear of crime. Based on a comparative investigation of the relationships among fear, social capital, and social control with Western countries, this study also presents policy implications and suggestions for future studies aimed at decreasing fear of crime and increasing social organization and social control in Turkish society. 

Kaynakça

  • Adu-Mireku, S. (2002). Fear of crime among residents of three communities in Accra, Ghana. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 43, 153−168.
  • Alpkan, L., & Palacı, M. (2008). Toplum destekli polislik uygulaması: Zara örneği. Polis Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(3), 93-122.
  • Başıbüyük, O., & Karakuş, Ö. (2010). Sosyal düzensizlik ve toplum destekli güvenlik politikaları. Sosyoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 13(2), 65-97.
  • Baumer, T. L. (1985). Testing a general model of fear of crime: Data from a national sample. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 22, 239−255.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In J. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education. Westport CT: Greenwood Press.
  • Bridenball, B., & Jesilow, P. (2005). Weeding criminals or planting fear: An evaluation of a weed and seed project. Criminal Justice Review, 30(1), 64-89.
  • Burgess, E. W. (1928). The Growth of the City. In R. E. Park, Burgess, E.W, McKenzie R.D. (Ed.), The City. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Burke, R. (2001). An introduction to criminological theory. Devon: Willan Publishing.
  • Bursik, R. J., & Grasmick, H. G. (1993). Neighborhoods and crime: The dimensions of effective community control. New York: Lexington Books.
  • Castle, E. N. (2002). Social capital: An interdisciplinary concept. Rural Sociology, 67, 331-349.
  • Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, 95-120.
  • Coleman, J. S. (1990). Foundations of social theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Covington, J., & Taylor, R. B. (1991). Fear of crime in urban residential neighborhoods: Implications of between-and within-neighborhood sources for current models. Sociological Quarterly, 32, 231−249.
  • Dammert, L., & Malone, M. F. T. (2006). Doest it take a village? Policing strategies and fear of crime in Latin America. Latin American Politics and Society, 48(4), 27-51.
  • Dolu, O., Uludağ, Ş., & Doğutaş, C. (2010). Suç korkusu: Nedenleri, sonuçları ve güvenlik politikaları. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 65(1), 57-81.
  • Donnelly, P. G., & Majka, T. J. (1998). Residents' efforts at neighborhood stabilization: Facing the challenges of inner-city neighborhoods. Sociological Forum, 13(2), 189-213.
  • Durkheim, E. (1951). Suicide. New York: Free Press.
  • Durkheim, E. (1984). The Division of Labor in Society. New York: Free Press.
  • Ferguson, K. M., & Mindel, C. H. (2007). Modeling fear of crime in Dallas neighborhoods: A test of social capital theory. Crime and Delinquency, 53, 322−349.
  • Garofalo, J. (1979). Victimization and the fear of crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 16, 80−97.
  • Gibson, C. L., Zhao, J., Lovrich, N. P., & Gaffney, M. J. (2002). Social integration, individual perceptions of collective efficacy, and fear of crime in three cities. Justice Quarterly, 19, 537−564.
  • Hawdon, J. E., Ryan, J., & Griffin, S. P. (2003). Policing tactics and perceptions of police legitimacy. Police Quarterly, 6, 469−491.
  • Hunter, A., & Baumer, T. L. (1982). Street trafic, social integration, and fear of crime. Sociological Inquiry, 52(2), 122-131.
  • Jacobs, J. (1961). The life and death of great American cities. London: Random House.
  • Jiang, S., Wang, J., & Lambert, E. (2010). Correlates of informal social control in Guangzhou, China neighborhoods. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38(4), 460-469.
  • Kanan, J. W., & Pruitt, M. V. (2002). Modeling fear of crime and perceived victimization risk: The (in) significance of neighborhood integration. Sociological inquiry, 72(4), 527-548.
  • Karakuş, Ö., McGarrell, E. F., & Başıbüyük, O. (2010). Fear of crime among citizens of Turkey. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38(2), 174-184.
  • Kerley, K. R., & Benson, M. L. (2000). Does community-oriented policing help build stronger communities? Police Quarterly, 3(1), 46-69.
  • Koschmann, M., & Laster, N. M. (2011). Communicative tensions of community organizing: The case of a local neighborhood association. Western Journal of Communication, 75(1), 28-51.
  • Markowitz, F. E., Bellair, P. E., Liska, A. E., & Liu, J. (2001). Extending social disorganization theory: Modeling the relationships between cohesion, disorder and fear. Criminology, 39(2), 293-319.
  • Marx, K. (1967). Capital, Vol. 3. New York: International Publishers.
  • McGarrell, E. F., Giacomazzi, A. L., & Thurman, Q. C. (1997). Neighborhood disorder, integration, and the fear of crime. Justice Quarterly, 14(3), 479-500.
  • Moyer, I. (2001). Criminological theories: Traditional and nontraditional voices and themes. London: Sage.
  • Park, R. E. (1921). Introduction to the Study of Sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Polat, A., & Gül, S. K. (2009). Kentlerde güvensizlik kaygısı: Erzincan alan araştırması. In V. K. Bilgiç (Ed.), Değişik yönleriyle yerelleşme (pp. 163-185). Ankara: Seçkin yayınevi.
  • Portes, A. (2000). Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology. LESSER, Eric L. Knowledge and Social Capital. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, 43-67.
  • Putnam, R. (1993). The prospectus community: Social capital and public life. American Prospect, 4, 35-42.
  • Putnam, R. D. (1995). Bowling alone: America’s declining social capital. Journal of Democracy, 6(1), 65-78.
  • Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and renewal of American community. New York: Simon and Schuster.
  • Putnam, R. D., Leonardi, R., & Nanetti, R. Y. (1993). Making democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton university press.
  • Quinney, R. (1970). The Social Reality of Crime. Boston: Little, Brown.
  • Renauer, B. C. (2007). Reducing Fear of Crime: Citizen, Police, or Government Responsibility? Police Quarterly, 10(1), 41.
  • Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277(5328), 918.
  • Scott, J. D. (2002). Assessing the relationship between police-community coproduction and neighborhood-level social capital. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 18(2), 147-166.
  • Shaw, C. R., & McKay, H. D. (1972). Juvenile delinquency and urban areas. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press.
  • Skogan, W. G. (1990). Disorder and decline: Crime and the spiral of decay in American neighborhoods. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Skogan, W. G., & Maxfield, M. G. (1981). Coping with crime: Individual and neighborhood reactions. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Taylor, R. B. (2000). Breaking away from broken windows: Baltimore neighborhoods and the nationwide fight against crime, guns, fear, and decline. Boulder, Colarado: Westview Press.
  • Taylor, R. B., & Hale, M. (1986). Testing alternative models of fear of crime. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 77, 151−189.
  • Trojanowicz, R. C. (1994). The future of community policing. In D. P. Rosenbaum (Ed.), The challenge of community policing: Testing the promises (pp. 258-262). London: Sage.
  • Turk, A. T. (1969). Criminality and the Social Order. Chicago: Rand-McNally.
  • Uludağ, Ş. (2010). Vatandaşların suç korku (güvenlik endişesi) seviyesine etki eden faktörler ve alınabilecek önlemler: Malatya örneği. Polis Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(1), 1-28.
  • Vilalta, C. J. (2012). Fear of Crime and Home Security Systems. Police Practice and Research: An International Journal, 13(1), 4-14.
  • Zhang, L., Messner, S. F., & Liu, J. (2007). An exploration of the determinants of reporting crime to the police in the city of Tianjin, China. Criminology, 45(4), 959-984.
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Önder Karakuş Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Mart 2013
Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Aralık 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Karakuş, Ö. (2013). Suç Korkusunun Sosyolojik Belirleyenleri: Sosyal Sermaye mi? Sosyal Kontrol mü?. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(1), 1-19.
AMA Karakuş Ö. Suç Korkusunun Sosyolojik Belirleyenleri: Sosyal Sermaye mi? Sosyal Kontrol mü?. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. Mart 2013;14(1):1-19.
Chicago Karakuş, Önder. “Suç Korkusunun Sosyolojik Belirleyenleri: Sosyal Sermaye Mi? Sosyal Kontrol mü?”. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 14, sy. 1 (Mart 2013): 1-19.
EndNote Karakuş Ö (01 Mart 2013) Suç Korkusunun Sosyolojik Belirleyenleri: Sosyal Sermaye mi? Sosyal Kontrol mü?. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 14 1 1–19.
IEEE Ö. Karakuş, “Suç Korkusunun Sosyolojik Belirleyenleri: Sosyal Sermaye mi? Sosyal Kontrol mü?”, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, c. 14, sy. 1, ss. 1–19, 2013.
ISNAD Karakuş, Önder. “Suç Korkusunun Sosyolojik Belirleyenleri: Sosyal Sermaye Mi? Sosyal Kontrol mü?”. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 14/1 (Mart 2013), 1-19.
JAMA Karakuş Ö. Suç Korkusunun Sosyolojik Belirleyenleri: Sosyal Sermaye mi? Sosyal Kontrol mü?. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2013;14:1–19.
MLA Karakuş, Önder. “Suç Korkusunun Sosyolojik Belirleyenleri: Sosyal Sermaye Mi? Sosyal Kontrol mü?”. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, c. 14, sy. 1, 2013, ss. 1-19.
Vancouver Karakuş Ö. Suç Korkusunun Sosyolojik Belirleyenleri: Sosyal Sermaye mi? Sosyal Kontrol mü?. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2013;14(1):1-19.