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Internationalisation of a Mayor: Sadiq Khan’s Involvement in the Brexit Process

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 2, 440 - 453, 01.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.17494/ogusbd.1465633

Öz

After his re-election as the mayor of London, Khan underlined “the scars of Brexit” that are not healed yet. His political stance against leaving the EU has formed a critical interference of Khan in a foreign policy decision of national government. In the light of the literature on internationalisation of non-central government, this study aims to explain Khan’s “actorness” in the aftermath of Brexit referendum by utilizing Hocking’s (1999) theoretical framework. Dimensions of the mayor’s involvement in the Brexit process are explained under the categories of initiators, channels and targets; yet a new grouping titled voices proposed by this study would complete the whole picture of analysis. The press releases derived from the official website of London government constitute the basis of research material.

Kaynakça

  • Acuto, M. (2013). “World politics by other means? London, City Diplomacy and the Olympics”. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 8(3-4): 287-311.
  • Auschner, E., Lotero Álvarez, L.Álvarez Pérez, L. (2020). “Paradiplomacy and city branding: the case of Medellín, Colombia (2004–2019)”. In City Diplomacy, edited by S. Amiri and E. Sevin, 279-303. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
  • Beal, V. and Pinson, G. (2014). “When mayors go global: International strategies, urban governance and leadership”. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 38(1), 302-317. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12018
  • Beech, T. and Smith, B. (2010) The Rise and Fall of a Political Maverick: Ken Livingstone and the London Mayoral Elections of 2000 and 2008. [paper presentation] Western Political Science Association 2010 Annual Meeting Paper.
  • Burksiene, V., Dvorak, J. and Burbulytė-Tsiskarishvili, G. (2020). “City diplomacy in young democracies: the case of the Baltics”. In City Diplomacy, edited by S. Amiri and E. Sevin, 305-330. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
  • Brown, S. (1995) New Forces, Old Forces and the Future of World Politics New York: Harper Collins.
  • Cantir, C. (2023) ““Goodbye Moscow, Hello Brussels”: The City Diplomacy of Chișinău Mayor Dorin Chirtoacă”. Nationalities Papers, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1017/nps.2021.57
  • Carvel, J. (1984). Citizen Ken. London: Chatto and Windus.
  • Carvel, J. (1999) Turn Again Livingstone. London: Profile Book.
  • Clerc, L. (2020). Turku (Finland) as a Case Study in the City Diplomacy of Small Urban Centers, 1971–2011. In City Diplomacy, edited by S. Amiri and E. Sevin, 331-358. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
  • Copus, C. (2004). “Directly Elected Mayors: A Tonic for Local Governance or Old Wine in New Bottles?”, Local Government Studies, 30(4), 576-588 https://doi.org/10.1080/0300393042000318003
  • Criekemans, D. (2010). “Foreign policy and diplomacy of the Belgian regions: Flanders and Wallonia.” Discussion Papers in Diplomacy. Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael-The Hague
  • Crines, A.S. (2013). “Why did Boris Johnson win the 2012 mayoral election?” Public Policy and Administration Research 3(9), 1–7.
  • Dahrendorf, R (1990) “Does London need to be Governed?” London Weekend Television Lecture London: LWT. Dasgupta, R. K. (2016). Labour Wins London. Economic & Political Weekly, 51(21), 21-23.
  • Dickson, F. (2014). “The Internationalisation of Regions: Paradiplomacy or Multi‐level Governance?”. Geography Compass, 8(10), 689-700. https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12152
  • Dommett, K. (2015). “The oratory of Boris Johnson”. In Conservative Orators from Baldwin to Cameron, edited by R. Hayton, and A. Crines, 166–181. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Duchacek, I., (1990). “Perforated sovereignties: Towards a typology of new actors in international relations”. In Federalism and international relations: the role of subnational units. edited by H. Michaelmann and P. Soldatos, 1-33. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Edwards, G. and Isaby J. (2008). Boris v. Ken: How Boris Johnson won London. London: Politico’s.
  • Fenwick, J., and Elcock, H. 2014. “Elected Mayors: Leading Locally?” Local Government Studies, 40(4), 581-599 https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2013.836492
  • Kihlgren Grandi, L. (2020). “Environmental City Diplomacy”. In: City Diplomacy. Cities and the Global Politics of the Environment, 111-122 Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
  • Gimson, A. (2016). Boris: The adventures of Boris Johnson. London: Simon and Schuster.
  • Hall, J. (2006) “The Role of business in London local and regional government: How it became recognised as a significant player”, Local Government Studies, 32(3), 311-340 https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930600693211
  • Hebbert, M. (1998) London: More by Fortune than Design Chichester: Wiley.
  • Hocking, B. (1993). Localizing Foreign Policy Non-Central Governments and Multilayered Diplomacy London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Hocking, B. (1999). “Patrolling the ‘frontier’: Globalization, localization and the ‘actorness’ of non‐central governments”. Regional & Federal Studies, 9(1), 17-39. https://doi.org/10.1080/13597569908421069
  • Holman, N. and Thornley, A. (2011). “The reversal of strategic planning in London: The Boris effect with a focus on sustainability.” Observatoire de la Socie´te´ Britannique 11, 145–159. https://doi.org/10.4000/osb.1236
  • Hosken, A. (2008). Ken: The ups and downs of Ken Livingstone. London: Arcadia Books.
  • ITV, (2017), “London Mayor demands 'privileged access' to the single market post-Brexit”, 29 March https://www.itv.com/news/london/2017-03-29/london-mayor-demands-privileged-access-to-the-single-market-post-brexit (Accessed on 16 December, 2021)
  • Labour Party (1996) A Voice for London London: Labour Party.
  • Labour Party (1997). New Labour – Because Britain Deserves Better. London: The Labour Party.
  • McConnell, F., Moreau, T. and Dittmer, J. (2012). “Mimicking state diplomacy: the legitimizing strategies of unofficial diplomacies”. Geoforum 43, 804–814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2012.01.007
  • Mcneill, D. (2002). “Livingstone's London: left politics and the world city”. Regional Studies, 36(1), 75-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400120099870
  • Purnell, S. (2012). Just Boris: A tale of blond ambition-a biography of Boris Johnson. London: Aurum Press Limited.
  • Rao, N. (2006). “Introducing the New Government of London”, Local Government Studies, 32(3), 215-221 https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930600693088
  • Reuters, (2019) “Rise of populists in Europe resembles eve of WW2, warns London mayor”, 1 September https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-ww2-anniversary-poland-mayors-idUKKCN1VM1AJ (Accessed on 16 December, 2021)
  • Syrett, S. (2006). “Governing the global city: Economic challenges and London's new institutional arrangements”, Local Government Studies, 32(3), 293-309, https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930600693203
  • Evening Standard, (2017). “Sadiq Khan cuts 'Brexit tour' of EU capitals short after London terror attack”, 27 March https://www.standard.co.uk/news/mayor/sadiq-khan-cuts-brexit-tour-of-eu-capitals-short-after-london-terror-attack-a3499781.html (Accessed on 16 December 2021)
  • The Guardian, (2017) “Devolve power to London as a blueprint for other major UK cities – report”, 27 January https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/jan/27/devolve-power-london-blueprint-major-uk-cities-sadiq-khan (Accessed on 16 December, 2021)
  • The Guardian, (2024a), “Sadiq Khan pledges new Erasmus-style overseas study scheme for London youngsters” https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2024/mar/30/sadiq-khan-pledges-new-erasmus-style-overseas-study-scheme-for-london-youngsters (Accessed on 16 May, 2024)
  • The Guardian, (2024b), “Sadiq Khan urges young Londoners to vote or risk ‘repeat of Brexit and Trump victory’” https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2024/apr/26/sadiq-khan-urges-young-londoners-to-vote-or-risk-repeat-of-brexit-and-trump-victory (Accessed on 16 May, 2024)
  • The Independent, (2021), “Sadiq Khan reelected as London mayor after rival runs him close”, 8 May https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2021/may/08/sadiq-khan-london-mayor-second-term-labour-shaun-bailey-conservatives (Accessed on 16 December, 2021)
  • The Mayor of London, (16 August 2016) “Interview with Sadiq Khan: “London must have a seat at the table during the negotiations to leave the EU” https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2016/08/16/interview-with-sadiq-khan-london-must-have-a-seat-at-the-table-during-the-negotiations-to-leave-the-eu/ (Accessed on 15 December, 2021)
  • The Mayor of London, (31 August 2016) “Mayor meets London university heads to discuss implications of Brexit” https://www.london.gov.uk/press-releases/mayoral/mayor-meets-heads-of-higher-education-institutions (Accessed on 16 December, 2021)
  • The Mayor of London, (19 December 2016) “Mayor unveils panel of experts to advise on Brexit talks” https://www.london.gov.uk/press-releases/mayoral/mayor-unveils-brexit-expert-advisory-panel (Accessed on 15 December, 2021)
  • The Mayor of London, (8 February 2017) “Mayor to take message to Europe that ‘London is open’” https://www.london.gov.uk/press-releases/mayoral/taking-message-to-europe-that-london-is-open (Accessed on 16 December, 2021)
  • The Mayor of London, (21 February 2017) “Mayor warns against business rates increases” https://www.london.gov.uk/press-releases/mayoral/mayor-warns-against-business-rates-increases(Accessed on 15 December, 2021)
  • The Mayor of London, (March 2017)“London’s Global and European Future: a response to the Brexit paper” https://www.london.gov.uk/about-us/mayor-london/londons-global-and-european-future-response-brexit-paper (Accessed on 16 December, 2021)
  • The Mayor of London, (5 April 2017) “Mayor calls on European business leaders to help him avoid hard Brexit” https://www.london.gov.uk/press-releases/mayoral/mayor-calls-on-european-business-leaders-to-help (Accessed on 15 December, 2021)
  • The Mayor of London (15 September 2018) “Mayor of London calls for public vote on Brexit” https://www.london.gov.uk/press-releases/mayoral/mayor-of-london-calls-for-public-vote-on-brexit (Accessed on 15 December, 2021)
  • The Mayor of London (17 October 2018) “Mayor backs business with launch of new Brexit Business hub” https://www.london.gov.uk/press-releases/mayoral/mayor-backs-business-with-new-brexit-hub (Accessed on 15 December, 2021)
  • The Mayor of London (7 November 2018) “Mayor calls for Government to ‘reboot devolution agenda’ after Brexit” https://www.london.gov.uk/press-releases/mayoral/mayor-urges-govt-to-reboot-devolution-post-brexit (Accessed on 16 December, 2021)
  • The Mayor of London (9 November 2018) “Mayor hosts EU Ambassadors ahead of trade mission to Berlin and Paris” https://www.london.gov.uk/press-releases/mayoral/mayor-of-london-hosts-eu-ambassadors (Accessed on 16 December, 2021)
  • The Mayor of London, (29 March 2019) “Mayor launches 'LondonIsOpen' bus on four-day tour of capital” https://www.london.gov.uk/press-releases/mayoral/mayor-launches-londonisopen-bus-tour (Accessed on 15 December, 2021)
  • The Mayor of London, (2 April 2019) “Mayor gathers London’s world-leading universities for Brexit talks” https://www.london.gov.uk/press-releases/mayoral/mayor-gathers-london-universities-for-brexit-talks (Accessed on 16 December, 2021)
  • The Mayor of London, (25 June 2019) “Sadiq holds key London summit with European Mayors” https://www.london.gov.uk/press-releases/mayoral/sadiq-holds-key-london-summit-with-european-mayors (Accessed on 16 December, 2021)
  • The Mayor of London, (18 February 2020) “Mayor urges Government to allow Londoners to retain EU citizenship” https://www.london.gov.uk/press-releases/mayoral/londoners-could-retain-eu-citizenship (Accessed on 15 December, 2021)
  • The Mayor of London, (27 April 2023) “Mayor calls on the Government to ease post-Brexit restrictions preventing young Europeans coming to the UK” https://www.london.gov.uk/mayor-calls-government-ease-post-brexit-restrictions-preventing-young-europeans-coming-uk (Accessed on 16 May 2024)
  • The Mayor of London, (10 February 2024) “Post-Brexit checks could lead to Eurostar passenger cap” https://www.london.gov.uk/mayor-calls-ministers-prevent-post-brexit-border-checks-leading-eurostar-cap (Accessed on 16 May 2024)
  • Travers, T. (2003). The politics of London: governing an ungovernable city. Macmillan International Higher Education.
  • Turner, J. (2001). “The negative campaign: New Labour, Ken Livingstone and the London mayoral selection process”. Media, Culture & Society, 23(2), 257-265. https://doi.org/10.1177/016344301023002006
  • Van der Pluijm, R., Melissen, J. (2007). “City diplomacy: The expanding role of cities in international politics”. Clingendael Diplomacy Papers, 10.The Hague: Netherlands Institute of International Relations.
  • Whitton, T. (2018). “Leadership in London: from government to governance” Observatoire de la société britannique, 20, 101-115. https://doi.org/10.4000/osb.1998
  • Worthy, B., Bennister, M. and Stafford, M. W. (2019). “Rebels leading London: the mayoralties of Ken Livingstone and Boris Johnson compared”. British Politics, 14(1), 23-43 https://doi.org/10.1057/s41293-017-0069-1

Bir Belediye Başkanının Uluslararasılaşması: Sadiq Khan’ın Brexit Sürecine Katılımı

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 2, 440 - 453, 01.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.17494/ogusbd.1465633

Öz

Londra belediye başkanı olarak yeniden seçilmesinin ardından Khan, "Brexit'in henüz iyileşmemiş yaralarının" altını çizmiştir. AB'den ayrılmaya karşı siyasi duruşu, Khan'ın merkezi hükümetin dış politika kararlarına eleştirel bir müdahale oluşturmuştur. Bu çalışma, yerel yönetimin uluslararasılaşmasına ilişkin literatür ışığında, Hocking'in (1999) teorik çerçevesinden yararlanarak Khan'ın Brexit referandumu sonrasındaki “aktörlüğünü” açıklamayı amaçlamaktadır. Sadiq Kahn’ın Brexit sürecine dahil olmasının boyutları, öncüler, yönlendiriciler ve hedefler kategorileri altında açıklanmış, bu çalışma tarafından önerilen sözcüler başlıklı yeni bir gruplama ile daha bütünlüklü bir inceleme yapılmaya çalışılmıştır. Londra hükümetinin resmi internet sayfasından alınan basın bültenleri, araştırma materyalinin temelini oluşturmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Acuto, M. (2013). “World politics by other means? London, City Diplomacy and the Olympics”. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 8(3-4): 287-311.
  • Auschner, E., Lotero Álvarez, L.Álvarez Pérez, L. (2020). “Paradiplomacy and city branding: the case of Medellín, Colombia (2004–2019)”. In City Diplomacy, edited by S. Amiri and E. Sevin, 279-303. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
  • Beal, V. and Pinson, G. (2014). “When mayors go global: International strategies, urban governance and leadership”. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 38(1), 302-317. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12018
  • Beech, T. and Smith, B. (2010) The Rise and Fall of a Political Maverick: Ken Livingstone and the London Mayoral Elections of 2000 and 2008. [paper presentation] Western Political Science Association 2010 Annual Meeting Paper.
  • Burksiene, V., Dvorak, J. and Burbulytė-Tsiskarishvili, G. (2020). “City diplomacy in young democracies: the case of the Baltics”. In City Diplomacy, edited by S. Amiri and E. Sevin, 305-330. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
  • Brown, S. (1995) New Forces, Old Forces and the Future of World Politics New York: Harper Collins.
  • Cantir, C. (2023) ““Goodbye Moscow, Hello Brussels”: The City Diplomacy of Chișinău Mayor Dorin Chirtoacă”. Nationalities Papers, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1017/nps.2021.57
  • Carvel, J. (1984). Citizen Ken. London: Chatto and Windus.
  • Carvel, J. (1999) Turn Again Livingstone. London: Profile Book.
  • Clerc, L. (2020). Turku (Finland) as a Case Study in the City Diplomacy of Small Urban Centers, 1971–2011. In City Diplomacy, edited by S. Amiri and E. Sevin, 331-358. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
  • Copus, C. (2004). “Directly Elected Mayors: A Tonic for Local Governance or Old Wine in New Bottles?”, Local Government Studies, 30(4), 576-588 https://doi.org/10.1080/0300393042000318003
  • Criekemans, D. (2010). “Foreign policy and diplomacy of the Belgian regions: Flanders and Wallonia.” Discussion Papers in Diplomacy. Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael-The Hague
  • Crines, A.S. (2013). “Why did Boris Johnson win the 2012 mayoral election?” Public Policy and Administration Research 3(9), 1–7.
  • Dahrendorf, R (1990) “Does London need to be Governed?” London Weekend Television Lecture London: LWT. Dasgupta, R. K. (2016). Labour Wins London. Economic & Political Weekly, 51(21), 21-23.
  • Dickson, F. (2014). “The Internationalisation of Regions: Paradiplomacy or Multi‐level Governance?”. Geography Compass, 8(10), 689-700. https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12152
  • Dommett, K. (2015). “The oratory of Boris Johnson”. In Conservative Orators from Baldwin to Cameron, edited by R. Hayton, and A. Crines, 166–181. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Duchacek, I., (1990). “Perforated sovereignties: Towards a typology of new actors in international relations”. In Federalism and international relations: the role of subnational units. edited by H. Michaelmann and P. Soldatos, 1-33. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Edwards, G. and Isaby J. (2008). Boris v. Ken: How Boris Johnson won London. London: Politico’s.
  • Fenwick, J., and Elcock, H. 2014. “Elected Mayors: Leading Locally?” Local Government Studies, 40(4), 581-599 https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2013.836492
  • Kihlgren Grandi, L. (2020). “Environmental City Diplomacy”. In: City Diplomacy. Cities and the Global Politics of the Environment, 111-122 Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
  • Gimson, A. (2016). Boris: The adventures of Boris Johnson. London: Simon and Schuster.
  • Hall, J. (2006) “The Role of business in London local and regional government: How it became recognised as a significant player”, Local Government Studies, 32(3), 311-340 https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930600693211
  • Hebbert, M. (1998) London: More by Fortune than Design Chichester: Wiley.
  • Hocking, B. (1993). Localizing Foreign Policy Non-Central Governments and Multilayered Diplomacy London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Hocking, B. (1999). “Patrolling the ‘frontier’: Globalization, localization and the ‘actorness’ of non‐central governments”. Regional & Federal Studies, 9(1), 17-39. https://doi.org/10.1080/13597569908421069
  • Holman, N. and Thornley, A. (2011). “The reversal of strategic planning in London: The Boris effect with a focus on sustainability.” Observatoire de la Socie´te´ Britannique 11, 145–159. https://doi.org/10.4000/osb.1236
  • Hosken, A. (2008). Ken: The ups and downs of Ken Livingstone. London: Arcadia Books.
  • ITV, (2017), “London Mayor demands 'privileged access' to the single market post-Brexit”, 29 March https://www.itv.com/news/london/2017-03-29/london-mayor-demands-privileged-access-to-the-single-market-post-brexit (Accessed on 16 December, 2021)
  • Labour Party (1996) A Voice for London London: Labour Party.
  • Labour Party (1997). New Labour – Because Britain Deserves Better. London: The Labour Party.
  • McConnell, F., Moreau, T. and Dittmer, J. (2012). “Mimicking state diplomacy: the legitimizing strategies of unofficial diplomacies”. Geoforum 43, 804–814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2012.01.007
  • Mcneill, D. (2002). “Livingstone's London: left politics and the world city”. Regional Studies, 36(1), 75-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400120099870
  • Purnell, S. (2012). Just Boris: A tale of blond ambition-a biography of Boris Johnson. London: Aurum Press Limited.
  • Rao, N. (2006). “Introducing the New Government of London”, Local Government Studies, 32(3), 215-221 https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930600693088
  • Reuters, (2019) “Rise of populists in Europe resembles eve of WW2, warns London mayor”, 1 September https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-ww2-anniversary-poland-mayors-idUKKCN1VM1AJ (Accessed on 16 December, 2021)
  • Syrett, S. (2006). “Governing the global city: Economic challenges and London's new institutional arrangements”, Local Government Studies, 32(3), 293-309, https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930600693203
  • Evening Standard, (2017). “Sadiq Khan cuts 'Brexit tour' of EU capitals short after London terror attack”, 27 March https://www.standard.co.uk/news/mayor/sadiq-khan-cuts-brexit-tour-of-eu-capitals-short-after-london-terror-attack-a3499781.html (Accessed on 16 December 2021)
  • The Guardian, (2017) “Devolve power to London as a blueprint for other major UK cities – report”, 27 January https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/jan/27/devolve-power-london-blueprint-major-uk-cities-sadiq-khan (Accessed on 16 December, 2021)
  • The Guardian, (2024a), “Sadiq Khan pledges new Erasmus-style overseas study scheme for London youngsters” https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2024/mar/30/sadiq-khan-pledges-new-erasmus-style-overseas-study-scheme-for-london-youngsters (Accessed on 16 May, 2024)
  • The Guardian, (2024b), “Sadiq Khan urges young Londoners to vote or risk ‘repeat of Brexit and Trump victory’” https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2024/apr/26/sadiq-khan-urges-young-londoners-to-vote-or-risk-repeat-of-brexit-and-trump-victory (Accessed on 16 May, 2024)
  • The Independent, (2021), “Sadiq Khan reelected as London mayor after rival runs him close”, 8 May https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2021/may/08/sadiq-khan-london-mayor-second-term-labour-shaun-bailey-conservatives (Accessed on 16 December, 2021)
  • The Mayor of London, (16 August 2016) “Interview with Sadiq Khan: “London must have a seat at the table during the negotiations to leave the EU” https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2016/08/16/interview-with-sadiq-khan-london-must-have-a-seat-at-the-table-during-the-negotiations-to-leave-the-eu/ (Accessed on 15 December, 2021)
  • The Mayor of London, (31 August 2016) “Mayor meets London university heads to discuss implications of Brexit” https://www.london.gov.uk/press-releases/mayoral/mayor-meets-heads-of-higher-education-institutions (Accessed on 16 December, 2021)
  • The Mayor of London, (19 December 2016) “Mayor unveils panel of experts to advise on Brexit talks” https://www.london.gov.uk/press-releases/mayoral/mayor-unveils-brexit-expert-advisory-panel (Accessed on 15 December, 2021)
  • The Mayor of London, (8 February 2017) “Mayor to take message to Europe that ‘London is open’” https://www.london.gov.uk/press-releases/mayoral/taking-message-to-europe-that-london-is-open (Accessed on 16 December, 2021)
  • The Mayor of London, (21 February 2017) “Mayor warns against business rates increases” https://www.london.gov.uk/press-releases/mayoral/mayor-warns-against-business-rates-increases(Accessed on 15 December, 2021)
  • The Mayor of London, (March 2017)“London’s Global and European Future: a response to the Brexit paper” https://www.london.gov.uk/about-us/mayor-london/londons-global-and-european-future-response-brexit-paper (Accessed on 16 December, 2021)
  • The Mayor of London, (5 April 2017) “Mayor calls on European business leaders to help him avoid hard Brexit” https://www.london.gov.uk/press-releases/mayoral/mayor-calls-on-european-business-leaders-to-help (Accessed on 15 December, 2021)
  • The Mayor of London (15 September 2018) “Mayor of London calls for public vote on Brexit” https://www.london.gov.uk/press-releases/mayoral/mayor-of-london-calls-for-public-vote-on-brexit (Accessed on 15 December, 2021)
  • The Mayor of London (17 October 2018) “Mayor backs business with launch of new Brexit Business hub” https://www.london.gov.uk/press-releases/mayoral/mayor-backs-business-with-new-brexit-hub (Accessed on 15 December, 2021)
  • The Mayor of London (7 November 2018) “Mayor calls for Government to ‘reboot devolution agenda’ after Brexit” https://www.london.gov.uk/press-releases/mayoral/mayor-urges-govt-to-reboot-devolution-post-brexit (Accessed on 16 December, 2021)
  • The Mayor of London (9 November 2018) “Mayor hosts EU Ambassadors ahead of trade mission to Berlin and Paris” https://www.london.gov.uk/press-releases/mayoral/mayor-of-london-hosts-eu-ambassadors (Accessed on 16 December, 2021)
  • The Mayor of London, (29 March 2019) “Mayor launches 'LondonIsOpen' bus on four-day tour of capital” https://www.london.gov.uk/press-releases/mayoral/mayor-launches-londonisopen-bus-tour (Accessed on 15 December, 2021)
  • The Mayor of London, (2 April 2019) “Mayor gathers London’s world-leading universities for Brexit talks” https://www.london.gov.uk/press-releases/mayoral/mayor-gathers-london-universities-for-brexit-talks (Accessed on 16 December, 2021)
  • The Mayor of London, (25 June 2019) “Sadiq holds key London summit with European Mayors” https://www.london.gov.uk/press-releases/mayoral/sadiq-holds-key-london-summit-with-european-mayors (Accessed on 16 December, 2021)
  • The Mayor of London, (18 February 2020) “Mayor urges Government to allow Londoners to retain EU citizenship” https://www.london.gov.uk/press-releases/mayoral/londoners-could-retain-eu-citizenship (Accessed on 15 December, 2021)
  • The Mayor of London, (27 April 2023) “Mayor calls on the Government to ease post-Brexit restrictions preventing young Europeans coming to the UK” https://www.london.gov.uk/mayor-calls-government-ease-post-brexit-restrictions-preventing-young-europeans-coming-uk (Accessed on 16 May 2024)
  • The Mayor of London, (10 February 2024) “Post-Brexit checks could lead to Eurostar passenger cap” https://www.london.gov.uk/mayor-calls-ministers-prevent-post-brexit-border-checks-leading-eurostar-cap (Accessed on 16 May 2024)
  • Travers, T. (2003). The politics of London: governing an ungovernable city. Macmillan International Higher Education.
  • Turner, J. (2001). “The negative campaign: New Labour, Ken Livingstone and the London mayoral selection process”. Media, Culture & Society, 23(2), 257-265. https://doi.org/10.1177/016344301023002006
  • Van der Pluijm, R., Melissen, J. (2007). “City diplomacy: The expanding role of cities in international politics”. Clingendael Diplomacy Papers, 10.The Hague: Netherlands Institute of International Relations.
  • Whitton, T. (2018). “Leadership in London: from government to governance” Observatoire de la société britannique, 20, 101-115. https://doi.org/10.4000/osb.1998
  • Worthy, B., Bennister, M. and Stafford, M. W. (2019). “Rebels leading London: the mayoralties of Ken Livingstone and Boris Johnson compared”. British Politics, 14(1), 23-43 https://doi.org/10.1057/s41293-017-0069-1
Toplam 63 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uluslararası Siyaset
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Pınar Uz Hançarlı 0000-0001-5289-8762

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Temmuz 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Nisan 2024
Kabul Tarihi 27 Mayıs 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 25 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Uz Hançarlı, P. (2024). Internationalisation of a Mayor: Sadiq Khan’s Involvement in the Brexit Process. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 25(2), 440-453. https://doi.org/10.17494/ogusbd.1465633
AMA Uz Hançarlı P. Internationalisation of a Mayor: Sadiq Khan’s Involvement in the Brexit Process. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. Temmuz 2024;25(2):440-453. doi:10.17494/ogusbd.1465633
Chicago Uz Hançarlı, Pınar. “Internationalisation of a Mayor: Sadiq Khan’s Involvement in the Brexit Process”. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 25, sy. 2 (Temmuz 2024): 440-53. https://doi.org/10.17494/ogusbd.1465633.
EndNote Uz Hançarlı P (01 Temmuz 2024) Internationalisation of a Mayor: Sadiq Khan’s Involvement in the Brexit Process. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 25 2 440–453.
IEEE P. Uz Hançarlı, “Internationalisation of a Mayor: Sadiq Khan’s Involvement in the Brexit Process”, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, c. 25, sy. 2, ss. 440–453, 2024, doi: 10.17494/ogusbd.1465633.
ISNAD Uz Hançarlı, Pınar. “Internationalisation of a Mayor: Sadiq Khan’s Involvement in the Brexit Process”. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 25/2 (Temmuz 2024), 440-453. https://doi.org/10.17494/ogusbd.1465633.
JAMA Uz Hançarlı P. Internationalisation of a Mayor: Sadiq Khan’s Involvement in the Brexit Process. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2024;25:440–453.
MLA Uz Hançarlı, Pınar. “Internationalisation of a Mayor: Sadiq Khan’s Involvement in the Brexit Process”. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, c. 25, sy. 2, 2024, ss. 440-53, doi:10.17494/ogusbd.1465633.
Vancouver Uz Hançarlı P. Internationalisation of a Mayor: Sadiq Khan’s Involvement in the Brexit Process. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2024;25(2):440-53.