Testing the validity of the pollution haven hypothesis for regionally leading emerging economies

Özge Demiral; Mehmet Demiral

doi:10.25287/ohuiibf.864956

EN TR

Testing the validity of the pollution haven hypothesis for regionally leading emerging economies

Öz

This study tests the validity of the Pollution Haven Hypothesis (PHH) for the case of six emerging industrial economies with a relatively higher competitive industrial performance compared to the other developing countries in their region. The sampled countries are China (East Asia), Poland (Europe), Mexico (Latin America), India (South Asia), South Africa (Africa), and Turkey (Europe and the Middle East). The study adopts a Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) approach to the Pollution-Intensive Industrial Products (PIIPs) and differs from many relevant studies by grouping PIIPs and distinguishing a wide range set of factors between those that directly affect the RCA in PIIPs and those that have indirect effects through attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Estimations of random-effects models over the period 1995-2018 provide weak support for the validity of PHH: Despite inward FDI stocks are positively associated with the RCA indices of higher polluting industries, the environmental policy elasticity of inward FDI stocks is slight and insignificant. The study argues that the evidence of the PHH may change over proxies, measurements, model construction, and (more importantly) the classification of PIIPs that should be considered by future studies while analyzing the PHH.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Pollution-intensive industrial product, Pollution haven hypothesis, Foreign direct investment, Revealed comparative advantage, Emerging industrial economies

Bölgesel önde gelen yükselen ekonomiler için kirlilik sığınağı hipotezinin geçerliliğinin testi

Öz

Bu çalışma, Kirlilik Sığınağı Hipotezi (KSH)’nin geçerliliğini, bölgelerindeki diğer gelişmekte olan ülkelere kıyasla daha yüksek rekabetçi sanayi performansına sahip altı yükselen sanayi ekonomisi için test etmektedir. Çalışmanın örneklemini Çin (Doğu Asya), Polonya (Avrupa), Meksika (Latin Amerika), Hindistan (Güney Asya), Güney Afrika (Afrika) ve Türkiye (Avrupa ve Orta Doğu) oluşturmaktadır. Kirlilik-Yoğun Sanayi Ürünlerindeki (KYSÜ) rekabetçilik performansını açıklanmış karşılaştırmalı üstünlük yaklaşımıyla belirleyen çalışma, KYSÜ’leri kirlilik yoğunlukları bakımından gruplayarak çok sayıda faktörü KYSÜ’lerdeki karşılaştırmalı üstünlükleri doğrudan ve dolaylı (Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları (DYY)’nı çekerek) etkileyen faktörler olarak ayırması bakımından daha önceki çalışmaların çoğundan farklılaşmaktadır. 1995-2018 dönemi için tesadüfi-etkiler model tahminleri, KSH’nin geçerliliğini zayıf bir biçimde desteklemektedir: Her ne kadar yurtiçine gelen DYY stokları yüksek kirliliğe sahip sanayiler için hesaplanan açıklanmış karşılaştırmalı üstünlük endeksleri ile pozitif ilişkide olsa da DYY stoklarının çevre politikaları esnekliği düşük ve istatistiki olarak anlamsız bulunmuştur. Çalışma, KSH bulgularının gösterge değişkenlere, bu değişkenlerin ölçümlerine, model kurgularına ve (daha önemlisi) KYSÜ’lerin kirlilik yoğunlukları bakımından sınıflandırılmasına bağlı olarak değişebileceğini, bu nedenle KSH’yi test edecek ileriki çalışmaların bu hususları dikkate almaları gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kirlilik-yoğun sanayi ürünü, Kirlilik sığınağı hipotezi, Doğrudan yabancı yatırım, Açıklanmış karşılaştırmalı üstünlük, Yükselen sanayi ekonomileri

Kaynakça

Abdouli, M., Kamoun, O. & Hamdi, B. (2018). The impact of economic growth, population density, and FDI inflows on CO2 emissions in BRICTS countries: Does the Kuznets curve exist? Empirical Economics, 54, 1717–1742. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-017-1263-0
Akbostancı, E., Tunç, G. I. & Türüt-Aşık, S. (2007). Pollution haven hypothesis and the role of dirty industries in Turkey's exports. Environment and Development Economics, 12(2), 297–322. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X06003512
Alcalá, F. & Ciccone, A. (2004). Trade and productivity. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 119(2), 613–646. https://doi.org/10.1162/0033553041382139
Barro, R.J. & Sala-i-Martin, X. (1997). Technological diffusion, convergence, and growth. Journal of Economic Growth, 2, 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009746629269
Birdsall, N. & Wheeler, D. (1993). Trade policy and industrial pollution in Latin America: Where are the pollution havens? The Journal of Environment & Development, 2(1), 137–149. https://doi.org/10.1177/107049659300200107
Botta, E. & Kozluk, T. (2014). Measuring environmental policy stringency in OECD countries: A composite index approach. OECD Economics Department Working Papers, 1177, OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5jxrjnc45gvg-en
Boulhol, H. & Fontagné, L. (2005). Deindustrialisation and the fear of relocations in the industry. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/sti/sci-tech/35333677.pdf
Broner, F., Bustos, P. & Carvalho, V. M. (2016). Sources of comparative advantage in polluting industries. Retrieved from http://www.crei.cat/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/SCAPI-1.pdf
Brunnermeier S.B. & Levinson, A. (2004). Examining the evidence on environmental regulations and industry location. The Journal of Environment & Development. 13(1), 6–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/1070496503256500
Busse, M. (2004). Trade, environmental regulations and the World Trade Organization: New empirical evidence. World Bank Policy Research Working Papers, 3361. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-3361

Cerdeiro, D.A. & Komaromi, A. (2020). Trade and income in the long run: Are there really gains, and are they widely shared? Review of International Economics, (Early View), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/roie.12494
Cherniwchan, J. (2012). Economic growth, industrialization, and the environment. Resource and Energy Economics, 34(4), 442–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2012.04.004
Choudhri, E. & Hakura, D. (2000). International trade and productivity growth: Exploring the sectoral effects for developing countries. IMF Staff Papers, 47(1), 30–53.
Cole, M. A. (2004). Trade, the pollution haven hypothesis and the environmental Kuznets curve: Examining the linkages. Ecological Economics, 48(1), 71–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2003.09.007
Dasgupta, P. & Mukhopadhyay, K. (2018). Pollution haven hypothesis and India's intra-industry trade: An analysis. International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development, 12(3), 287–307. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJISD.2018.091538
Da Silva, C. G., Vieira, F. V. & Saiani, C. C. S. (2019). Environmental Kuznets curve, pollution haven hypothesis and business cycles: Evidence from BRICS countries. International Journal of Ecological Economics and Statistics, 40(2), 49–66.
Dean, J.M. (2002). Does trade liberalization harm the environment? A new test. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, 35(4), 819–842. https://doi.org/10.1111/0008-4085.00155
Dean, J. M., Lovely, M. E. & Wang, H. (2009). Are foreign investors attracted to weak environmental regulations? Evaluating the evidence from China. Journal of Development Economics, 90(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2008.11.007
Destek, M.A. & Okumuş, I. (2019). Does pollution haven hypothesis hold in newly industrialized countries? Evidence from ecological footprint. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 23689–23695. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05614-z
Dietzenbacher, E. & Mukhopadhyay, K. (2007). An empirical examination of the pollution haven hypothesis for India: towards a green Leontief paradox? Environmental and Resource Economics, 36, 427–449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-006-9036-9
Dong, B., Gong, J. & Zhao, X. (2012). FDI and environmental regulation: Pollution haven or a race to the top. Journal of Regulatory Economics, 41(2), 216–237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11149-011-9162-3
Doytch, N. & Uctum, M. (2016). Globalization and the environmental impact of sectoral FDI. Economic Systems, 40(4), 582–594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2016.02.005
D’Souza, C. & Peretiatko, R. (2002). The nexus between industrialization and environment: A case study of Indian enterprises. Environmental Management and Health, 13(1), 80–97. https://doi.org/10.1108/09566160210417859
Edwards, S. (1993). Openness, trade liberalization, and growth in developing countries. Journal of Economic Literature, 31(3), 1358–1393.
Eskeland, G. S. & Harrison, A. E. (2003). Moving to greener pastures? Multinationals and the pollution haven hypothesis. Journal of Development Economics, 70(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3878(02)00084-6
Feldstein, M. (2000). Aspects of global economic integration: Outlook for the future. NBER Working Papers, 7899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7899
Frankel, A. J. & Romer, D. (1999). Does trade cause growth? American Economic Review, 89(3), 379–399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.89.3.379
Garsous, G. & Kozluk, T. (2017). Foreign direct investment and the pollution haven hypothesis: Evidence from listed firms. OECD Economics Department Working Papers, 1379, Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/1e8c0031-en
GGDC-Groningen Growth and Development Centre (2020). Penn World Table version 9.1. Retrieved from www.ggdc.net/pwt https://doi.org/10.15141/S50T0R
Grether, J. M., Mathys, N. A. & de Melo, J. (2012). Unravelling the worldwide pollution haven effect. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 21(1), 131–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638190903552040
Grossman, G. M. & Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement. NBER Working Paper, 3914. https://doi.org/10.3386/w3914
Guha, S. (2018). Pollution haven hypothesis - a meta-analysis. Arthaniti: Journal of Economic Theory and Practice, 14(1-2), 70–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/0976747920150103
Haisheng, Y., Jia J., Yongzhang, Z. & Shugong, W. (2005). The impact on environmental Kuznets curve by trade and foreign direct investment in China. Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment, 3(2), 14–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10042857.2005.10677410
Hausmann, R. & Fernández-Arias, E. (2000). Foreign direct investment: Good cholesterol? Washington: Inter-American Development Bank.
Javorcik, B.S. & Wei, S.J. (2004). Pollution havens and foreign direct investment: Dirty secret or popular myth? Contributions to Economic Analysis & Policy, 3(2), 1–32. Retrieved from http://users.ox.ac.uk/~econ0247/pollution_havens.pdf
Jun, W., Zakaria, M., Shahzad, S. J. H. & Mahmood, H. (2018). Effect of FDI on pollution in China: New insights based on wavelet approach. Sustainability, 10(11), 3859. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10113859
Kate, A.T. (1993). Industrial Development and the Environment in Mexico. The World Bank Working Paper Series, 1125, Washington: The World Bank.
Kivyiro, P. & Arminen, H. (2014). Carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption, economic growth, and foreign direct investment: Causality analysis for Sub-Saharan Africa. Energy, Elsevier, 74, 595–606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.07.025
Kowalski, P., Gonzalez, J. L., Ragoussis, A. &Ugarte, C. (2015). Participation of Developing Countries in Global Value Chains: Implications for Trade and Trade-Related Policies. OECD Trade Policy Papers, 179. https://doi.org/10.1787/5js33lfw0xxn-en
Li, Z., Dong, H., Huang, Z. & Failler, P. (2019). Impact of foreign direct investment on environmental performance. Sustainability, 11, 3538. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11133538 List, J. A. & Co, C. Y. (2000). The effects of environmental regulations on foreign direct investment. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 40(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1006/jeem.1999.1095
Lu, H. (2008). The role of China in global dirty industry migration. Oxford: Chandos Publishing.
Lu, Y. (2010). Do environmental regulations influence the competitiveness of pollution-intensive products? Frontiers of Economics in China, 5, 276–298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11459-010-0014-3
Mani, M., Pargal, S. & Huq, M. (1997). Does environmental regulation matter? Determinants of the location of new manufacturing plants in India in 1994. The World Bank Working Paper,1718, Washington, DC: World Bank.
Mani, M. & Wheeler, D. (1998). In search of pollution havens? Dirty industry in the world economy, 1960 to 1995. The Journal of Environment & Development, 7(3), 215–247. https://doi.org/10.1177/107049659800700302
Martínez-Zarzoso, I., Vidovic M. & Voicu A.M. (2017). Are the Central East European countries pollution havens? The Journal of Environment & Development, 26(1), 25-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/1070496516670196
Matusz, S. (1996). International trade, the division of labor, and unemployment. International Economic Review, 37(1), 71–84. https://doi.org/10.2307/2527246
Mert, M. & Caglar, A.E. (2020). Testing pollution haven and pollution halo hypotheses for Turkey: A new perspective. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 32933–32943. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09469-7
Millimet, D. L. & Roy, J. (2016). Empirical tests of the pollution haven hypothesis when environmental regulation is endogenous. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 31(4), 652–677. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.2451
Mutafoglu, T.H. (2012). Foreign direct investment, pollution, and economic growth: Evidence from Turkey. Journal of Developing Societies, 28(3), 281–297. https://doi.org/101177/0169796X12453780
Neumayer, E. (2001). Pollution havens: An analysis of policy options for dealing with an elusive phenomenon. Journal of Environment & Development, 10(2), 147–177. New Climate Institute (2020). New climate policy database. Retrieved from http://climatepolicydatabase.org/index.php/Climate_Policy_Database
Nolen, E. C. J., Cantú, J. J. S., Guajardo, R. C. R. & García, H. G. (2010). Free trade and pollution in the manufacturing industry in Mexico: A verification of the inverse Kuznets curve at a state level. Ensayos Revista de Economía, 29(2), 99–119.
OECD (2002). Foreign direct investment for development: Maximising benefits, minimising costs. Paris: OECD
OECD (2020). Environment database. Retrieved from https://stats.oecd.org/
Rana, R. & Sharma, M. (2019). Dynamic causality testing for EKC hypothesis, pollution haven hypothesis and international trade in India. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 28(3), 348–364. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2018.1542451
Razin, A. & Sadka, E. (2007). Foreign direct investment: Analysis of aggregate flows. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Rowthorn, R. & Ramaswamy, R. (1997). Deindustrialization-its causes and implications. Economic Issues, 10, Washington, DC: IMF Publications.
Shao, Q., Wang, X., Zhou, Q. & Balogh, L. (2019). Pollution haven hypothesis revisited: A comparison of the BRICS and MINT countries based on VECM approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 227, 724–738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.206
Terzi, H. & Pata, U. K. (2020). Is the pollution haven hypothesis (PHH) valid for Turkey? Panoeconomicus, 67(1), 93–109. https://doi.org/10.2298/PAN161229016T
Thirlwall, A. P. (2006). Growth & development: With special reference to developing economies. 8th ed., New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
To, A. H., Ha, D. T., Nguyen, H. M. & Vo, D. H. (2019). The impact of foreign direct investment on environment degradation: Evidence from emerging markets in Asia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, 1636. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091636
Ullah, S., Ozturk, I., Usman, A., Majeed, M.T. & Akhtar, P. (2020). On the asymmetric effects of premature deindustrialization on CO2 emissions: Evidence from Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Resarch, 27, 13692–13702. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07931-0
UNCTAD (2020a). UNCTADStat Data Center. Retrieved from https://unctadstat.unctad.org
UNCTAD (2020b). Classification-Product Classification. Retrieved from https://unctadstat.unctad.org/en/Classifications.html
UNIDO (2019). Industrial Development Report 2020: Industrializing in the digital age. Vienna: UNIDO.
UNIDO (2020). CIP index (edition 2020). https://stat.unido.org/cip/
Waldkirch, A. & Gopinath, M. (2004). Pollution haven or hythe? New evidence from Mexico. Retrieved from http://www.colby.edu/economics/faculty/thtieten/ec476/mexpollution.pdf
WB (1993). The East Asian miracle: Economic growth and public policy. London: Oxford University Press.
WB WDI (2020). World Development Indicators. Retrieved from https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
Were, M. (2015). Differential effects of trade on economic growth and investment: A cross-country empirical investigation. Journal of African Trade, 1(1–2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joat.2015.08.002
WTO (2020). Environmental database (EDB). Retrieved from https://edb.wto.org/
Zhang, J. & Fu, X. (2008). FDI and environmental regulations in China. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 13(3), 332–353. https://doi.org/10.1080/13547860802131326
Zhang, C., & Zhou, X. (2016). Does foreign direct investment lead to lower CO2 emissions? Evidence from a regional analysis in China. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 58, 943–951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.226
Zheng, D. & Shi, M. (2017). Multiple environmental policies and pollution haven hypothesis: Evidence from China's polluting industries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 141, 295–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.09.091

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

-

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yazarlar

Özge Demiral ^*
0000-0003-0165-2206
Türkiye

Mehmet Demiral
0000-0002-8836-5682
Türkiye

Yayımlanma Tarihi

13 Ekim 2021

Gönderilme Tarihi

19 Ocak 2021

Kabul Tarihi

16 Şubat 2021

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2021 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 4

DOI

https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.864956

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA26AM46EU

APA

Demiral, Ö., & Demiral, M. (2021). Testing the validity of the pollution haven hypothesis for regionally leading emerging economies. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(4), 1307-1327. https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.864956

AMA

1.Demiral Ö, Demiral M. Testing the validity of the pollution haven hypothesis for regionally leading emerging economies. ÖHÜİİBFD. 2021;14(4):1307-1327. doi:10.25287/ohuiibf.864956

Chicago

Demiral, Özge, ve Mehmet Demiral. 2021. “Testing the validity of the pollution haven hypothesis for regionally leading emerging economies”. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 14 (4): 1307-27. https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.864956.

EndNote

Demiral Ö, Demiral M (01 Ekim 2021) Testing the validity of the pollution haven hypothesis for regionally leading emerging economies. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 14 4 1307–1327.

IEEE

[1]Ö. Demiral ve M. Demiral, “Testing the validity of the pollution haven hypothesis for regionally leading emerging economies”, ÖHÜİİBFD, c. 14, sy 4, ss. 1307–1327, Eki. 2021, doi: 10.25287/ohuiibf.864956.

ISNAD

Demiral, Özge - Demiral, Mehmet. “Testing the validity of the pollution haven hypothesis for regionally leading emerging economies”. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 14/4 (01 Ekim 2021): 1307-1327. https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.864956.

JAMA

1.Demiral Ö, Demiral M. Testing the validity of the pollution haven hypothesis for regionally leading emerging economies. ÖHÜİİBFD. 2021;14:1307–1327.

MLA

Demiral, Özge, ve Mehmet Demiral. “Testing the validity of the pollution haven hypothesis for regionally leading emerging economies”. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 14, sy 4, Ekim 2021, ss. 1307-2, doi:10.25287/ohuiibf.864956.

Vancouver

1.Özge Demiral, Mehmet Demiral. Testing the validity of the pollution haven hypothesis for regionally leading emerging economies. ÖHÜİİBFD. 01 Ekim 2021;14(4):1307-2. doi:10.25287/ohuiibf.864956

Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari-AynıLisanslaPaylaş 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.

Testing the validity of the pollution haven hypothesis for regionally leading emerging economies

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bölgesel önde gelen yükselen ekonomiler için kirlilik sığınağı hipotezinin geçerliliğinin testi

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

Konular

Bölüm

Yazarlar

Yayımlanma Tarihi

Gönderilme Tarihi

Kabul Tarihi

Yayımlandığı Sayı

DOI

IZ

Kaynak Göster