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Cinsiyet ücret eşitsizliğini etkileyen faktörler: Bazı OECD ülkelerinden ampirik bulgular

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 3, 1051 - 1061, 31.07.2021
https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.823479

Öz

Günümüzde yoksulluk salt ekonomik bir sorun olmaktan çıkıp sosyal faktörleri de kapsayan çok boyutlu bir sorun haline gelmiştir. Özellikle son zamanlarda yoksulluk sorununa cinsiyet odaklı yaklaşım giderek artmaktadır. Cinsiyete dayalı yoksulluk yaklaşımında kadın ve erkek arasındaki eşitsizlikler ele alınmakta ve kadınların erkeklere oranla daha yoksul olduğu ve bu yoksulluğun nedenleri üzerinde durulmaktadır. Bu yaklaşımda yoksulluğun giderek kadınlaştığı ve cinsiyet açısından bakıldığında kadınların erkeklere nazaran daha büyük oranda yoksulluğun bir parçası olduğu ifade edilmektedir. Kadınların giderek yoksullaşması durumu yoksunluğun kadınlaşması olarak da ifade edilmektedir. Kadınların yoksullaşmasının en önemli nedenlerinden biri kadınlar ve erkekler arasındaki ücret eşitsizliğidir. Bu bağlamda, çalışmamız, 1996-2016 yılları aralığında seçilmiş OECD ülkeleri örnekleminde kadınların yoksullaşmasında ücret eşitsizliğinin etkilerini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmamızın bulgularına göre kadınların işgücüne katılımı, doğumda beklenen yaşam süresi, daha yüksek eğitim düzeyi, cinsiyete dayalı ücret eşitsizliğini azaltıcı etkiye sahiptir. Ayrıca sanayi sektöründe kadın istihdam oranlarının artması da ücret eşitsizliğini azaltıcı etkiye sahiptir. Diğer yandan, kadınların düşük eğitim düzeyi ve 65 yaşın üzerindeki kadın nüfus oranının artması cinsiyetler arası ücret farkını artıran unsurlardır.

Kaynakça

  • Chant, S. H. (2007).Gender, Generation and Poverty: Exploring the Feminisation of Poverty in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Coverman, S. (1983). Gender, Domestic Labor Time and Wage Inequality. American Economic Review , Vol:48 No.5 , 623-637.
  • Gammage, S. (2015). Labour Market Instutions and Gender Inequality. Labour Market Institutions and Inequality Building Just Societies in the 21st Century, Edited By Jaine Berg, ILO, Geneva, Switzerland (315-340)
  • Glick, P., and Sahn D. (1997). Gender and Education Impacts on Employment and Earnings from Conakry, Guinea. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 45: 793– 824.
  • Goldberg, G.S., and Kremen, E.(1990). The Feminization of Poverty: Only in Ameica ?. Westport: Greenwood Press.
  • Gornick, J. C., and Boeri, N. (2016). Gender and Poverty. The Oxford Handbook of the Social Science of Poverty, 221-46.
  • Groshem, E.L. (1991). The Structure of the Female/Male Wage Differential: Is it Who You Are, What You Do, or Where You Work?, The Journal of Human Resources, 26 (3): 457–72.
  • Gujarati, D. (2011) Econometrics by Example, Palgrave Macmillan, Vol 1, Newyork.
  • Harkness, S. E. (2005). Pay Inequality in Gender’, in Delorenzi, S., Reed, J. and Robinson, P. (eds.), Maintaining Momentum: Promoting Social Mobility and Life Changes from Early Years to Adulthood. London: Institute for Public Policy Research, pp. 93-103
  • Jajri, I., Ismail, R. (2010). Impact of Labour Quality on Labour Productivity and Economic Growth.African Journal of Business Management, 4(4), 486-495.
  • Kopycińska, D., and Kryńska, E. (2016). Wage Inequalities Between Men and Women in Poland – a Justified Differentiation or Accepted Wage Discrimination of Women? Economics and Sociology, 9(4), 222–242
  • Moghadam, V. M. (2005). The Feminization of Poverty and Women's Human Rights. SHS Papers in Women’s Studies/Gender Research, No:2.
  • Neuman, S., and Oaxaca, R. L. (2004). Wage Decompositions with Selectivity-Corrected Wage Equations: A methodological Note. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 2(1), 3-10.
  • Oaxaca, R. (1973). Male-Female Wages Differentials in Urban Labor Markets. International Economic Review 14(3): 693–709.
  • Polachek, S. W., and Xiang, J. (2009). The Gender Pay Gap Across Countries: A Human Capital Approach. Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research Paper .227
  • Prisco, A. M. (2000). Trends in Wage Inequality in Italy During the 1990s: Why a University Degree Narrowed in the 1980s. Journal of Labor Economics, Now Matters. PhD. dissertation, Columbia University, 11(1): 205-228. United States--New York.

Factors affecting gender wage gap: Emprical evidences from selected OECD countries

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 3, 1051 - 1061, 31.07.2021
https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.823479

Öz

Nowadays, poverty has become a multi-dimensional problem, including social factors, rather than just an economic problem. Especially recently, poverty has been addressed in terms of gender focused on women and men. Gender-oriented approach to the problem of poverty has been gradually increasing. In the gender-based poverty approach, inequalities between men and women are addressed and it is emphasized that women are poorer than men. According to this approach, poverty is increasingly feminized, and women are a part of poverty to a greater extent than men in terms of gender. The increasing impoverishment of women is also expressed as the feminization of poverty One of the most important reasons of women's impoverishment is the wage inequality between men and women. In this context, this study aims to analyze the effects of factors playing an important role in women's impoverishment on wage inequality are analyzed in the sample of selected OECD countries for the period of 1996-2016. According to the results, women's participation in the labor force, life expectancy at birth, higher level of education have a decreasing effect on gender wage gap. In addition, the increase in the employment rates of women in the industry sector also has a decreasing effect on wage inequality. On the other hand, the low education level of women and the increase in the female population over 65age increase the gender wage gap.

Kaynakça

  • Chant, S. H. (2007).Gender, Generation and Poverty: Exploring the Feminisation of Poverty in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Coverman, S. (1983). Gender, Domestic Labor Time and Wage Inequality. American Economic Review , Vol:48 No.5 , 623-637.
  • Gammage, S. (2015). Labour Market Instutions and Gender Inequality. Labour Market Institutions and Inequality Building Just Societies in the 21st Century, Edited By Jaine Berg, ILO, Geneva, Switzerland (315-340)
  • Glick, P., and Sahn D. (1997). Gender and Education Impacts on Employment and Earnings from Conakry, Guinea. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 45: 793– 824.
  • Goldberg, G.S., and Kremen, E.(1990). The Feminization of Poverty: Only in Ameica ?. Westport: Greenwood Press.
  • Gornick, J. C., and Boeri, N. (2016). Gender and Poverty. The Oxford Handbook of the Social Science of Poverty, 221-46.
  • Groshem, E.L. (1991). The Structure of the Female/Male Wage Differential: Is it Who You Are, What You Do, or Where You Work?, The Journal of Human Resources, 26 (3): 457–72.
  • Gujarati, D. (2011) Econometrics by Example, Palgrave Macmillan, Vol 1, Newyork.
  • Harkness, S. E. (2005). Pay Inequality in Gender’, in Delorenzi, S., Reed, J. and Robinson, P. (eds.), Maintaining Momentum: Promoting Social Mobility and Life Changes from Early Years to Adulthood. London: Institute for Public Policy Research, pp. 93-103
  • Jajri, I., Ismail, R. (2010). Impact of Labour Quality on Labour Productivity and Economic Growth.African Journal of Business Management, 4(4), 486-495.
  • Kopycińska, D., and Kryńska, E. (2016). Wage Inequalities Between Men and Women in Poland – a Justified Differentiation or Accepted Wage Discrimination of Women? Economics and Sociology, 9(4), 222–242
  • Moghadam, V. M. (2005). The Feminization of Poverty and Women's Human Rights. SHS Papers in Women’s Studies/Gender Research, No:2.
  • Neuman, S., and Oaxaca, R. L. (2004). Wage Decompositions with Selectivity-Corrected Wage Equations: A methodological Note. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 2(1), 3-10.
  • Oaxaca, R. (1973). Male-Female Wages Differentials in Urban Labor Markets. International Economic Review 14(3): 693–709.
  • Polachek, S. W., and Xiang, J. (2009). The Gender Pay Gap Across Countries: A Human Capital Approach. Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research Paper .227
  • Prisco, A. M. (2000). Trends in Wage Inequality in Italy During the 1990s: Why a University Degree Narrowed in the 1980s. Journal of Labor Economics, Now Matters. PhD. dissertation, Columbia University, 11(1): 205-228. United States--New York.
Toplam 16 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Melek Akdoğan-gedik 0000-0001-6470-5796

Tuğay Günel 0000-0001-7980-1764

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Temmuz 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 9 Kasım 2020
Kabul Tarihi 18 Ocak 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Akdoğan-gedik, M., & Günel, T. (2021). Factors affecting gender wage gap: Emprical evidences from selected OECD countries. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(3), 1051-1061. https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.823479
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