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Seçilmiş ülkelerin nüfus, GSYİH, mal ve hizmetlerin ihracatı değişkenlerine göre hiyerarşik kümelenmesi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 4, 1328 - 1339, 13.10.2021
https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.868753

Öz

Bu çalışmada, 32 ülkenin 25 yıllık; nüfus, gayri safi yurtiçi hasıla (GSYİH) ve mal ve hizmet ihracatındaki değişimleri arasındaki ilişkiler yıllık olarak incelenmektedir. 1991-2016 yılları arasında ülkelerin GSYİH, nüfus ve mal ve hizmet ihracatındaki yıllık değişimler arasındaki ilişkiyi açıklamak için minimum örten ağaç (MST) ve hiyerarşik ağaç (HT) gibi hiyerarşik yapı yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. MST ve HT'yi kullanarak, bazı değişkenlerle aynı ekonomik kalkınma düzeyine sahip ülkeleri elde ettik. Aynı zamanda, hangi ülkenin nüfusunun, GSYİH'sının ve mal ve hizmet ihracatındaki yıllık değişikliklerin benzer değişime sahip olduğunu görme fırsatı da elde ettik. Son olarak, küme yapısını gözlemlemek için kümeleme yöntemlerini kullandık. Bu topoloji, bize değişkenlerin davranışlarını anlamak ve karmaşık bir ağın parçası olarak ağdaki baskın ilişkili ülkeleri tanımlamak için yararlı bir kılavuz sağlamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Anderberg, M.R. (1973). Cluster Analysis for Applications, Academic Press, New York,
  • Baker, D., Delong, J., & Krugman, P. (2005). Asset Returns and Economic Growth. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2005(1), 289-315.
  • Bakkalbasi, N., & Krichel, T. (2006). Patterns of research collaboration in a digital library for Economics, Proc. Am. Soc. Info. Sci. Tech., 43, 1550-8390.
  • Castelli, F. (2018). Drivers of migration: why do people move? Journal of Travel Medicine, 25, 1-7.
  • Cormen, T. H., Leiserson, C. E., Rivest, R. L., & Stein, C. (2009). Introduction to Algorithms. The MIT Press; 3rd edition Cambridge.
  • de Haas, H., Czaika, M., Flahaux, M.-L., Mahendra, E., Natter, K., Vezzoli, S. & Villares-Varela, M. (2019), International Migration: Trends, Determinants, and Policy Effects, Population and Development Review, 45: 885-922.
  • Dendrogram, 2021, https://www.mathworks.com/help/stats/dendrogram.html
  • Deviren, S. A. & Deviren. B. (2016). The relationship between carbon dioxide emission and economic growth: Hierarchical structure methods. Physica A, 451, 429-439.
  • Dijkstra, E.W. (1959). A note on the two problems in connection with graphs, Numer. Math, 1, 269.
  • Eom, C., Oh, G., & Kim, S. (2008). Statistical investigation on connected structures of stock networks in a financial time series, J. Korean Phys. Soc., 53, 3837.
  • Feng, X., & Wang, X. (2010). Evolutionary topology of a currency network in Asia, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C, 21, 471.
  • Galam, S. (2008). Sociophysics: a review of Galam models. International Journal of Modern Physics C, 19, 409.
  • Gower, J. C., & Ross, G. J. S. (1969). Minimum Spanning Trees and Single Linkage Cluster Analysis, J. R. Stat. Soc. C, 18, 54.
  • Górski, A.Z., Kwapień, J., Oświęcimka, P., & Drożdż, S. (2008). Minimal Spanning Tree Graphs and Power Like Scaling in FOREX Networks, Acta. Phys. Pol. A, 114, 531.
  • Graham, R. L., & Hell, P. (1985). On the history of the minimum spanning tree problem, IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput., 7, 43-57.
  • Graphminspantree, 2021, https://www.mathworks.com/help/bioinfo/ref/graphminspantree.html Heady, D. D. & Hodge, A. (2009). The effect of population growth on economic growth: A meta-regression analysis of the macroeconomic literature. Population and Development Review, 35, 221-248.
  • International Organization for Migration (IOM), (2020). World Migration Report 2020, Editors Marie McAuliffe and Binod Khadria (Jawaharlal Nehru University).
  • Jang, W., Lee, J., & Chang, W. (2011). Currency crises and the evolution of foreign exchange market: Evidence from minimum spanning tree. Physica A, 390, 707.
  • Kantar, E., & Keskin, M. (2013). The relationships between electricity consumption and GDP in Asian countries, using hierarchical structure methods, Physica A, 392, 5678-5684.
  • Keskin, M., Deviren, B., & Kocakaplan, Y. (2011). Topology of the correlation networks among major currencies using hierarchical structure methods. Physica A, 390, 719.
  • Kruskal, J. B. (1956). On the shortest spanning subtree of a graph and the traveling salesman problem, Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, 7, 48.
  • Li, X. Jing, Z., Hu, B. Zhu, J., Zhong, N., Li, M., Ding, Z ... (2017). A Resting-State Brain Functional Network Study in MDD Based on Minimum Spanning Tree Analysis and the Hierarchical Clustering, Complexity, 2017, 9514369.
  • Linden, E. (2017, June). Remember the population bomb? It’s still ticking. New York Times: Sunday Review, 4.
  • Mantegna, R.N. (1999). Hierarchical structure in financial markets. Eur. Phys. Jour. B, 11, 193.
  • Mantegna, R.N., & Stanley, H.E. (2000). An Introduction to Econophysics: Correlations and Complexity in Finance; Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • McDonald, M., Suleman, O., Williams, S., Howison, S., & Johnson, N. F. (2005). Detecting a currency's dominance or dependence using foreign exchange network trees, Phys. Rev. E, 72, 046106.
  • Mizuno, T., Takayasu, H., & Takayasu, M. (2006). Correlation networks among currencies, Physica A, 364, 336-342.
  • Naylora, M. J., Roseb, L. C., & Moyle, B. J. (2007). Topology of foreign exchange markets using hierarchical structure methods. Physica A, 382, 199-208.
  • Nie, C.-X., Song, F.-T., & Li S.-P. (2016). Rényi indices of financial minimum spanning trees, Physica A, 444, 883.
  • Onnela, J.P., Chakraborti, A., Kaski, K., Kertesz, J., & Kanto, A. (2003). Dynamics of market correlations: Taxonomy and portfolio analysis. Phys. Rev. E, 68, 056110.
  • Park, K., & Yilmaz, A. (2010). A Social Network Analysis Approach to Analyze Road Networks. Paper presented at the ASPRS Annual Conference, San Diego, CA.
  • Prim R. C. (1957). Shortest connection networks and some generalizations, Bell Syst. Tech. J., 36, 1389.
  • Rešovský, M., Horváth, D., Gazda, V., & Siničáková, M. (2013). Minimum Spanning Tree Application in the Currency Market. Biatec, 21, 21.
  • Sharif, S., Yusoff, N. S., & Djauhari, M. A. (2012). Network Topology of Foreign Exchange Rate, Modern Applied Science, 6, 35.
  • Situngkir, H. (2004). Hierarchical Taxonomy in Multi-Party System, eprint arXiv:nlin/0405005.
  • Sneath, P.H.A. (1957). The Application of Computers to Taxonomy, J. Gen. Microbiol., 17, 201.
  • Sollin, M. (1965) "Le tracé de canalisation". Programming, Games, and Transportation Networks (in French).
  • Spada, E., Saglioccca, L., Sourdis, J., Garbuglia, A.R., Poggi, V., Fusco, C. D., & Mele A. (2004). Use of the Minimum Spanning Tree Model for Molecular Epidemiological Investigation of a Nosocomial Outbreak of Hepatitis C Virus Infection, J. Clin. Microbiol., 42, 42.
  • Wasserman, S. & Faust K. (1994). Social Network Analysis Methods and Applications, Cambridge University Press, page 381-385.
  • Wesley, E. & Peterson, F. (2017). The Role of Population in Economic Growth, SAGE Open, 11, 1-15
  • West, D.B. (1996). Introduction to Graph Theory. Prentice-Hall.
  • World Bank, (2021). Retrieved from: https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators.
  • Wu, X.-Y., & Zheng, Z.-G. (2013). Hierarchical cluster-tendency analysis of the group structure in the foreign exchange market. Front. Phys., 8, 451-460.
  • Yan, X., Richards, S., & Su, X. (2010) Using hierarchical tree-based regression model to predict train–vehicle crashes at passive highway-rail grade crossings, Accident Analysis & Prevention, 42, 64-74

Hierarchical clustering of selected countries according to the variables of population, national income and exports of goods and services

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 4, 1328 - 1339, 13.10.2021
https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.868753

Öz

The changes in the population, gross domestic product (GDP) and exports of goods and services of the 32 countries that we have selected for 25 years have annually been examined. In this study, we use hierarchical structure methods such as minimum spanning tree (MST) and hierarchical tree (HT) to explain the relationship between countries' GDP, population, and annual changes in exports of goods and services from 1991 to 2016. Using MST and HT, we obtained the countries with the same economic development level as some variables. At the same time, we obtained the opportunity to see which country's population, GDP, and annual changes in exports of goods and services are at a similar change. Finally, for observing the cluster structure, we use a clustering linkage procedure. This topology will provide us with a useful guide to understanding their behavior and identifying the dominant associated countries in the network as part of a complicated network.

Kaynakça

  • Anderberg, M.R. (1973). Cluster Analysis for Applications, Academic Press, New York,
  • Baker, D., Delong, J., & Krugman, P. (2005). Asset Returns and Economic Growth. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2005(1), 289-315.
  • Bakkalbasi, N., & Krichel, T. (2006). Patterns of research collaboration in a digital library for Economics, Proc. Am. Soc. Info. Sci. Tech., 43, 1550-8390.
  • Castelli, F. (2018). Drivers of migration: why do people move? Journal of Travel Medicine, 25, 1-7.
  • Cormen, T. H., Leiserson, C. E., Rivest, R. L., & Stein, C. (2009). Introduction to Algorithms. The MIT Press; 3rd edition Cambridge.
  • de Haas, H., Czaika, M., Flahaux, M.-L., Mahendra, E., Natter, K., Vezzoli, S. & Villares-Varela, M. (2019), International Migration: Trends, Determinants, and Policy Effects, Population and Development Review, 45: 885-922.
  • Dendrogram, 2021, https://www.mathworks.com/help/stats/dendrogram.html
  • Deviren, S. A. & Deviren. B. (2016). The relationship between carbon dioxide emission and economic growth: Hierarchical structure methods. Physica A, 451, 429-439.
  • Dijkstra, E.W. (1959). A note on the two problems in connection with graphs, Numer. Math, 1, 269.
  • Eom, C., Oh, G., & Kim, S. (2008). Statistical investigation on connected structures of stock networks in a financial time series, J. Korean Phys. Soc., 53, 3837.
  • Feng, X., & Wang, X. (2010). Evolutionary topology of a currency network in Asia, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C, 21, 471.
  • Galam, S. (2008). Sociophysics: a review of Galam models. International Journal of Modern Physics C, 19, 409.
  • Gower, J. C., & Ross, G. J. S. (1969). Minimum Spanning Trees and Single Linkage Cluster Analysis, J. R. Stat. Soc. C, 18, 54.
  • Górski, A.Z., Kwapień, J., Oświęcimka, P., & Drożdż, S. (2008). Minimal Spanning Tree Graphs and Power Like Scaling in FOREX Networks, Acta. Phys. Pol. A, 114, 531.
  • Graham, R. L., & Hell, P. (1985). On the history of the minimum spanning tree problem, IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput., 7, 43-57.
  • Graphminspantree, 2021, https://www.mathworks.com/help/bioinfo/ref/graphminspantree.html Heady, D. D. & Hodge, A. (2009). The effect of population growth on economic growth: A meta-regression analysis of the macroeconomic literature. Population and Development Review, 35, 221-248.
  • International Organization for Migration (IOM), (2020). World Migration Report 2020, Editors Marie McAuliffe and Binod Khadria (Jawaharlal Nehru University).
  • Jang, W., Lee, J., & Chang, W. (2011). Currency crises and the evolution of foreign exchange market: Evidence from minimum spanning tree. Physica A, 390, 707.
  • Kantar, E., & Keskin, M. (2013). The relationships between electricity consumption and GDP in Asian countries, using hierarchical structure methods, Physica A, 392, 5678-5684.
  • Keskin, M., Deviren, B., & Kocakaplan, Y. (2011). Topology of the correlation networks among major currencies using hierarchical structure methods. Physica A, 390, 719.
  • Kruskal, J. B. (1956). On the shortest spanning subtree of a graph and the traveling salesman problem, Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, 7, 48.
  • Li, X. Jing, Z., Hu, B. Zhu, J., Zhong, N., Li, M., Ding, Z ... (2017). A Resting-State Brain Functional Network Study in MDD Based on Minimum Spanning Tree Analysis and the Hierarchical Clustering, Complexity, 2017, 9514369.
  • Linden, E. (2017, June). Remember the population bomb? It’s still ticking. New York Times: Sunday Review, 4.
  • Mantegna, R.N. (1999). Hierarchical structure in financial markets. Eur. Phys. Jour. B, 11, 193.
  • Mantegna, R.N., & Stanley, H.E. (2000). An Introduction to Econophysics: Correlations and Complexity in Finance; Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • McDonald, M., Suleman, O., Williams, S., Howison, S., & Johnson, N. F. (2005). Detecting a currency's dominance or dependence using foreign exchange network trees, Phys. Rev. E, 72, 046106.
  • Mizuno, T., Takayasu, H., & Takayasu, M. (2006). Correlation networks among currencies, Physica A, 364, 336-342.
  • Naylora, M. J., Roseb, L. C., & Moyle, B. J. (2007). Topology of foreign exchange markets using hierarchical structure methods. Physica A, 382, 199-208.
  • Nie, C.-X., Song, F.-T., & Li S.-P. (2016). Rényi indices of financial minimum spanning trees, Physica A, 444, 883.
  • Onnela, J.P., Chakraborti, A., Kaski, K., Kertesz, J., & Kanto, A. (2003). Dynamics of market correlations: Taxonomy and portfolio analysis. Phys. Rev. E, 68, 056110.
  • Park, K., & Yilmaz, A. (2010). A Social Network Analysis Approach to Analyze Road Networks. Paper presented at the ASPRS Annual Conference, San Diego, CA.
  • Prim R. C. (1957). Shortest connection networks and some generalizations, Bell Syst. Tech. J., 36, 1389.
  • Rešovský, M., Horváth, D., Gazda, V., & Siničáková, M. (2013). Minimum Spanning Tree Application in the Currency Market. Biatec, 21, 21.
  • Sharif, S., Yusoff, N. S., & Djauhari, M. A. (2012). Network Topology of Foreign Exchange Rate, Modern Applied Science, 6, 35.
  • Situngkir, H. (2004). Hierarchical Taxonomy in Multi-Party System, eprint arXiv:nlin/0405005.
  • Sneath, P.H.A. (1957). The Application of Computers to Taxonomy, J. Gen. Microbiol., 17, 201.
  • Sollin, M. (1965) "Le tracé de canalisation". Programming, Games, and Transportation Networks (in French).
  • Spada, E., Saglioccca, L., Sourdis, J., Garbuglia, A.R., Poggi, V., Fusco, C. D., & Mele A. (2004). Use of the Minimum Spanning Tree Model for Molecular Epidemiological Investigation of a Nosocomial Outbreak of Hepatitis C Virus Infection, J. Clin. Microbiol., 42, 42.
  • Wasserman, S. & Faust K. (1994). Social Network Analysis Methods and Applications, Cambridge University Press, page 381-385.
  • Wesley, E. & Peterson, F. (2017). The Role of Population in Economic Growth, SAGE Open, 11, 1-15
  • West, D.B. (1996). Introduction to Graph Theory. Prentice-Hall.
  • World Bank, (2021). Retrieved from: https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators.
  • Wu, X.-Y., & Zheng, Z.-G. (2013). Hierarchical cluster-tendency analysis of the group structure in the foreign exchange market. Front. Phys., 8, 451-460.
  • Yan, X., Richards, S., & Su, X. (2010) Using hierarchical tree-based regression model to predict train–vehicle crashes at passive highway-rail grade crossings, Accident Analysis & Prevention, 42, 64-74
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Seyyid Ali Ertaş 0000-0003-2050-1956

Mehmet Batı 0000-0003-2304-4869

Yayımlanma Tarihi 13 Ekim 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Ocak 2021
Kabul Tarihi 14 Eylül 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Ertaş, S. A., & Batı, M. (2021). Hierarchical clustering of selected countries according to the variables of population, national income and exports of goods and services. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(4), 1328-1339. https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.868753
Creative Commons Lisansı
Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari-AynıLisanslaPaylaş 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.