The effect of cultural and institutional distance on export: The case of Turkey

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 611 - 632, 31.07.2022

Enes Uğur Tohum , Yavuz Demirel

https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.1035305

Öz

With the acceleration of globalization recently, capital mobility between countries has become very important. At this point, although developed countries have advantages in certain areas; it is expected that developing countries will assume a more assertive role to realize their economic development. The internationalization movement, which started with the transfer of commercial activities of businesses from national areas to international areas; is a topic of interest in international trade. On this subject, it is crucial to carry out studies focused on developing countries, as well as developed country-oriented studies, which are frequently studied in the context of the internationalization of enterprises. In this context, the aim of the study is to determine the effect of cultural and institutional distance on exports on the scope of Turkey. The study also focuses on examining the direct effect of cultural and institutional distance, as well as the effect of its sub-dimensions on the dependent variable. In this context, within the framework of independent variables, 75 countries to which Turkey exports were determined as samples. In this research, export data, which is one of the internationalization strategies, was used as the dependent variable. In the study, two main hypotheses were determined to test the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. Moreover, since the study was designed in the context of Turkey, the third hypothesis was put forward considering the development status of the countries. According to the results of the research, while "individuality", one of the sub-dimensions of cultural distance, has a significant effect on the dependent variable; power distance, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, long-term orientation, and indulgence dimensions do not seem to have a significant effect. However, it is determined that the regulatory, normative,and cognitive sub-dimensions of institutional distance have a significant effect on the dependent variable. Finally, it is seen that the amount of exports differs according to the development levels of the countries.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Internationalization, Cultural Distance, Institutional Distance, Export

Kültürel ve kurumsal mesafenin ihracat üzerine etkisi: Türkiye örneği

Öz

Küreselleşmenin son zamanlarda hız kazanması ile birlikte ülkeler arasındaki sermaye hareketliliği de oldukça önemli hale gelmiştir. Bu noktada gelişmiş ülkelerin belli başlı alanlarda avantajları olmasına rağmen; gelişmekte olan ülkelerin ekonomik gelişimlerini gerçekleştirmek adına daha atılgan bir rol üstlenmesi beklenmektedir. İşletmelerin ticari faaliyetlerini ulusal alanlardan uluslararası alanlara taşıması ile başlayan uluslararasılaşma hareketi; uluslararası ticarette ilgi gören bir konudur. Bu konu üzerinde, işletmelerin uluslararasılaşması bağlamında sıklıkla çalışılan, gelişmiş ülke odaklı çalışmaların yanında gelişmekte olan ülke odaklı çalışmaların yapılması da oldukça önemlidir. Bu kapsamda çalışmanın amacı Türkiye bağlamında kültürel ve kurumsal mesafenin ihracat üzerine etkisini tespit etmektir. Çalışmada ayrıca kültürel ve kurumsal mesafenin doğrudan etkisinin yanı sıra alt boyutlarının bağımlı değişken üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesine odaklanılmaktadır. Bu bağlamda bağımsız değişkenler çerçevesinde Türkiye’nin ihracat gerçekleştirdiği 75 ülke örneklem olarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada bağımlı değişken olarak uluslararasılaşma stratejilerinden biri olan ihracat verileri dikkate alınmıştır. Çalışmada bağımsız değişkenin bağımlı değişken üzerinde etkisinin test edilebilmesi için iki ana hipotez belirlenmiş ve Türkiye bağlamında çalışma tasarlandığından dolayı ülkelerin gelişmişlik durumları göz önüne alınarak üçüncü hipotez ortaya konulmuştur. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre kültürel mesafe alt boyutlarından “bireysellik” bağımlı değişken üzerinde anlamlı etkiye sahip iken; güç mesafesi, erkeklik/dişilik, belirsizlikten kaçınma, uzun dönemli uyum sağlama ve hoşgörü/kısıtlama boyutlarının anlamlı etkiye sahip olmadığı görülmektedir. Bununla birlikte kurumsal mesafenin düzenleyici, normatif ve bilişsel alt boyutlarının bağımlı değişken üzerinde anlamlı etkiye sahip olduğu ve ihracat miktarının ülkelerin gelişmişlik düzeylerine göre farklılık gösterdiği tespit edilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Uluslararasılaşma, Kültürel Mesafe, Kurumsal Mesafe, İhracat

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