The use of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) in bone tissue engineering

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 1 - 13

Tarkan Akderya , Rumeysa İncesu , Cem Gök , Cemal Bilir , Gülbahar Tabakoğlu , Ataberk Kaplan

https://doi.org/10.56171/ojn.1611817

Öz

Bone is a tissue that can regenerate and repair itself when minor damage occurs; however, it is insufficient to repair large defects. Today, various treatments to repair bone defects are limited due to risks such as lack of donors, genetic differences, infection, and tissue rejection. Although traditional metals are used extensively in bone treatments, these materials have many disadvantages. In recent years, biodegradable biopolymers such as poly(lactic) acid (PLA), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polycaprolactone (PCL), and poly (glycolic acid) PGA have attracted growing interest due to their properties such as lightweight, high mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and high processability. In recent years, these polymer materials have been extensively used in the medical field. PLA is known to be preferred in bone tissue engineering applications as it is a biomaterial that supports cell processes, including migration, proliferation, distribution, and differentiation. In recent years, alongside traditional methods for producing bone scaffolds, innovative technological approaches have emerged. Traditional manufacturing methods, however, often lack precise control over scaffold porosity, prompting a shift towards advanced designs and rapid prototyping techniques. In bone scaffolds produced with additive manufacturing, it is possible to create 3D porous bone scaffolds with internal connections. In addition, PLA-based composite scaffolds have been studied to improve the mechanical and biological properties of pure PLA bone scaffolds, such as osteogenicity, porosity, and mechanical strength. This study presents a review of the PLA-based composite bone scaffolds in bone tissue engineering applications.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bone Tissue Engineering , Biopolymers , Polylactic Acid , Composite Bone Scaffolds , Additive Manufacturing Technologies

Kemik doku mühendisliği uygulamalarında poli(laktik asit) (PLA) kullanımı

Öz

Kemik, az miktarda bir hasar gördüğünde kendisini yenileyip onarabilme yeteneğine sahip bir dokudur ancak büyük kusurları onarmakta yetersiz kalmaktadır. Büyük kemik defektlerini onarmak için günümüzde uygulanan çeşitli tedaviler ise donör eksikliği, genetik farklılık, enfeksiyon, doku reddi vb. riskler nedeniyle kısıtlıdır. Kemik tedavilerinde geleneksel metal malzemelerin yoğun olarak kullanılması ile birlikte, bu malzemelerin birçok dezavantajı bulunmaktadır. Ancak son yıllarda gözler daha hafif, mekanik dayanımı metallerle kıyaslanacak kadar yüksek, insan vücudu ile biyouyumlu ve yüksek işlenebilirlik gibi özellikler sergileyen poli(laktik asit) (PLA), polietereterketon (PEEK), polikaprolakton (PCL), poli(glikolik asit) (PGA) vb. biyobozunur biyopolimerlere çevrilmiştir. Bu malzemeler bu özelliklerinden dolayı medikal alanda son yıllarda yükselen bir kullanım trendine ulaşmıştır. PLA’nın kemik iskeleleri üzerine ekilen hücrelerin, migrasyon, proliferasyon, dağıtım ve farklılaşma dahil olmak üzere hücre süreçlerini destekleyen bir biyomalzeme olması nedeniyle, kemik doku mühendisliği uygulamalarında tercih edildiği bilinmektedir. Kemik iskelelerinin üretimi için geleneksel üretim yöntemlerinin yanında son yıllarda teknolojinin gelişmesiyle birlikte yenilikçi teknoloji yaklaşımları da bulunmaktadır. Ancak geleneksel üretim yöntemleri kullanılarak üretilen kemik iskelelerin, gözeneklilik durumu tam olarak kontrol edilemediği için gelişen teknoloji ile birlikte yeni tasarım ve hızlı prototipleme yöntemlerine olan eğilim artmıştır. Eklemeli imalat teknolojileri ile üretilen kemik iskelelerinde, 3B gözenekli ve iç bağlantılara sahip kemik iskelelerinin oluşturulmasına imkân sağlanmıştır. Ayrıca araştırmacılar, saf PLA ile üretilmiş kemik iskelelerinin osteojeniklik, gözeneklilik ve mekanik dayanım gibi mekanik ve biyolojik özelliklerinin iyileştirilmesi adına PLA bazlı kompozit iskele üretimine yönelmiştir. Çalışmada kemik doku mühendisliği uygulamalarında PLA’nın başka bir malzeme ile takviye edilerek kompozit kemik iskelesi oluşturduğu uygulamalara değinilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kemik Doku Mühendisliği , Biyopolimerler , Polilaktik Asit , Kompozit Kemik İskeleleri , Eklemeli İmalat Teknolojileri

Kaynakça

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