Araştırma Makalesi
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Düzenli ve düzensiz ritimlerin zaman algısı üzerindeki etkileri: Aksak ve metrik olmayan ritimlerin rolü

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3, 557 - 571, 28.07.2025
https://doi.org/10.31811/ojomus.1647605

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı düzenli ve düzensiz ritmik yapıların öznel zaman algısı üzerindeki etkilerini incelemek ve bu bağlamda aksak ve metrik olmayan ritimlerin rolünü araştırmaktır. Özellikle, aksak ritimlerin, metrik olmayan ritimlerin ve bir kontrol koşulunun (sessizlik) katılımcıların zaman aralıklarını tahmin etme yetenekleri üzerindeki etkileri karşılaştırılmıştır. Kontrollü bir laboratuvar ortamında yürütülen deneyde toplam 72 lisans öğrencisi yer almıştır. Katılımcılar seçkisiz olarak kontrol, aksak ritim ve non-metrik ritim grubu olmak üzere 3 gruba ayrılmıştır. Grupların başlangıç koşullarının eşit olması için veri toplama araçları öntest olarak uygulanmıştır. Gruplardan öznel zaman algısı değerlendirme sürecinde retrospektif ve prospektif paradigmalar doğrultusunda “Zaman tahmini”, “Zaman üretimi” ve “Yeniden zaman üretimi” görevlerini yerine getirmeleri istenmiştir. Kontrol grubu görevleri sessizlik içinde yerine getirirken birinci deney grubu aksak ritme, ikinci deney grubu ise non-metrik ritme maruz bırakılarak görevleri yerine getirmiştir. Deney sırasında katılımcılardan işitsel uyaranlarla sunulan zaman ve zaman aralıklarının sürelerini tahmin etmeleri istenmiştir. Araştırmada elde edilen veriler hem tahmin edilen zamanların mutlak zamana göre oranları, hem de grupların öntest-sontest puanlarına göre değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca çalışma grubunun cinsiyet ve yaş değişkenlerinin öznel zaman algısı üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda deney grupları arasında zaman algısında dikkate değer tutarsızlıklar olduğu görülmüştür. Sonuçlar, kontrol ve aksak ritim grubundaki katılımcıların non-metrik ritim grubundaki katılımcılardan daha doğru zaman tahminleri sergilediğini göstermiştir. Aksak ritim grubundaki katılımcılar, kontrol grubundaki katılımcılar ile mutlak zamana yakın tahminlerde bulunmuştur. Dolayısı ile aksak ritmik kalıplar, öznel zaman algısı üzerinde olumsuz bir etkiye sahip değildir. Non-metrik ritmik kalıplar zamanın olduğundan daha yavaş algılanmasına neden olmaktadır. Cinsiyet ve yaş (araştırmada incelenen 18-26 yaş aralığı) değişkeni öznel zaman algısı üzerinde anlamlı bir etkiye sahip değildir.

Kaynakça

  • Apel, W. (1972). Gregorian chant. Indiana University Press.
  • Ayangil, R. (1988). Türk musikisinde usûller ve ritimler. Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları.
  • Benveniste, É. (1971). The notion of ‘rhythm’ in its linguistic expression. In M. E. Meek (Trans.), Problems in general linguistics (pp. 281-288). University of Miami Press.
  • Bergson, H. (1889). Time and free will: An essay on the immediate data of consciousness (F. L. Pogson, Trans.). George Allen & Unwin.
  • Block, R. A., Zakay, D., & Hancock, P. A. (1999). Developmental changes in human duration judgments: A meta-analytic review. Developmental Review, 19(1), 183-211. https://doi.org/10.1006/drev.1998.0475
  • Boltz, M. G. (1998). Musical influences on memory and time estimation. Memory & Cognition, 26(4), 594-614. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03201169
  • Borgo, D. (2005). Sync or swarm: Improvising music in a complex age. Continuum.
  • Buonomano, D. V., & Karmarkar, U. R. (2002). How do we tell time?. The neuroscientist’s perspective. The Neuroscientist, 8(1), 42-51. https://doi.org/10.1177/107385840200800109
  • Coull, J. T., Cheng, R.-K., & Meck, W. H. (2011). Neuroanatomical and neurochemical substrates of timing. Neuropsychopharmacology, 36(1), 3-25. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2010.113
  • Craig, A. D. (2009). How do you feel-now? The anterior insula and human awareness. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(1), 59-70. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2555
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. Harper & Row.
  • Droit-Volet, S., Bigand, E., Ramos, D., & Boujut, E. (2010). Music, emotion, and time perception: The influence of subjective emotional valence and arousal?. Consciousness and Cognition, 19(2), 534-546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2010.01.010
  • Droit-Volet, S., Fayolle, S., & Gil, S. (2011). Emotion and time perception: Effects of film-induced mood. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 5(33), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2011.00033
  • Eagleman, D. (2008). Human time perception and its illusions. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 18(2), 131-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2008.06.002
  • Eagleman, D. (2009). Brain time: The neuroscience of time perception. In S. Griffiths (Ed.), What’s next? Dispatches on the future of science (pp. 116-141). Vintage Books.
  • Feldman, W. (1996). Music of the Ottoman court: Makam, composition, and the early Ottoman instrumental repertoire. VWB.
  • Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using SPSS (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
  • Fraisse, P. (1982). Rhythm and tempo. In D. Deutsch (Ed.), The psychology of music (pp. 149-180). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-213562-0.50012-9
  • Gil, S., & Droit-Volet, S. (2012). Time perception in response to hunger and satiety in humans. Animal Behaviour and Cognition, 2(1), 67-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2011.10.007
  • Grondin, S., & Rammsayer, T. (2003). Differential contributions of the hemispheres to time estimation. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 27(2), 275-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-7634(03)00031-8
  • Hasty, C. F. (1997). Meter as rhythm. Oxford University Press.
  • Higgins, J. J. (2004). Introduction to modern nonparametric statistics. Brooks/Cole.
  • Husserl, E. (1991). On the phenomenology of the consciousness of internal time (1893-1917) (J. B. Brough, Trans.). Kluwer Academic Publishers. (Original work published 1928)
  • Ivry, R. B., & Schlerf, J. E. (2008). Dedicated and intrinsic models of time perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(7), 273-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2008.04.002
  • James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology (Vol. 1). Henry Holt and Company. https://doi.org/10.1037/11059-000
  • Kant, I. (2016). Saf aklın eleştirisi (A. Yardımlı, Trans.). İdea Yayınevi.
  • Kirk, R. E. (2013). Experimental design: Procedures for the behavioral sciences (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
  • König, C. J., & Waller, M. J. (2010). Time for reflection: A critical examination of polychronicity and multitasking. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(1), 80-101. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.609
  • Russell, B. (1915). On the experience of time. Monist, 25(2), 212-233. https://doi.org/10.1093/monist/25.2.212
  • Siegel, S., & Castellan, N. J. (1988). Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
  • Signell, K. (1977). Makams and rhythms of classical Turkish music. Asian Music Publications.
  • Stokes, M. (1992). The Arabesk debate: Music and musicians in modern Turkey. Clarendon Press.
  • Wagenaar, W. A. (1969). Note on the construction of digram-balanced Latin squares. Psychological Bulletin, 72(6), 384-386. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0028517
  • Wittmann, M., & Paulus, M. P. (2008). Decision making, impulsivity, and time perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(1), 7-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2007.10.004
  • Zakay, D. (2014). Time estimation methods-Do different procedures really measure the same underlying processes?. Acta Psychologica, 149, 131-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.03.001

Effects of regular and irregular rhythms on time perception: The role of aksak and non-metric rhythms

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3, 557 - 571, 28.07.2025
https://doi.org/10.31811/ojomus.1647605

Öz

This study aims to examine the effects of regular and irregular rhythmic structures on subjective time perception and, in this context, to investigate the role of aksak and non-metric rhythms. Specifically, the study compares the effects of irregular rhythms, non–metric rhythms, and a control condition (silence) on participants’ ability to estimate time intervals. 72 undergraduate students participated in the experiment in a controlled laboratory environment. The participants were randomly divided into control, aksak rhythm, and non-metric rhythm groups. In order to ensure that the initial conditions of the groups were equal, the data collection tools were applied as a pretest. During the subjective time perception assessment process, the groups were asked to perform Time Estimation, Time Production, and Time Reproduction tasks in the retrospective and prospective paradigms. While the control group performed the tasks in silence, the first experimental group was exposed to aksak rhythm, and the second was exposed to non-metric rhythm. During the experiment, the participants were asked to estimate the durations of time intervals presented with the relevant auditory stimuli. The study’s data were evaluated in terms of the ratios of estimated times to actual time durations and based on groups’ pretest and posttest scores. Additionally, the effects of the gender and age variables of the study group on subjective time perception were examined. The research results revealed significant inconsistencies in time perception among the experimental groups. Participants in the Control and Aksak Rhythm Groups demonstrated more accurate time estimations than those in the Non-metric Rhythm Group. Participants in the Aksak Rhythm Group made estimations close to absolute time as the participants in the control group. Therefore, aksak rhythmic patterns do not appear to have a negative effect on subjective time perception. In contrast, Non-metric rhythmic patterns tend to cause time to be perceived as slower than it is. The variables of gender and age (18-26 age range examined) were not found to affect subjective time perception significantly.

Kaynakça

  • Apel, W. (1972). Gregorian chant. Indiana University Press.
  • Ayangil, R. (1988). Türk musikisinde usûller ve ritimler. Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları.
  • Benveniste, É. (1971). The notion of ‘rhythm’ in its linguistic expression. In M. E. Meek (Trans.), Problems in general linguistics (pp. 281-288). University of Miami Press.
  • Bergson, H. (1889). Time and free will: An essay on the immediate data of consciousness (F. L. Pogson, Trans.). George Allen & Unwin.
  • Block, R. A., Zakay, D., & Hancock, P. A. (1999). Developmental changes in human duration judgments: A meta-analytic review. Developmental Review, 19(1), 183-211. https://doi.org/10.1006/drev.1998.0475
  • Boltz, M. G. (1998). Musical influences on memory and time estimation. Memory & Cognition, 26(4), 594-614. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03201169
  • Borgo, D. (2005). Sync or swarm: Improvising music in a complex age. Continuum.
  • Buonomano, D. V., & Karmarkar, U. R. (2002). How do we tell time?. The neuroscientist’s perspective. The Neuroscientist, 8(1), 42-51. https://doi.org/10.1177/107385840200800109
  • Coull, J. T., Cheng, R.-K., & Meck, W. H. (2011). Neuroanatomical and neurochemical substrates of timing. Neuropsychopharmacology, 36(1), 3-25. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2010.113
  • Craig, A. D. (2009). How do you feel-now? The anterior insula and human awareness. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(1), 59-70. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2555
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. Harper & Row.
  • Droit-Volet, S., Bigand, E., Ramos, D., & Boujut, E. (2010). Music, emotion, and time perception: The influence of subjective emotional valence and arousal?. Consciousness and Cognition, 19(2), 534-546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2010.01.010
  • Droit-Volet, S., Fayolle, S., & Gil, S. (2011). Emotion and time perception: Effects of film-induced mood. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 5(33), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2011.00033
  • Eagleman, D. (2008). Human time perception and its illusions. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 18(2), 131-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2008.06.002
  • Eagleman, D. (2009). Brain time: The neuroscience of time perception. In S. Griffiths (Ed.), What’s next? Dispatches on the future of science (pp. 116-141). Vintage Books.
  • Feldman, W. (1996). Music of the Ottoman court: Makam, composition, and the early Ottoman instrumental repertoire. VWB.
  • Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using SPSS (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
  • Fraisse, P. (1982). Rhythm and tempo. In D. Deutsch (Ed.), The psychology of music (pp. 149-180). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-213562-0.50012-9
  • Gil, S., & Droit-Volet, S. (2012). Time perception in response to hunger and satiety in humans. Animal Behaviour and Cognition, 2(1), 67-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2011.10.007
  • Grondin, S., & Rammsayer, T. (2003). Differential contributions of the hemispheres to time estimation. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 27(2), 275-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-7634(03)00031-8
  • Hasty, C. F. (1997). Meter as rhythm. Oxford University Press.
  • Higgins, J. J. (2004). Introduction to modern nonparametric statistics. Brooks/Cole.
  • Husserl, E. (1991). On the phenomenology of the consciousness of internal time (1893-1917) (J. B. Brough, Trans.). Kluwer Academic Publishers. (Original work published 1928)
  • Ivry, R. B., & Schlerf, J. E. (2008). Dedicated and intrinsic models of time perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(7), 273-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2008.04.002
  • James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology (Vol. 1). Henry Holt and Company. https://doi.org/10.1037/11059-000
  • Kant, I. (2016). Saf aklın eleştirisi (A. Yardımlı, Trans.). İdea Yayınevi.
  • Kirk, R. E. (2013). Experimental design: Procedures for the behavioral sciences (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
  • König, C. J., & Waller, M. J. (2010). Time for reflection: A critical examination of polychronicity and multitasking. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(1), 80-101. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.609
  • Russell, B. (1915). On the experience of time. Monist, 25(2), 212-233. https://doi.org/10.1093/monist/25.2.212
  • Siegel, S., & Castellan, N. J. (1988). Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
  • Signell, K. (1977). Makams and rhythms of classical Turkish music. Asian Music Publications.
  • Stokes, M. (1992). The Arabesk debate: Music and musicians in modern Turkey. Clarendon Press.
  • Wagenaar, W. A. (1969). Note on the construction of digram-balanced Latin squares. Psychological Bulletin, 72(6), 384-386. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0028517
  • Wittmann, M., & Paulus, M. P. (2008). Decision making, impulsivity, and time perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(1), 7-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2007.10.004
  • Zakay, D. (2014). Time estimation methods-Do different procedures really measure the same underlying processes?. Acta Psychologica, 149, 131-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.03.001
Toplam 35 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Müzik Algısı, Müzik (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

İlker Kömürcü 0000-0001-5692-4040

Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Şubat 2025
Kabul Tarihi 13 Mayıs 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Temmuz 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Kömürcü, İ. (2025). Effects of regular and irregular rhythms on time perception: The role of aksak and non-metric rhythms. Online Journal of Music Sciences, 10(3), 557-571. https://doi.org/10.31811/ojomus.1647605