Çağdaş toplumsal bağlamlarda yaşayan bir müziksel pratik olarak Miao halk şarkıları

Öz

Bu çalışma, Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti’ne bağlı Chongqing Belediyesi’nin Pengshui İlçesi’nde icra edilen Miao halk şarkılarını, anlamları çağdaş toplumsal bağlamlar içinde şekillenen yaşayan müziksel pratikler olarak incelemektedir. Nitel etnomüzikolojik bir yaklaşım benimseyen araştırma, Haziran 2025 ile Ocak 2026 tarihleri arasında gerçekleştirilen alan çalışmalarına dayanmaktadır. Veri toplama sürecinde katılımcı gözlem, görsel-işitsel dokümantasyon ve gelenek taşıyıcıları, deneyimli icracılar ve kültürel uygulayıcılardan oluşan amaçlı örneklemle seçilmiş altı kilit katılımcıyla yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veriler, şarkı söyleme pratikleri, icra bağlamları, katılım biçimleri ile icracıların, dinleyicilerin ve icra mekânlarının rolleri arasındaki ilişkileri ortaya koymak amacıyla tümevarımsal olarak analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular, Miao halk şarkılarının altı temel bağlamda icra edildiğini ve aktarıldığını göstermektedir: Geleneksel ritüel törenler, tarımsal emek ve gündelik yaşam, topluluk buluşmaları ve festivaller, kur yapma ve kişilerarası iletişim, turizme yönelik sahne performansları ile dijital ve eğitsel ortamlar. Bu bağlamların her biri, farklı repertuarlar ve örgütlenmiş vokal pratik biçimleriyle ilişkilidir. Araştırmada dört temel müziksel pratik biçimi tanımlanmıştır: Kendiliğinden kolektif şarkı söyleme, ritüel tarafından belirlenen icra, sahneye yönelik performans ve standartlaştırılmış pedagojik pratik. Çağdaş koşullar altında bu pratikler, topluluk içi mekânlardan kamusal alanlara yönelme, doğaçlamanın azalması ve sabit melodik-metinsel biçimlerin öne çıkması ile kurumsal ve dijital aktarımın artmasıyla karakterize edilen bir süreklilik ve uyum etkileşimi sergilemektedir. Miao halk şarkılarını müziksel pratik olarak kavramsallaştırmak, analizi yalnızca müziksel yapıların ötesine taşıyarak anlamın katılım, mekân ve zaman yoluyla nasıl birlikte üretildiğine dair bağlamsal bir anlayış sunmakta ve çağdaş toplumlarda etnik halk müziği geleneklerinin incelenmesi için aktarılabilir bir çerçeve önermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Miao halk şarkıları
• yaşayan müziksel pratik
• icra bağlamı
• toplumsal bağlam
• kültürel aktarım

Miao folk songs as a living musical practice in contemporary social contexts

Öz

This study examines Miao folk songs in Pengshui County, Chongqing Municipality, People’s Republic of China, as living musical practices whose meanings are shaped through contemporary social contexts. Employing a qualitative ethnomusicological approach, the research draws on fieldwork conducted between June 2025 and January 2026, including participant observation, audiovisual documentation, and semi-structured interviews with six purposively selected key informants comprising tradition bearers, experienced singers, and cultural practitioners. Data were analyzed inductively to explore the relationships among singing practices, performance contexts, modes of participation, and the roles of performers, audiences, and performance spaces. The findings reveal that Miao folk songs are practiced and transmitted across six principal contexts: traditional ritual ceremonies, agricultural labor and everyday life, communal gatherings and festivals, courtship and interpersonal communication, tourism-oriented performances, and digital and educational settings, each associated with distinct repertoires and organized modes of vocal practice. Four forms of musical practice are identified: spontaneous collective singing, ritual-prescribed performance, staged performance, and standardized pedagogical practice. Under contemporary conditions, these practices demonstrate a dynamic interplay of continuity and adaptation, characterized by shifts from community-internal spaces to public arenas, a reduced emphasis on improvisation in favor of fixed melodic and textual forms, and an expanded reliance on institutional and digital transmission. Conceptualizing Miao folk songs as musical practice thus extends analysis beyond musical structure toward a contextual understanding of how meaning is co-produced through participation, space, and time, offering a transferable framework for the study of ethnic folk music traditions in contemporary societies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Miao folk songs
• living musical practice
• intangible cultural heritage
• digital ethnomusicology
• cultural sustainability

Kaynakça

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