Araştırma Makalesi
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Roma Katolik Kilisesi’nde Enterdi Uygulamaları

Yıl 2021, , 83 - 104, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.51490/oksident.1000564

Öz

Enterdi, papa veya papanın yetki verdiği ruhbanların kişileri, toplulukları veya bir ülkeyi kiliseden, kilisenin sağladığı vaftiz, nikâh, dinî usullere göre gömülme gibi hizmetlerden mahrum etmesidir. Bu yasaklar belli bir süre için olabileceği gibi uzun yıllar da devam edebilir. Önceleri bir ıslah çabası olarak görülen enterdi zamanla otoriter güç uygulamasına dönüşmüştür. Aforoz cezasının bir nevi hafifletilmiş hali gibi görülen enterdi X. yüzyıldan itibaren tarih sahnesine çıkmıştır. Uygulamanın bu isimle anılması XII. yüzyılda yaygınlık kazanmıştır. Orta Çağ -özellikle XII. ve XIII. yüzyıllar- enterdinin kademeli şekilde papalar tarafından geliştirildiği ve yoğun olarak kullanıldığı çağdır. 1198’de İngiltere ve Leon, 1199’da Normandiya ve Fransa, 1200’de Fransa ve 1208’de İngiltere Krallıklarına verilen enterdi cezaları tarih kitaplarında yer almıştır. Bu makale, Türkiye’de Dinler Tarihi alanında nispeten ihmal edilmiş olan enterdi konusunda bilgi vermek amacıyla kaleme alınmıştır. Bu açıdan enterdinin tanımı, etkileri, aforozdan ayrılması, papalar tarafından geliştirilmesi ve kullanılması konu edilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • BBC News. “Coronavirus: South Korean Shincheonji Sect Leader Arrested”. Erişim: 11.10.2021, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53620633.
  • Bromley, David G. “Global Vision Bible Church”. Erişim: 17.10.2021, https://wrldrels.org/2021/10/10/global-vision-bible-church-2/.
  • Chryssides, George D. “Jehovah’s Witnesses and Covid-19”. Erişim: 24.08.2021, https://censamm.org/blog/jehovahs-witnesses-and-covid.
  • Chung, Esther & Alannah Hill. “What Is The Shincheonji Church of Jesus and Who Are Its Members? And More Importantly, What Are Its Links to The Coronavirus?”. KoreaJongAng Daily, erişim: 11.10.2021, https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3075027.
  • Church News. “Timeline: How the Church has Responded to the Global COVID-19 Pandemic”. Erişim: 24.08.2021, https://www.thechurchnews.com/history-revisited/2021-03-10/covid-19-church-response-timeline-missionaries-temples-191247.
  • Çekici, Elif. “Mesih Apostolik Kilisesi”. Yeni Dini Hareketler Ansiklopedisi, ed. Süleyman Turan & Emine Battal, İstanbul: Okur Akademi Yayınları, 2020, 336-338.
  • Das Goswami, Hrdayananda. “Why I Decided that Getting Vaccinated Against COVID-19 Was the Right Choice for Me”. Erişim: 02.09.2021, https://iskconnews.org/why-i-decided-that-getting-vaccinated-against-covid-19-was-the-right-choice-for-me-6,7769/.
  • Duke, Barry. “The Tide is Turning against COVID-Denying Pastor Greg Locke”. Patheos, erişim: 24.08.2021, https://www.patheos.com/blogs/thefreethinker/2021/08/the-tide-is-turning-against-covid-denying-pastor-greg-locke/.
  • Inspector General Network Bulletin. Erişim: 03.09.2021, https://scientologymoneyproject.com/wp-content/uploads/securepdfs/2020/03/David-Miscavige-Inspector-General-Network-Bulletin-No-88.Coronavirus.pdf.
  • Introvigne, Massimo. “Shincheonji”. Erişim: 07.09.2021, https://wrldrels.org/2019/08/29/shincheonji/.
  • ISKCON. “The News Agency of the ISKCON”. Erişim: 01.09.2021, https://iskconnews.org/covid-19/?page=6.
  • Keleş, Hatice. “Kendini Gerçekleştirme Derneği”. Yeni Dini Hareketler Ansiklopedisi, ed. Süleyman Turan & Emine Battal, İstanbul: Okur Akademi Yayınları, 2020, 292-295.
  • Knapp, Alex. “The Secret History of The First Coronavirus”. Erişim: 19.10.2021, https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2020/04/11/the-secret-history-of-the-first-coronavirus-229e.
  • Kutsal Kitap-Yeni Dünya Çevirisi. Erişim: 10.09.2021. https://www.jw.org/tr/kutuphane/kutsal-kitap/bi12/kitaplar/.
  • McLaughlin, Levi. “Japanese Religious Responses to COVID-19: A Preliminary Report”. The Asia Pacific-Journal 18/9 (2020): 1-23.
  • News Ghana. “CAC Prays for Ghana’s Protection against COVID-19”. Erişim: 12.10.2021, https://newsghana.com.gh/cac-prays-for-ghanas-protection-against-covid-19/.
  • Quadri, Sayed A. “COVID-19 and Religious Congregations: Implications for Spread of Novel Pathogens”. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 96 (2020): 219-221.
  • Religion News Service. “Half of US Mormons are COVID-19 ‘vaccine hesitant’ or ‘vaccine refusers,’ study shows”. Erişim: 24.08.2021, https://religionnews.com/2021/05/06/half-of-us-mormons-are-covid-19-vaccine-hesitant-or-vaccine-resistant-study-shows/.
  • Soryte, Rosita. “We Can Lift This World While Quarantined: Scientology and the 2020 Pandemic”. The Journal of CESNUR 4 / 4 (2020): 3-24.
  • Swami, Bhakti Bhringa Govinda. “Why I Decided That Getting Vaccinated Was the Right Choice for Me”. Erişim: 01.09.2021, https://iskconnews.org/why-i-decided-that-getting-vaccinated-was-the-right-choice-for-me,7728/.
  • TÜBA. “Covid 19 Pandemi Değerlendirme Raporu”. TÜBA, 2020.
  • Yan, Weisi v.dğr. “Potential Benefits of Falun Gong Practice in COVID-19 Pandemic”. Alternative and Integrative Medicine 10/2 (2021). Erişim: 08.09.2021, https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access/potential-benefits-of-falun-gong-practice-in-covid19-pandemic.pdf.
  • Yee, Vivian. “In a Pandemic, Religion Can Be a Balm and a Risk”. Erişim: 10.10.2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/22/world/middleeast/coronavirus-religion.html.
  • Yehova’nın Şahitleri. “Kutsal Kitap Salgın Hastalıklar Hakkında Ne Der?”. Erişim: 23.08.2021, https://www.jw.org/tr/kutsal-kitabin-ogrettikleri/sorular/kutsal-kitap-salginlar-hakkinda-ne-der/.
  • Yehova’nın Şahitleri. “Koronavirüsle İlgili Son Gelişmeler ve Hastalıktan Korunmanın Yolları”. Erişim: 23.08.2021, https://www.jw.org/tr/haberler/jw/bolgelere-gore/dunyadan-haberler/jw-koronavirus-gelismeler-ve-onlemler/.
  • Yehova’nın Şahitleri. “Yehova’nın Şahitleri Tıbbi Tedaviyi Kabul Eder Mi?”. Erişim: 23.08.2021, https://www.jw.org/tr/yehovanin-sahitleri/sss/yehovanin-sahitleri-tibbi-tedavi/.
  • Yehova’nın Şahitleri. “Yehova’nın Şahitleri Aşıya Karşı mı?”. Erişim: 23.08.2021, https://www.jw.org/tr/yehovanin-sahitleri/sss/yehovanin-sahitleri-asi/.
  • Yeşilyurt, Muhammet. “Shincheonji İsa Kilisesi”. Yeni Dini Hareketler Ansiklopedisi, ed. Süleyman Turan & Emine Battal, İstanbul: Okur Akademi Yayınları, 2020, 475-479.

Interdict Practices in the Roman Catholic Church

Yıl 2021, , 83 - 104, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.51490/oksident.1000564

Öz

Interdict is the deprivation of people, communities, or a country from the church or the services provided by the church, such as baptism, marriage, and burial according to religious procedures, by the pope or the clergy authorized by the pope. These prohibitions may remain for a certain period or continue for many years. The interdict was initially seen as a reforming effort and was later used as an authoritarian power. The practice of interdict, seen as a kind of mitigation of the punishment of excommunication, started in the 10th century. It is seen that the practice became established with this name in the XII century. Medieval -especially the 12th and 13th centuries- is when the interdict was developed and used extensively by popes. The interdiction punishments to England and Leon in 1198, Normandy and France in 1199, France in 1200, and England in 1208 took place in the history books. This article gives information about interdict, a relatively neglected subject in the History of Religions in Turkey. Thus, it deals with the definition of the interdict, its distinction from excommunication, its development, and its use by popes.

Kaynakça

  • BBC News. “Coronavirus: South Korean Shincheonji Sect Leader Arrested”. Erişim: 11.10.2021, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53620633.
  • Bromley, David G. “Global Vision Bible Church”. Erişim: 17.10.2021, https://wrldrels.org/2021/10/10/global-vision-bible-church-2/.
  • Chryssides, George D. “Jehovah’s Witnesses and Covid-19”. Erişim: 24.08.2021, https://censamm.org/blog/jehovahs-witnesses-and-covid.
  • Chung, Esther & Alannah Hill. “What Is The Shincheonji Church of Jesus and Who Are Its Members? And More Importantly, What Are Its Links to The Coronavirus?”. KoreaJongAng Daily, erişim: 11.10.2021, https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3075027.
  • Church News. “Timeline: How the Church has Responded to the Global COVID-19 Pandemic”. Erişim: 24.08.2021, https://www.thechurchnews.com/history-revisited/2021-03-10/covid-19-church-response-timeline-missionaries-temples-191247.
  • Çekici, Elif. “Mesih Apostolik Kilisesi”. Yeni Dini Hareketler Ansiklopedisi, ed. Süleyman Turan & Emine Battal, İstanbul: Okur Akademi Yayınları, 2020, 336-338.
  • Das Goswami, Hrdayananda. “Why I Decided that Getting Vaccinated Against COVID-19 Was the Right Choice for Me”. Erişim: 02.09.2021, https://iskconnews.org/why-i-decided-that-getting-vaccinated-against-covid-19-was-the-right-choice-for-me-6,7769/.
  • Duke, Barry. “The Tide is Turning against COVID-Denying Pastor Greg Locke”. Patheos, erişim: 24.08.2021, https://www.patheos.com/blogs/thefreethinker/2021/08/the-tide-is-turning-against-covid-denying-pastor-greg-locke/.
  • Inspector General Network Bulletin. Erişim: 03.09.2021, https://scientologymoneyproject.com/wp-content/uploads/securepdfs/2020/03/David-Miscavige-Inspector-General-Network-Bulletin-No-88.Coronavirus.pdf.
  • Introvigne, Massimo. “Shincheonji”. Erişim: 07.09.2021, https://wrldrels.org/2019/08/29/shincheonji/.
  • ISKCON. “The News Agency of the ISKCON”. Erişim: 01.09.2021, https://iskconnews.org/covid-19/?page=6.
  • Keleş, Hatice. “Kendini Gerçekleştirme Derneği”. Yeni Dini Hareketler Ansiklopedisi, ed. Süleyman Turan & Emine Battal, İstanbul: Okur Akademi Yayınları, 2020, 292-295.
  • Knapp, Alex. “The Secret History of The First Coronavirus”. Erişim: 19.10.2021, https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2020/04/11/the-secret-history-of-the-first-coronavirus-229e.
  • Kutsal Kitap-Yeni Dünya Çevirisi. Erişim: 10.09.2021. https://www.jw.org/tr/kutuphane/kutsal-kitap/bi12/kitaplar/.
  • McLaughlin, Levi. “Japanese Religious Responses to COVID-19: A Preliminary Report”. The Asia Pacific-Journal 18/9 (2020): 1-23.
  • News Ghana. “CAC Prays for Ghana’s Protection against COVID-19”. Erişim: 12.10.2021, https://newsghana.com.gh/cac-prays-for-ghanas-protection-against-covid-19/.
  • Quadri, Sayed A. “COVID-19 and Religious Congregations: Implications for Spread of Novel Pathogens”. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 96 (2020): 219-221.
  • Religion News Service. “Half of US Mormons are COVID-19 ‘vaccine hesitant’ or ‘vaccine refusers,’ study shows”. Erişim: 24.08.2021, https://religionnews.com/2021/05/06/half-of-us-mormons-are-covid-19-vaccine-hesitant-or-vaccine-resistant-study-shows/.
  • Soryte, Rosita. “We Can Lift This World While Quarantined: Scientology and the 2020 Pandemic”. The Journal of CESNUR 4 / 4 (2020): 3-24.
  • Swami, Bhakti Bhringa Govinda. “Why I Decided That Getting Vaccinated Was the Right Choice for Me”. Erişim: 01.09.2021, https://iskconnews.org/why-i-decided-that-getting-vaccinated-was-the-right-choice-for-me,7728/.
  • TÜBA. “Covid 19 Pandemi Değerlendirme Raporu”. TÜBA, 2020.
  • Yan, Weisi v.dğr. “Potential Benefits of Falun Gong Practice in COVID-19 Pandemic”. Alternative and Integrative Medicine 10/2 (2021). Erişim: 08.09.2021, https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access/potential-benefits-of-falun-gong-practice-in-covid19-pandemic.pdf.
  • Yee, Vivian. “In a Pandemic, Religion Can Be a Balm and a Risk”. Erişim: 10.10.2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/22/world/middleeast/coronavirus-religion.html.
  • Yehova’nın Şahitleri. “Kutsal Kitap Salgın Hastalıklar Hakkında Ne Der?”. Erişim: 23.08.2021, https://www.jw.org/tr/kutsal-kitabin-ogrettikleri/sorular/kutsal-kitap-salginlar-hakkinda-ne-der/.
  • Yehova’nın Şahitleri. “Koronavirüsle İlgili Son Gelişmeler ve Hastalıktan Korunmanın Yolları”. Erişim: 23.08.2021, https://www.jw.org/tr/haberler/jw/bolgelere-gore/dunyadan-haberler/jw-koronavirus-gelismeler-ve-onlemler/.
  • Yehova’nın Şahitleri. “Yehova’nın Şahitleri Tıbbi Tedaviyi Kabul Eder Mi?”. Erişim: 23.08.2021, https://www.jw.org/tr/yehovanin-sahitleri/sss/yehovanin-sahitleri-tibbi-tedavi/.
  • Yehova’nın Şahitleri. “Yehova’nın Şahitleri Aşıya Karşı mı?”. Erişim: 23.08.2021, https://www.jw.org/tr/yehovanin-sahitleri/sss/yehovanin-sahitleri-asi/.
  • Yeşilyurt, Muhammet. “Shincheonji İsa Kilisesi”. Yeni Dini Hareketler Ansiklopedisi, ed. Süleyman Turan & Emine Battal, İstanbul: Okur Akademi Yayınları, 2020, 475-479.
Toplam 28 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Din Araştırmaları
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Emine Meydan 0000-0001-5938-2742

Ahmet Güç 0000-0003-4614-6235

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Eylül 2021
Kabul Tarihi 9 Kasım 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Meydan, Emine - Güç, Ahmet. “Roma Katolik Kilisesi’nde Enterdi Uygulamaları”. Oksident 3/2 (Aralık 2021), 83-104. https://doi.org/10.51490/oksident.1000564.