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Epistula Apostolorum: II. Yüzyıl Hıristiyan Apokaliptik Yazınında Anti-Gnostik Bir Apoloji Örneği

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 279 - 313, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.51490/oksident.1788964

Öz

XIX. yüzyılın sonu itibarıyla Hıristiyanlığın ilk çağlarına ait pek çok el yazması metnin varlığı gün yüzüne çıkarılmıştır. Kanon dışı kabul edilen bu metinlerin iki bin yıllık geçmişe sahip Hıristiyan inancında sarsıcı değişiklikler yapmadığı düşünülse de erken Hıristiyan tarihine dair bilgimizi güncellediği ve yeni perspektifler sunduğu inkâr edilemez. Çünkü apokrif olarak etiketlenen bu literatür, bir yönüyle erken Hıristiyan inancının teşekkül sürecini yansıtmaktadır. Bu sayede İsa sonrasındaki sözlü geleneğin yazıya nasıl aktarıldığı, erken Hıristiyan cemaatlerin nasıl oluştuğu ve aralarında ne türden tartışmaların yaşandığı konularında kanonik metinler ve gelenek üzerinden şekillenen tarihsel kurguyu tamamlayıcı ya da ona alternatif farklı senaryolara ulaşılmaktadır. Hiç şüphesiz XIX. yüzyılda Carl Schmidt tarafından Kıptice versiyonu keşfedilen Epistula Apostolorum olarak bilinen eser bu türden metinler içerisinde hayli dikkat çekici bir içeriğe ve niteliğe sahiptir.
Bu çalışma, erken Hıristiyan literatürünün önemli apokrif metinlerinden biri olan Epistula Apostolorum'u, ikinci yüzyıl Hıristiyan apokaliptik yazını bağlamında anti-Gnostik bir apoloji örneği olarak incelemektedir. On bir havari tarafından kaleme alındığı iddia edilen metin, temel olarak Cerinthus ve Simon gibi “sahte elçiler”in öğretilerine karşı Hıristiyan cemaatleri uyarmayı ve dirilmiş İsa’dan alınan sahih öğretiyi aktarmayı amaçlamaktadır. Yanı sıra İsa sonrası cemaatin tarihsel durumuna ve İsa’nın ikinci gelişinde ve öncesinde meydana gelecek eskatolojik olayların tasvirlerine yer vermektedir. Çalışmada, Epistula’nın edebi türü, yazıldığı tarih ve coğrafi kökeni, Yuhanna İncili ile olan teolojik etkileşimi, ayrıca apolojetik ve eskatolojik işlevi eleştirel bir perspektiften ele alınmıştır. Yapısal olarak mektup, kredo, İncil ve apokalips gibi türleri harmanlayan metnin, tarihsel referansları ve yoğun anti-Doketik vurguları nedeniyle Küçük Asya kökenli olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Sinoptik anlatılarla uyumlu bir İsa tasviri sunan Epistula’nın büyük oranda Yuhanna İncili’ni kullandığı metinlerarası benzerliklerden ötürü kolaylıkla fark edilmektedir. Metnin teolojik çerçevesi kristolojik ve eskatolojiktir. Epistula, İsa’nın gerçek bir bedende enkarne olduğunu ve dirildiğini kesin bir dille vurgulayarak Gnostik kabulleri reddeder. Matta İncili’nde yer alan on bakire misalinin yeniden yorumlanmasıyla kurtuluşun gnosis yerine iman, sevgi ve lütfa dayandığı öne sürülür. Yine de metinde ismi geçen Simon ve Cerinthus’a ait doktrinlerin neliğine ilişkin açık göndermelerden yoksundur; bu nedenle Epistula’nın Gnostik karşıtı teolojiyi örtük bir şekilde sunduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Sonuç olarak Epistula Apostolorum, dönemin kaotik ortamında “gerçek” öğretiyi savunan, II. yüzyıl teolojisindeki ayrışmaları anlamak için önemli bir apokaliptik apoloji örneğidir.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma 29-30 Eylül 2023 tarihinde düzenlenen 1. Türkiye Dinler Tarihi Kongresi'nde aynı başlıkla sözlü olarak sunulan bildirinin genişletilerek makale formatında hazırlanmış halidir. Bildirinin tam metni yayınlanmamıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Alsup, J. E. The Post-Resurrection Appearance Stories of the Gospel Tradition: A History-of-Tradition Analysis. Londra: SPCK, 1975.
  • Ashton, John. Studying John: Approaches to the Fourth Gospel. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.
  • Bindley, T. H. The Apology of Tertullian for the Christians. Londra: Parker, 1890.
  • Bultmann, R. The Gospel of John: A Commentary. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1971.
  • Cadoux, C. J. Ancient Smyrna: A History of the City from the Earliest Times to 324 A.D. Blackwell, 1938.
  • Cameron, Ron (ed.). The Other Gospels: Non-Canonical Gospel Text. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1982.
  • Campbell, Warren C. “The Epistle of the Apostles”. North American Society for the Study of Christian Apocryphal Literature, erişim: 28.08.2023, https://www.nasscal.com/e-clavis-christian-apocrypha/epistle-of-the-apostles/.
  • Ehrman, Bart D. “Cephas and Peter”. Journal of Biblical Literature 109/3 (1990): 463-474, https://doi.org/10.2307/3267052.
  • Ehrman, Bart D. Lost Scriptures: Books that Did Not Make It Into the New Testament. Oxford-New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
  • Elliott, J. K. The Apocryphal New Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.
  • Elliott, J. K. “The Epistle of the Apostles (Epistula Apostolorum)”. The Apocryphal New Testament, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993, 555-588.
  • Ernst, A. M. Martha from the Margins: The Authority of Martha in Early Christian Tradition. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2009.
  • Fortna, Robert T. The Gospel of Signs: A Reconstruction of the Narrative Source Underlying the Fourth Gospel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970.
  • Frey, Jörg. “‘Docetic-like’ Christologies and the Polymorphy of Christ: A Plea for Further Consideration of Diversity in the Discussion of ‘Docetism’”. Docetism in the Early Church: The Quest for an Elusive Phenomenon, ed. J. Verheyden v.dğr., Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament, Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2018, 27-49.
  • Guerrier, Louis. “Le Testament en Galilée de Notre Seigneur Jésus-Christ: Texte éthiopien, édité et traduit en français”. Patrologia Orientalis, ed. René Graffin & François Nau, Paris: Firman-Didot, 1913, 9: 140-234.
  • Guerrier, Louis. “Un testament de Notre Seigneur et Sauveur Jesus Christ en Galilée”. Revue de l’Orient Chrétien (1896-1946), ed. René Graffin, Paris: Bureau des oeuvres d’Orient, 1907, 12: 1-8.
  • Gunther, John J. “Syrian Christian Dualism”. Vigiliae Christianae 25/2 (1971): 81-93.
  • Gündüz, Şinasi. Din ve İnanç Sözlüğü. Ankara: Vadi Yayınları, 1998.
  • Gündüz, Şinasi. “Sinoplu Marcion’un Gnostik Teolojisi”. Hoşgörü ve İnanç Turizminde Göller Bölgesi Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı, Isparta: SDÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2021, 131-140.
  • Hannah, Darrell D. “The Four-Gospel ‘Canon’ in the Epistula Apostolorum’”. The Journal of Theological Studies 59/2 (2008): 598-633.
  • Hartenstein, J. Die zweite Lehre: Erscheinungen des Auferstandenen als Rahmenerzählungen früchristlicher Dialoge. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2000.
  • Hilhorst, A. The Apostolic Age in Patristic Thought. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2004.
  • Hill, C. E. “The Epistula Apostolorum: An Asian Tract from the Time of Polycarp”. Journal of Early Christian Studies 7/1 (1999): 1-53.
  • Hill, C. E. The Johannine Corpus in the Early Church. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
  • Hills, Julian V. Tradition and composition in the Epistula Apostolorum. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1990.
  • Hornschuh, Manfred. Studien zur Epistula Apostolorum. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1965.
  • James, Montague Rhodes. The Apocryphal New Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1924.
  • Koester, Helmut. Introduction to the New Testament: History and Literature of Early Christianity. New York-Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1987.
  • Lake, Kirsopp. “Simon, Cephas, Peter”. Harvard Theological Review 14/1 (1921): 95-97.
  • Lake, Kirsopp. “The Epistola Apostolorum”. The Harvard Theological Review 14/1 (1921): 15-29.
  • Markschies, Christoph & Jens Schröter (ed.). Antike christliche Apokryphen in deutscher Übersetzung I: Evangelien und Verwandtes, Teilband 2. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2012.
  • Müller, C. Detlef G. “Epistula Apostolorum”. New Testament Apocrypha. Volume One: Gospels and Related Writings, ed. Wilhelm Schneemelcher, Louisville-Londra: Westminster John Knox Press, 2003, 249-284.
  • Patacı, Bilal. Sembolizm ve Kristoloji: Yuhanna İncili’nde İsa Tasviri. İstanbul: MilelNihal Yayınları, 2022.
  • Rahmani, Ignatius Ephraem (ed.). Testamentum Domini Nostri Jesu Christi. Moguntia: Sumptibus Francisci Kirchheim, 1899.
  • Schaff, P. The Oldest Church Manual Called the Teaching of The Twelve Apostles, New York: Charles Scribner’s Son, 1885.
  • Schmidt, Carl. “Eine bisher unbekannte altchristliche Schrift in koptischer Sprache”. Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Berlin: Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1895, 705-711.
  • Schmidt, Carl. Gespräche Jesu mit seinen Jüngern nach der Auferstehung; ein katholisch-apostolisches Sendschreiben des 2. Jahrhunderts. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung, 1919.
  • Schneemelcher, Wilhelm (ed.). New Testament Apocrypha. Volume One: Gospels and Related Writings. Louisville-Londra: Westminster John Knox Press, 2003.
  • Senbetu, Tibebu Teklu. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church’s Interpretation of Ἀναξίως in 1 Cor. 11:27−29 in Relation to Worthy Admission to the Eucharist in Light of Ritual Jewish Purity Laws Embedded in its Qeddassé and Tradition. Doktora Tezi, St. Louis: Concordia Seminary, 2022.
  • Stewart, Alistair C. “Ignatius’ ‘Docetists’ A Survey of Opinions and Some Modest Suggestions”. Docetism in the Early Church: The Quest for an Elusive Phenomenon, ed. J. Verheyden v.dğr., Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2018, 143-173.
  • Stewart-Sykes, A. “The Asian Context of the New Prophecy and of Epistula Apostolorum”. Vigiliae Christianae 51/4 (1997): 416-438.
  • Tedros, Abraha & Daniel Assefa. “Apocryphal Gospels in the Ethiopic Tradition”. Jesus in apokryphen Evangelienüberlieferungen, ed. Jörg Frey & Jens Schröter, Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2010, 611-653.
  • The Letters of St. Cyprian of Carthage. Çev. G. W. Clarke. New York: Newman Press, 1984.
  • Vinzent, Markus. “Give and Take amongst Second Century Authors : The Ascension of Isaiah, the Epistle of the Apostles and Marcion of Sinope”. Studia Patristica 50 (2010): 105-129.
  • Watson, Francis. “A Gospel of the Eleven: The Epistula Apostolorum and the Johannine Tradition”. Connecting Gospels Beyond the Canonical/Non-Canonical Divide, ed. Sarah Parkhouse & Francis Watson, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018, 189-215.
  • Watson, Francis. An Apostolic Gospel: The “Epistula Apostolorum” in Literary Context. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.
  • Watson, Francis. “On the Miracle Catena in Epistula Apostolorum 4–5”. Gospels and Gospel Traditions in the Second Century: Experiments in Reception, ed. Jens Schröter v.dğr., Berlin-Boston: De Gruyter, 2019, 107-128.
  • Wiersma, J.T. & J.W.S. Nordholt. The Apostles’ Creed Interpreted in Words and Pictures. Çev. Henriette Bribaart, Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1961.

Epistula Apostolorum: An Anti-Gnostic Apology in Second-Century Christian Apocalyptic Literature

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 279 - 313, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.51490/oksident.1788964

Öz

By the late 19th century, numerous manuscript texts dating back to the earliest periods of Christianity were discovered. Though these non-canonical apocryphal texts are not thought to have drastically altered the two-thousand-year-old Christian faith, they undeniably update our knowledge of early Christian history and offer new perspectives. This literature reflects the very formation process of the early faith, providing alternative or complementary scenarios to the historical narrative shaped by canonical texts. This is particularly relevant to understanding how the oral tradition was committed to writing, how early Christian communities were organized, and the nature of their theological debates. Among these significant finds, the Epistula Apostolorum, whose Coptic version was discovered by Carl Schmidt in the 19th century, is highly noteworthy.
This study examines the Epistula Apostolorum as an example of an anti-Gnostic apology set within the framework of second-century Christian apocalyptic writing. The text, claiming authorship by eleven apostles, primarily aims to warn Christian communities against the teachings of “false apostles” such as Cerinthus and Simon, and to convey the authentic teaching received from the risen Jesus. It also includes descriptions of the historical situation of the post-Jesus community and details the eschatological events preceding the Second Coming. The analysis critically addresses the Epistula’s literary genre, which is a blend of forms including letter, creed, gospel narrative, and apocalypse, as well as its date and its probable geographical origin. Due to its specific historical references and its intense emphasis on anti-Docetism, the document is concluded to be of Asia Minor origin. While the text presents a depiction of Jesus consistent with the Synoptic narratives, intertextual similarities clearly indicate its substantial use of the Gospel of John. The work’s overarching theological framework is Christological and eschatological. The Epistula emphatically rejects Gnostic claims by asserting Jesus's genuine physical incarnation and resurrection. Furthermore, by reinterpreting the Parable of the Ten Virgins found in the Gospel of Matthew, it posits that salvation is rooted in faith, love, and grace, rather than esoteric knowledge, which is known as gnosis. Although the text lacks explicit detail on the specific doctrines of Simon and Cerinthus, its anti-Gnostic theology is understood to be presented implicitly. Ultimately, the Epistula Apostolorum is a crucial example of apocalyptic apology, actively defending the “true” teaching and offering valuable insight into the doctrinal divisions of the second century.

Etik Beyan

This study is an expanded version of a paper presented orally under the same title at the 1st Türkiye History of Religions Congress held on September 29-30, 2023, and prepared in article format. The full text of the paper has not been published.

Kaynakça

  • Alsup, J. E. The Post-Resurrection Appearance Stories of the Gospel Tradition: A History-of-Tradition Analysis. Londra: SPCK, 1975.
  • Ashton, John. Studying John: Approaches to the Fourth Gospel. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.
  • Bindley, T. H. The Apology of Tertullian for the Christians. Londra: Parker, 1890.
  • Bultmann, R. The Gospel of John: A Commentary. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1971.
  • Cadoux, C. J. Ancient Smyrna: A History of the City from the Earliest Times to 324 A.D. Blackwell, 1938.
  • Cameron, Ron (ed.). The Other Gospels: Non-Canonical Gospel Text. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1982.
  • Campbell, Warren C. “The Epistle of the Apostles”. North American Society for the Study of Christian Apocryphal Literature, erişim: 28.08.2023, https://www.nasscal.com/e-clavis-christian-apocrypha/epistle-of-the-apostles/.
  • Ehrman, Bart D. “Cephas and Peter”. Journal of Biblical Literature 109/3 (1990): 463-474, https://doi.org/10.2307/3267052.
  • Ehrman, Bart D. Lost Scriptures: Books that Did Not Make It Into the New Testament. Oxford-New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
  • Elliott, J. K. The Apocryphal New Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.
  • Elliott, J. K. “The Epistle of the Apostles (Epistula Apostolorum)”. The Apocryphal New Testament, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993, 555-588.
  • Ernst, A. M. Martha from the Margins: The Authority of Martha in Early Christian Tradition. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2009.
  • Fortna, Robert T. The Gospel of Signs: A Reconstruction of the Narrative Source Underlying the Fourth Gospel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970.
  • Frey, Jörg. “‘Docetic-like’ Christologies and the Polymorphy of Christ: A Plea for Further Consideration of Diversity in the Discussion of ‘Docetism’”. Docetism in the Early Church: The Quest for an Elusive Phenomenon, ed. J. Verheyden v.dğr., Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament, Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2018, 27-49.
  • Guerrier, Louis. “Le Testament en Galilée de Notre Seigneur Jésus-Christ: Texte éthiopien, édité et traduit en français”. Patrologia Orientalis, ed. René Graffin & François Nau, Paris: Firman-Didot, 1913, 9: 140-234.
  • Guerrier, Louis. “Un testament de Notre Seigneur et Sauveur Jesus Christ en Galilée”. Revue de l’Orient Chrétien (1896-1946), ed. René Graffin, Paris: Bureau des oeuvres d’Orient, 1907, 12: 1-8.
  • Gunther, John J. “Syrian Christian Dualism”. Vigiliae Christianae 25/2 (1971): 81-93.
  • Gündüz, Şinasi. Din ve İnanç Sözlüğü. Ankara: Vadi Yayınları, 1998.
  • Gündüz, Şinasi. “Sinoplu Marcion’un Gnostik Teolojisi”. Hoşgörü ve İnanç Turizminde Göller Bölgesi Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı, Isparta: SDÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2021, 131-140.
  • Hannah, Darrell D. “The Four-Gospel ‘Canon’ in the Epistula Apostolorum’”. The Journal of Theological Studies 59/2 (2008): 598-633.
  • Hartenstein, J. Die zweite Lehre: Erscheinungen des Auferstandenen als Rahmenerzählungen früchristlicher Dialoge. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2000.
  • Hilhorst, A. The Apostolic Age in Patristic Thought. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2004.
  • Hill, C. E. “The Epistula Apostolorum: An Asian Tract from the Time of Polycarp”. Journal of Early Christian Studies 7/1 (1999): 1-53.
  • Hill, C. E. The Johannine Corpus in the Early Church. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
  • Hills, Julian V. Tradition and composition in the Epistula Apostolorum. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1990.
  • Hornschuh, Manfred. Studien zur Epistula Apostolorum. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1965.
  • James, Montague Rhodes. The Apocryphal New Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1924.
  • Koester, Helmut. Introduction to the New Testament: History and Literature of Early Christianity. New York-Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1987.
  • Lake, Kirsopp. “Simon, Cephas, Peter”. Harvard Theological Review 14/1 (1921): 95-97.
  • Lake, Kirsopp. “The Epistola Apostolorum”. The Harvard Theological Review 14/1 (1921): 15-29.
  • Markschies, Christoph & Jens Schröter (ed.). Antike christliche Apokryphen in deutscher Übersetzung I: Evangelien und Verwandtes, Teilband 2. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2012.
  • Müller, C. Detlef G. “Epistula Apostolorum”. New Testament Apocrypha. Volume One: Gospels and Related Writings, ed. Wilhelm Schneemelcher, Louisville-Londra: Westminster John Knox Press, 2003, 249-284.
  • Patacı, Bilal. Sembolizm ve Kristoloji: Yuhanna İncili’nde İsa Tasviri. İstanbul: MilelNihal Yayınları, 2022.
  • Rahmani, Ignatius Ephraem (ed.). Testamentum Domini Nostri Jesu Christi. Moguntia: Sumptibus Francisci Kirchheim, 1899.
  • Schaff, P. The Oldest Church Manual Called the Teaching of The Twelve Apostles, New York: Charles Scribner’s Son, 1885.
  • Schmidt, Carl. “Eine bisher unbekannte altchristliche Schrift in koptischer Sprache”. Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Berlin: Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1895, 705-711.
  • Schmidt, Carl. Gespräche Jesu mit seinen Jüngern nach der Auferstehung; ein katholisch-apostolisches Sendschreiben des 2. Jahrhunderts. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung, 1919.
  • Schneemelcher, Wilhelm (ed.). New Testament Apocrypha. Volume One: Gospels and Related Writings. Louisville-Londra: Westminster John Knox Press, 2003.
  • Senbetu, Tibebu Teklu. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church’s Interpretation of Ἀναξίως in 1 Cor. 11:27−29 in Relation to Worthy Admission to the Eucharist in Light of Ritual Jewish Purity Laws Embedded in its Qeddassé and Tradition. Doktora Tezi, St. Louis: Concordia Seminary, 2022.
  • Stewart, Alistair C. “Ignatius’ ‘Docetists’ A Survey of Opinions and Some Modest Suggestions”. Docetism in the Early Church: The Quest for an Elusive Phenomenon, ed. J. Verheyden v.dğr., Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2018, 143-173.
  • Stewart-Sykes, A. “The Asian Context of the New Prophecy and of Epistula Apostolorum”. Vigiliae Christianae 51/4 (1997): 416-438.
  • Tedros, Abraha & Daniel Assefa. “Apocryphal Gospels in the Ethiopic Tradition”. Jesus in apokryphen Evangelienüberlieferungen, ed. Jörg Frey & Jens Schröter, Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2010, 611-653.
  • The Letters of St. Cyprian of Carthage. Çev. G. W. Clarke. New York: Newman Press, 1984.
  • Vinzent, Markus. “Give and Take amongst Second Century Authors : The Ascension of Isaiah, the Epistle of the Apostles and Marcion of Sinope”. Studia Patristica 50 (2010): 105-129.
  • Watson, Francis. “A Gospel of the Eleven: The Epistula Apostolorum and the Johannine Tradition”. Connecting Gospels Beyond the Canonical/Non-Canonical Divide, ed. Sarah Parkhouse & Francis Watson, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018, 189-215.
  • Watson, Francis. An Apostolic Gospel: The “Epistula Apostolorum” in Literary Context. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.
  • Watson, Francis. “On the Miracle Catena in Epistula Apostolorum 4–5”. Gospels and Gospel Traditions in the Second Century: Experiments in Reception, ed. Jens Schröter v.dğr., Berlin-Boston: De Gruyter, 2019, 107-128.
  • Wiersma, J.T. & J.W.S. Nordholt. The Apostles’ Creed Interpreted in Words and Pictures. Çev. Henriette Bribaart, Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1961.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hrıstiyanlık Araştırmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Bilal Patacı 0000-0001-8083-0407

Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Eylül 2025
Kabul Tarihi 23 Kasım 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Patacı, Bilal. “Epistula Apostolorum: II. Yüzyıl Hıristiyan Apokaliptik Yazınında Anti-Gnostik Bir Apoloji Örneği”. Oksident 7/2 (Aralık2025), 279-313. https://doi.org/10.51490/oksident.1788964.