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Yıl 2019, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 1 - 21, 06.08.2019

Zafer Duygu

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3360656

Öz

The question of whether the
traditional Gospels provide reliable historical information is discussed
currently by scholars in light of various scientific methods. This matter,
however, was also on the agenda among some intellectuals of antiquity. Some
pagan writers criticized Christian Scriptures. They targeted the Gospels
through allegations that especially the Gospels contained inconsistent
information and the Gospels were changed many times by Christians subsequently.
In the same way, the problems of the Gospels had taken the time of Christian
thinkers too in those days. These Christian thinkers also professed the
problematic structure of the Gospels with their writings, suggestions or deeds.
This article deals with the claims of the pagan philosophers, Celsus and
Porphyry, and with the discussions and suggestions of such Christian thinkers
as Marcion, Tatian, Origen and Augustine. Accordingly, this article
investigates the ancient roots of the main discussion which continued in the
later periods.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Christianity Gospels Celsus Porphyry Origen

Kaynakça

  • Adams, Nicholas. “A Disharmony of the Gospel”, The Vocation of Theology Today: A Festschrift For David Ford. T. Gieggs-R. Muers-S. Zahl (eds), (Eugene, Oregon: Cascade), 2013.
  • Barnes, Jonathan (çev., sunum-yorumlar). Porphyry, Introduction. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2003).
  • Barnes, Timothy D. “Porphyry Against the Christians: Date and the Attribution of Fragments”. The Journal of Theological Studies 24:2 (1 Ekim 1973) 424–442.
  • Berchman, Robert M. Porphyry Against the Christians. (Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2005).
  • Bloomberg, Craig L. The Historical Reliability of the Gospels. (Illinois: Inter-Varsity Press, 1987).
  • Boer, W. Den. “A Pagan Historian and His Enemies: Porphyry against the Christians”. Classical Philology 69:3 (Haziran 1974) 198-208.
  • Chadwick, Henry (çev., sunum, notlar). Origen: Contra Celsum. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980).
  • Cook, John Granger. “Julian and Porphyry on the Resurrection of Jesus in the Gospels”, The International Journal of the Platonic Tradition 10:2 (2016) 193–207.
  • Cornett, Daryl. “Harmonization in the Patristic Period”, Harmony of the Gospels. S.L. Cox-K.H. Easley (eds.), (Nashville, Tennessee: Holman Bible, 2007), 267-270.
  • Dungan, David Laird. A History of the Synoptic Problem: The Canon, the Text, the Composition, and the Interpretation of the Gospels. (New York: Doubleday, 1999).
  • Durak, Nihat. “Sinoplu Bir Gnostik: Marcion”. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 1:2 (2013) 1-18.
  • Duygu, Zafer. “Nasıralı İsa’nın Erken Dönem Yahudi Literatürüne Yansımaları”. Mukaddime 8:1 (2017) 155-172.
  • Duygu, Zafer. Hıristiyanlık ve İmparatorluk: Geç Antikçağ’da Kilise-Devlet İlişkileri ve Kristoloji Paradigmaları. (İstanbul: Divan Yayınları, 2017).
  • Duygu, Zafer. İsa, Pavlus, İnciller: Hıristiyanlık Neden ve Nasıl Ortaya Çıktı?. (İstanbul: Düşün Yayınları, 2018).
  • Ehrman, Bart D.- Fee, Gordon D.- Holmes, Michael W. The Text of the Fourth Gospel in the Writings of Origen, Society in Biblical Literature: The New Testament in the Greek Fathers. Bruce M. Metzger (ed.) (Atlanta: Georgia Scholar Press, 1992).
  • Goodacre, Mark. The Synoptic Problem: A Way Through the Maze. (Bloomsbury: T&T Clark, 2004).
  • Goodrick, Nikki. “The Gospel According to Augustine: Augustine’s Use of the Gospels in the Confessions”. Anthós 1:5 (1990-1996) 5-21.
  • Greenwood, David Neal. “Celsus, Origen, and Julian on Christian Miracle-Claims”. The Heythrop Journal 57 (2016) 99-108.
  • Gregory, Andrew. The Reception of Luke and Acts in the Period Before Irenaeus. (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2003).
  • Gündüz, Şinasi. “Sinoplu Marcion’un Gnostik Teolojisi”. Hoşgörü ve İnanç Turizminde Göller Bölgesi Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı (Isparta 2001) 131-147.
  • Hoffmann, R. Joseph (ed.-terc.). Porphyry’s Against the Christians: The Literary Remains. (New York: Prometheus Books, 1994).
  • Hoffmann, R. Joseph (ed.). Celsus, On the True Doctrine: A Discourse Against the Christians. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).
  • Hunt, Emily J. Christianity in the Second Century: The Case of Tatian. (Londra-New York: Routledge, 2003).
  • Johnson, Aaron P. Religion and Identity in Porphyry of Tyre: The Limits of Hellenism in Late Antiquity. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013).
  • Jones, A.H.M.–Martindale, J.R., The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, C. I: A.D. 260-395. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1971).
  • Junni, Jussi. “Celsus’ Arguments Against the Truth of the Bible”. Studia Patristica, C. LXV, Papers presented at the Sixteenth International Conference on Patristic Studies held in Oxford 2011, Markus Vinzent (ed.), Volume 13: The First Two Centuries Apocrypha Tertullian and Rhetoric From Tertullian to Tyconius. (Leuven-Paris-Walpole, MA: Peeters, 2013) 175-184.
  • Lamb, William R.S. (ed.-trc.). The Catena in Marcum: A Byzantine Anthology of Early Commentary on Mark. (Leiden: Brill, 2012).
  • Leinsle, Ulrich G. Introduction to Scholastic Theology. İngilizce çev. Michael J. Miller, (Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 2000).
  • Magny, Ariane, Porphyry in Fragments: Reception of an Anti-Christian Text in Late Antiquity, (Farnham–Burlington, Vt: Ashgate, 2014).
  • Martens, Peter W. Origen and Scripture: The Contours of the Exegetical Life. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012).
  • Metzger, Bruce M.–Ehrman, Bart D. The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration, 4. Basım, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).
  • Paget, James N. Carleton. “The Jew of Celsus and Adversus Judaeos Literature”. Zeitschrift für Antikes Christentum / Journal of Ancient Christianity 21:2 (2017) 201-242.
  • Perkins, Pheme. Introduction to the Synoptic Problem. (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2007).
  • Pick, Bernhard. “The Attack of Celsus on Christianity”. The Monist 21:2 (1911) 223-266.
  • Robert A. Ziegler. “Augustine of Hippo’s Doctrine of Scripture: Christian Exegesis in Late Antiquity”. Primary Source 5:2 (2015) 33-39.
  • Sarıya, Derya Aybakan. “Plotinus’un Hayatı, Kişiliği ve Felsefi Üslubu Üzerine Kısa Bir Deneme”. Kaygı: Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 26 (2016) 143-156.
  • Schott, Jeremy M. Christianity, Empire, and the Making of Religion in Late Antiquity. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008).
  • Simmons, Michael Bland. “The Hostile Environment”. Philip F. Esler (ed.), The Early Christian World, C. I-II. (New York: Routledge, 2004).
  • Simmons, Michael Bland. Universal Salvation in Late Antiquity: Porphyry of Tyre and the Pagan-Christian Debate. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015).
  • Şenay, Bülent. İlk Rafızi Hıristiyan Kilisesi: Markunilik. (Bursa: Verka, 2003).
  • Tarakçı, Muhammet “Origen ve Alegorik Kitab-ı Mukaddes Yorumu”. Uludağ Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 19:1 (2010) 183-213.
  • Viltanioti, Irini-Fotini. “Cult Statues in Porphyry of Tyre and Macarius Magnes: Porph. Chr. fr . 76 and fr . 77 (von Harnack)”. Journal of Late Antiquity 10:1 (2017) 187-220.
  • Watson, Francis. Gospel Writing: A Canonical Perspective. (Michigan, Grand Rapids: W.B. Eerdmans, 2013).
  • Wiles, M.F. “Origen as Biblical Scholar”, P.R. Ackroyd-C.F. Evans (eds.), The Cambridge History of the Bible: From the Beginnings to Jerome, C. 1. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1970).
  • Wilken, Robert Louis. The Christians as the Romans Saw Them. (New Haven-Londra: Yale University Press, 2003).
  • Wilken, Robert Louis. The Spirit of Early Christian Thought: Seeking the Face of God, (New Haven-Londra: Yale University Press, 2003).
  • Yıldırım, Fatma Berna. “Yorum Tarihinden Öğretici Bir Hata: Kitab-ı Mukaddes Yorumculuğunda ‘Tanrı’nın İsmi’ Meselesi”. Monograf: Edebiyat Eleştirisi Dergisi 10 (2018) 166-199.
  • Young, Edward J. “Celsus and The Old Testament”. Westminster Theological Journal 6:2 (1944) 166-197.

Antik Çağ’da İnciller’in Güvenilirliği Meselesi

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 1 - 21, 06.08.2019

Zafer Duygu

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3360656

Öz

Geleneksel İncillerin tarihsel açıdan güvenilir bilgiler verip vermedikleri sorusu günümüzde bilim insanlarınca çeşitli bilimsel yöntemler ışığında tartışılmaktadır. Bununla birlikte bu mesele, Antikçağ’da da bazı entelektüeller arasında gündem konusu olmuştur. Bu bağlamda bazı pagan yazarlar Hıristiyan kutsal metinlerine çeşitli açılardan eleştiriler getirmişlerdir. Onlar, bu sırada İncil metinlerini özellikle tutarsız bilgiler içerdikleri ve Hıristiyanlarca sonradan birçok defa değiştirildikleri iddiaları üzerinden hedef almışlardır. Aynı şekilde, İncillere dair problemler o zamanlar Hıristiyan düşünürlerin de epey mesaisini almıştır. Nitekim Hıristiyan düşünürler de yazdıklarıyla ya da öneri ve tasarruflarıyla İncillerin sorunlu yapısını bir bakıma ikrar etmişlerdir. Bu makalede, pagan yazarların söz konusu iddiaları Celsus ve Porphyrios adlı filozoflar özelinde; Hıristiyan düşünürlerin tartışma ve önerileri ise Markion, Tatianus, Origenes ve Augustinus bağlamında ele alınmaktadır. Dolayısıyla makalede, İnciller hakkında sonraki dönemlerde de sürecek temel bir tartışmanın Antikçağ’daki kökleri araştırılmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hıristiyanlık İnciller Celsus Porphyrios Origenes Augustinus

Kaynakça

  • Adams, Nicholas. “A Disharmony of the Gospel”, The Vocation of Theology Today: A Festschrift For David Ford. T. Gieggs-R. Muers-S. Zahl (eds), (Eugene, Oregon: Cascade), 2013.
  • Barnes, Jonathan (çev., sunum-yorumlar). Porphyry, Introduction. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2003).
  • Barnes, Timothy D. “Porphyry Against the Christians: Date and the Attribution of Fragments”. The Journal of Theological Studies 24:2 (1 Ekim 1973) 424–442.
  • Berchman, Robert M. Porphyry Against the Christians. (Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2005).
  • Bloomberg, Craig L. The Historical Reliability of the Gospels. (Illinois: Inter-Varsity Press, 1987).
  • Boer, W. Den. “A Pagan Historian and His Enemies: Porphyry against the Christians”. Classical Philology 69:3 (Haziran 1974) 198-208.
  • Chadwick, Henry (çev., sunum, notlar). Origen: Contra Celsum. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980).
  • Cook, John Granger. “Julian and Porphyry on the Resurrection of Jesus in the Gospels”, The International Journal of the Platonic Tradition 10:2 (2016) 193–207.
  • Cornett, Daryl. “Harmonization in the Patristic Period”, Harmony of the Gospels. S.L. Cox-K.H. Easley (eds.), (Nashville, Tennessee: Holman Bible, 2007), 267-270.
  • Dungan, David Laird. A History of the Synoptic Problem: The Canon, the Text, the Composition, and the Interpretation of the Gospels. (New York: Doubleday, 1999).
  • Durak, Nihat. “Sinoplu Bir Gnostik: Marcion”. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 1:2 (2013) 1-18.
  • Duygu, Zafer. “Nasıralı İsa’nın Erken Dönem Yahudi Literatürüne Yansımaları”. Mukaddime 8:1 (2017) 155-172.
  • Duygu, Zafer. Hıristiyanlık ve İmparatorluk: Geç Antikçağ’da Kilise-Devlet İlişkileri ve Kristoloji Paradigmaları. (İstanbul: Divan Yayınları, 2017).
  • Duygu, Zafer. İsa, Pavlus, İnciller: Hıristiyanlık Neden ve Nasıl Ortaya Çıktı?. (İstanbul: Düşün Yayınları, 2018).
  • Ehrman, Bart D.- Fee, Gordon D.- Holmes, Michael W. The Text of the Fourth Gospel in the Writings of Origen, Society in Biblical Literature: The New Testament in the Greek Fathers. Bruce M. Metzger (ed.) (Atlanta: Georgia Scholar Press, 1992).
  • Goodacre, Mark. The Synoptic Problem: A Way Through the Maze. (Bloomsbury: T&T Clark, 2004).
  • Goodrick, Nikki. “The Gospel According to Augustine: Augustine’s Use of the Gospels in the Confessions”. Anthós 1:5 (1990-1996) 5-21.
  • Greenwood, David Neal. “Celsus, Origen, and Julian on Christian Miracle-Claims”. The Heythrop Journal 57 (2016) 99-108.
  • Gregory, Andrew. The Reception of Luke and Acts in the Period Before Irenaeus. (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2003).
  • Gündüz, Şinasi. “Sinoplu Marcion’un Gnostik Teolojisi”. Hoşgörü ve İnanç Turizminde Göller Bölgesi Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı (Isparta 2001) 131-147.
  • Hoffmann, R. Joseph (ed.-terc.). Porphyry’s Against the Christians: The Literary Remains. (New York: Prometheus Books, 1994).
  • Hoffmann, R. Joseph (ed.). Celsus, On the True Doctrine: A Discourse Against the Christians. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).
  • Hunt, Emily J. Christianity in the Second Century: The Case of Tatian. (Londra-New York: Routledge, 2003).
  • Johnson, Aaron P. Religion and Identity in Porphyry of Tyre: The Limits of Hellenism in Late Antiquity. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013).
  • Jones, A.H.M.–Martindale, J.R., The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, C. I: A.D. 260-395. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1971).
  • Junni, Jussi. “Celsus’ Arguments Against the Truth of the Bible”. Studia Patristica, C. LXV, Papers presented at the Sixteenth International Conference on Patristic Studies held in Oxford 2011, Markus Vinzent (ed.), Volume 13: The First Two Centuries Apocrypha Tertullian and Rhetoric From Tertullian to Tyconius. (Leuven-Paris-Walpole, MA: Peeters, 2013) 175-184.
  • Lamb, William R.S. (ed.-trc.). The Catena in Marcum: A Byzantine Anthology of Early Commentary on Mark. (Leiden: Brill, 2012).
  • Leinsle, Ulrich G. Introduction to Scholastic Theology. İngilizce çev. Michael J. Miller, (Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 2000).
  • Magny, Ariane, Porphyry in Fragments: Reception of an Anti-Christian Text in Late Antiquity, (Farnham–Burlington, Vt: Ashgate, 2014).
  • Martens, Peter W. Origen and Scripture: The Contours of the Exegetical Life. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012).
  • Metzger, Bruce M.–Ehrman, Bart D. The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration, 4. Basım, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).
  • Paget, James N. Carleton. “The Jew of Celsus and Adversus Judaeos Literature”. Zeitschrift für Antikes Christentum / Journal of Ancient Christianity 21:2 (2017) 201-242.
  • Perkins, Pheme. Introduction to the Synoptic Problem. (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2007).
  • Pick, Bernhard. “The Attack of Celsus on Christianity”. The Monist 21:2 (1911) 223-266.
  • Robert A. Ziegler. “Augustine of Hippo’s Doctrine of Scripture: Christian Exegesis in Late Antiquity”. Primary Source 5:2 (2015) 33-39.
  • Sarıya, Derya Aybakan. “Plotinus’un Hayatı, Kişiliği ve Felsefi Üslubu Üzerine Kısa Bir Deneme”. Kaygı: Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 26 (2016) 143-156.
  • Schott, Jeremy M. Christianity, Empire, and the Making of Religion in Late Antiquity. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008).
  • Simmons, Michael Bland. “The Hostile Environment”. Philip F. Esler (ed.), The Early Christian World, C. I-II. (New York: Routledge, 2004).
  • Simmons, Michael Bland. Universal Salvation in Late Antiquity: Porphyry of Tyre and the Pagan-Christian Debate. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015).
  • Şenay, Bülent. İlk Rafızi Hıristiyan Kilisesi: Markunilik. (Bursa: Verka, 2003).
  • Tarakçı, Muhammet “Origen ve Alegorik Kitab-ı Mukaddes Yorumu”. Uludağ Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 19:1 (2010) 183-213.
  • Viltanioti, Irini-Fotini. “Cult Statues in Porphyry of Tyre and Macarius Magnes: Porph. Chr. fr . 76 and fr . 77 (von Harnack)”. Journal of Late Antiquity 10:1 (2017) 187-220.
  • Watson, Francis. Gospel Writing: A Canonical Perspective. (Michigan, Grand Rapids: W.B. Eerdmans, 2013).
  • Wiles, M.F. “Origen as Biblical Scholar”, P.R. Ackroyd-C.F. Evans (eds.), The Cambridge History of the Bible: From the Beginnings to Jerome, C. 1. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1970).
  • Wilken, Robert Louis. The Christians as the Romans Saw Them. (New Haven-Londra: Yale University Press, 2003).
  • Wilken, Robert Louis. The Spirit of Early Christian Thought: Seeking the Face of God, (New Haven-Londra: Yale University Press, 2003).
  • Yıldırım, Fatma Berna. “Yorum Tarihinden Öğretici Bir Hata: Kitab-ı Mukaddes Yorumculuğunda ‘Tanrı’nın İsmi’ Meselesi”. Monograf: Edebiyat Eleştirisi Dergisi 10 (2018) 166-199.
  • Young, Edward J. “Celsus and The Old Testament”. Westminster Theological Journal 6:2 (1944) 166-197.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Din Araştırmaları
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Zafer Duygu 0000-0002-8762-9850

Yayımlanma Tarihi 6 Ağustos 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Ocak 2019
Kabul Tarihi 28 Şubat 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Duygu, Zafer. “Antik Çağ’da İnciller’in Güvenilirliği Meselesi”. Oksident 1/1 (Ağustos 2019), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3360656.
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