Evanjelik Hareketin ABD Siyaset Kurumundan Dinî Talepleri Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 27 - 58, 30.06.2020

Hakan Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3908651

Öz

Evanjelik hareket veya Evanjelikalizm 20. yüzyılda, özellikle de son çeyreğinde Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin siyasi, dinî, sosyal ve kültürel hayatında ön plana çıkmıştır. Evanjelikler, devletin çıkarttığı bazı kanunları kendi dinî yaşantılarına doğrudan bir müdahale olarak görüp örgütlenerek siyaset sahnesine girmişlerdir. Hıristiyan Sağ (Christian Right) çatısı altında birbirinden farklı amaçlara sahip birçok Evanjelik örgüt bulunmaktadır. 1976 başkanlık seçimlerinden bu yana Hıristiyan Sağ siyasilere taleplerini iletmeye ve lobi faaliyetlerine devam etmektedir. Bu tarihten sonra Evanjelik hareketin siyasete olan etkisi artarak devam etmiştir. Hıristiyan Sağ hareketinin etrafında toplandığı birçok konu vardır. Bunların başlıcaları: kürtaj karşıtlığı, eşcinsellik haklarına karşıtlık, İsrail yandaşlığı, devlet okullarında Hıristiyanlıkla ilgili talepler ve evrim karşıtlığıdır. Bu çalışmamızın amacı yapısını çoğunlukla Evanjeliklerin oluşturduğu Hıristiyan Sağ’ın siyaset kurumundan dinî taleplerinin ortaya konulması ve incelenmesidir. Bu yapılırken ilk önce Evanjelikalizm kavramı açıklanacak daha sonra Evanjelik hareketin tarihsel arka planı verilecektir. Evanjeliklerin siyasete giriş nedenleri açıklanarak dinî talepler nedenleriyle ortaya konulacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Dinler Tarihi, Evanjelik Hareket, Hıristiyan Sağ, Dinî Talepler, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD), Dinî Talepler

An Investigation on the Religious Demands of the Evangelical Movement from the US Political Institution

Öz

Evangelical movement or Evangelicalism was at the forefront of the political, religious, social, and cultural life of the United States in the 20th century, especially in the last quarter. After seeing some laws issued by the state as a direct intervention in their religious life, the evangelicals organized and entered the political scene. There are many evangelical organizations with different purposes under the Christian Right. The Christian Right has continued to convey its demands to politicians and conducts lobby activities since the 1976 presidential elections. After this date, the influence of the Evangelical movement on politics has continued increasingly. There are many issues on which the Christian Right Movement has concentrated. The main ones are anti-abortion, anti-homosexuality rights, Israeli support, demands for Christianity in public schools, and anti-evolution. This study aims to reveal and examine the religious demands of the Christian Right from the political institution, which is mostly formed by the Evangelicals. While doing this, it explains the concept of Evangelicalism first, and then gives the historical background of the evangelical movement. It also reveals the reasons for evangelicals entering politics and their religious demands from politicians. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

History of Religions, United States of America (USA), Evangelical Movement, Christian Right, Religious Demands

Kaynakça

• Anti-Defamation League. “The Ten Commandments in the Public Square: Religiously Divisive & Constitutionally Unsound”. Erişim: 26.04.2020, https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/documents/assets/pdf/civil-rights/religiousfreedom/religfreeres/TenCommands-docx.pdf.
• Balmer, Randall. “Religious Right”. Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism, Texas: Baylor University Press, 2004, 575.
• Bartlett, Gregory M. “Displaying the Ten Commandments on Public Property: The Kentucky Experience: Wasn’t It Written in Stone”, Heineonline, Erişim: 26.04.2020, https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/nkenlr30&id=173&men_tab=srchresults#.
• Bass, Diana Butler. “For Many Evangelicals, Jerusalem is About Prophecy, Not Politics”. CNN, erişim: 26.04.2020, https://edition.cnn.com/2017/12/08/opinions/jerusalem-israel-evangelicals-end-times-butler-bass-opinion/index.html.
• Bean, Lydia & Brandon C. Martinez. “Evangelical Ambivalence toward Gays and Lesbians”. Sociology of Religion 75/3 (2014), 395-417.
• Bebbington, David William. Evangelicalism in Modern Britain: A History from the 1730s to the 1980s. Londra: Routledge, 2003.
• Ben Baraka, Mokhtar & John Chandler. “The Evangelical Left and War”. Both Swords and Ploughshares: Interactions of War, Peace and Religion in America from the War of Independence to the Present, ed. Linda Martz & Ineke Bockting, Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015, 47-71.
• Bindewald, Benjamin J. “In the World, But Not of the World: Understanding Conservative Christianity and Its Relationship With American Public Schools”. Educational Studies: A Journal of the American Educational Studies Association 51/2 (2015), 93-111.
• Binns, Ian C. & Mark A. Bloom. “Distinguishing Science from Non-Science: Preservice Elementary Teachers’ Perspectives on Evolution, Creationism and Intelligent Design”. International Journal of Educational Methodology 3/1 (2017), 1-15.
• Brown, Emma. “Judge Orders Parties into Mediation Over 10 Commandments in Schools”. The Washington Post, erişim: 26.04.2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/virginia-schools-insider/post/ten-commandments-in-schools-fight-continues-in-federal-.court/2012/05/07/gIQArU8P8T_blog.html?utm_term=.5ffef438ce24.
• Bruenig, Elizabeth. “Can the Evangelical Left Rise Again?”. The New Republic, erişim: 20.04.2020, https://newrepublic.com/article/122716/can-evangelical-left-rise-again.
• Butler, Jon v.dğr. Religion in American Life: A Short History. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
• Castuera, Ignacio. “A Social History of Christian Thought on Abortion: Ambiguity vs. Certainty in Moral Debate”. American Journal of Economics and Sociology 76/1 (2017), 121-227.
• Deniz, Osman Murat. “Pietizm: Kökenleri, Temel Özellikleri ve Gelişimi”. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 12 (2018), 95-120.
• Dorrien, Gary. “The Crisis and Necessity of Liberal Theology”. American Journal of Theology & Philosophy, 30/1, (2009): 3-23.
• Dorsett, L. W. “William Franklin ‘Billy’ Graham”. Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals, ed. Timothy T. Larsen v.dğr., Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press, 2003, 259-262.
• Elifson, Kirk W. & C. Kirk Hadaway. “Prayer in Public Schools: When Church and State Collide”. The Public Opinion Quarterly 49/3 (1985), 317-329.
• Gilbert, W. Kent. Commitment to Unity: A History of the Lutheran Church in America. Philedelphia: Augsburg Fortress Publishing, 1988.
• Gilgoff, Dan. The Jesus Machine: How James Dobson, Focus On The Family And Evangelical America Are Winning The Culture War. New York: St Martin’s Press, 2007.
• Green, John C. v.dğr. Religion and the Culture Wars. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1996.
• Greenhouse, Linda & Reva B. Siegel. “Before (and After) Roe v. Wade: New Questions About Backlash”. Yale Law Journal 120 (2011), 2028-2087.
• Güngör, Ali İsra. Evanjelikler. İstanbul: İlgi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık, 2016.
• Hagee, John. “Seven Biblical Reasons Why Christians Should Support Israel”. CUFI, erişim: 26.04.2020, http://support.cufi.org/images/learnwhy/SevenBiblicalResons.pdf.
• Hanakahi, Wendy F. “Evolution-Creationism Debate: Evaluating the Constitutionality of Teaching Intelligent Design in Public School Classrooms”. Heineonline, erişim: 26.04.2020, https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/uhawlr25&id=15&collection=journals&index=.
• Hankins, Barry. American Evangelicals: A Contemporary History of A Mainstream Religious Movement. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2008.
• Hankins, Barry. The Second Great Awakening and Transcendentalists. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2004.
• Hartig, Hannah. “Nearly Six-in-Ten Americans Say Abortion Should be Legal in All or Most Cases”. Erişim: 25.04.2020, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/10/17/nearly-six-in-ten-americans-say-abortion-should-be-legal/
• Heclo, Hugh. Christianity and American Democracy. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2007.
• History, “Roe v. Wade”. Erişim: 25.04.2020, https://www.history.com/topics/womens-rights/roe-v-wade.
• Hulsether, Mark. Religion Culture and Politics in the Twentieth-Century United States. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007.
• Jones, Sarah E. “Unanswered Prayers?”. Americans United, erişim: 26.04.2020, https://www.au.org/church-state/march-2014-church-state/featured/unanswered-prayers.
• Karrer, Robert N. “The Pivotal Year of 1979 and the New Narrative: Evangelicals & Fundamentalists Join the Pro-Life Movement”. Human Life Review 40/2 (2014), 87-104.
• Laats, Adam. “Our Schools, Our Country: American Evangelicals, Public Schools, and the Supreme Court Decisions of 1962 and 1963”. Journal of Religious History 36/3 (2012), 319-334.
• Lifeway Research. “Evangelical Attidutes Toward Israel”. Erişim: 26.04.2020, http://lifewayresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Evangelical-Attitudes-Toward-Israel-Research-Study-Report.pdf.
• Maloney, Carolyn B. “Equal Rights Amendment”. Erişim: 25.04.2020, https://maloney.house.gov/issues/womens-issues/equal-rights-ammendment.
• Marsden, George M. Jonathan Edwards: A Life. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003.
• Marsden,George M. Understanding Fundamentalism and Evangelicalism. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1991.
• Martin, William. With God on Our Side: The Rise of the Religious Right in America. New York: Broadway Books, 1996.
• Masci, David. 5 Facts About Evolution and Religion. Pew Research Center, 2014, erişim: 26.04. 2020, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/10/30/5-facts-about-evolution-and-religion/.
• Miller, Paul D. “Evangelicals, Israel and US Foreign Policy”. Taylor and Francis Online, erişim: 26.04.2020, www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00396338.2014.882149.
• Moon, Luke. “The Latest Threat to Evangelical Support for Israel”. The Tower, erişim: 26.04.2020, http://www.thetower.org/article/the-latest-threat-to-evangelical-support-for-israel/.
• Noll, Mark. “What is Evangelical?”. The Oxford Handbook of Evangelical Theology, ed. Gerald R. McDermott. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010, 19-34.
• Noll, Mark. Between Faith and Criticism: Evangelicals, Scholarship, and the Bible in America. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1986.
• Pew Research Center. “America’s Changing Religious Landscape”. Erişim: 25.04.2020, http://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/.
• Pew Research Center. “American Evangelicals and Israel”. Erişim: 26.04.2020, http://www.pewforum.org/2005/04/15/american-evangelicals-and-israel/.
• Pew Research Center. “Changing Attitudes on Gay Marriage”. Erişim: 26.04.2020, http://www.pewforum.org/fact-sheet/changing-attitudes-on-gay-marriage/.
• Pew Research Center. “Strong Support for Israel in US Cuts Across Religious Lines”. Erişim: 26.04.2020, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/02/27/strong-support-for-israel-in-u-s-cuts-across-religious-lines/.
• Pew Research Center. “Views About Homosexuality”. Erişim: 26.04.2020, http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/views-about-homosexuality/.
• Pew Research Center. “Views About Same-sex Marriage”. Erişim: 26.04.2020, http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/views-about-same-sex-marriage/.
• Stratton, Gary David & James L. Gorman. “Second Great Awakening (1800-1830s)”. Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States, ed. George Thomas Kurian & Mark A. Lamport. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2016, 5:2056-2059.
• Wilcox, Clyde & Carin Robinson. Onward Christian Soldiers? The Religious Right in American Politics. Boulder: Westview Press, 2010.
• Williams, Daniel K. God’s Own Party: The Making of the Christian Right. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
• Wilson, James Q. “Why Don’t Jews Like the Christians Who Like Them?: Liberalism Can’t Abide Conservative Evangelicals”. City Journal, erişim: 26.04.2020, https://www.city-journal.org/html/why-don%E2%80%99t-jews-christians-who-them-13068.html.