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The Papal Attitude Towards Zionism and The Holy Land Policy

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 99 - 118, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.51490/oksident.1665286

Öz

The Zionist plan of establishing a national homeland by gathering Jews from all over the world in the land of Palestine has drawn the reaction of the Papacy from the very beginning. However, the Papacy’s attitude towards Zionist demands and challenges has varied within the framework of the global political atmosphere, the actual situation in the region and the theological transformation within the Church. Thus, Papal policy towards the Holy Land against the Zionist ideology has shifted from the traditional belief in permanent Jewish exile to, at minimum, the internationalization of Jerusalem and the preservation of its religious identity. It has also evolvedfrom the official recognition of the State of Israel to an emphasis on safeguarding the dignity of holy sites and ensuring the Church’s rights. In this context, the Papal attitude towards the Zionist ideology, which began just before the first Zionist Congress, manifested itself as an absolute opposition to the immigration of Jews to the Holy Land on theological grounds. In this period, the Papacy not only took internal measures against Zionist activities, but also reached out France, the protector of the Christians in the region, and the Ottoman Empire, which ruled the region. This uncompromising attitude of the Papacy continued throughout the period of the British takeover of Palestine in 1917 and later the mandate administration. However, with the shifting global balance after World War II and the widespread discourse on the Holocaust, the Papal position has gradually changed. Of course, the emergence of America as a superpower in the post-war period and the support of Zionism by the successive American administrations played a significant role in this shift. In addition to the establishment of the State of Israel and the subsequent geopolitical developments in the region, Pope Paul VI’s visit and the theological shifts within the Church, such as the decisions of the Second Vatican Council, led to a slight softening of the Papacy’s stance. Henceforth, the Papacy began to raise issues such as the preservation of holy sites, free access to holy sites for all faiths, and the rights and authority of religious communities. This indecisive policy of the Papacy has been seen as a result of political or conjunctural challenges. Nevertheless, the Papacy has never abandoned its demands concerning an independent Palestinian state and the status of Jerusalem and has expressed them on various platforms. This study examines the Papal policy toward the Holy Land, particularly Jerusalem, in response to Zionist aims and activities from the late nineteenth century to the present day.

Kaynakça

  • Associated Press. “Pope Urges Status Quo ‘Wisdom and Prudence’ for Jerusalem”. Erişim: 29.11.2024, https://apnews.com/general-news-8c967bf2f5e54121875be82edbda8b5b.
  • Associated Press. “Vatican Recognizes State of Palestine in New Treaty”. Erişim: 29.11.2024, https://apnews.com/general-news-c5550d535218478c8208fe32c82c3eb3.
  • Batuk, Cengiz & Rabia Mert. “Çatışan Kutsalların Ortasındaki Şehir: Kudüs”. Dinbilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi 17/2 (2017): 129-149.
  • Coppa, Frank J. The Papacy, the Jews, and the Holocaust. Washington: The Catholic University of America Press, 2006.
  • Cornwell, John. Hitler’s Pope: The Secret History of Pope Pius XII. New York: Penguin Books, 2002.
  • Çoban, Bekir Zakir. “İkinci Vatikan Konsili ve Katolik Yahudi İlişkileri”. İsrailiyat: İsrail ve Yahudi Çalışmaları Dergisi 2 (2018): 60-81.
  • Çoban, Bekir Zakir. “Nostra Aetate’nin Arka Planı”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi ilahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 46 (2017): 7-34.
  • Dicastery for Promoting Christian Unity. “We Remember: A Reflection on the Shoah”. Erişim: 25.11.2024, https://www.christianunity.va/content/unitacristiani/en/commissione-per-i-rapporti-religiosi-con-l-ebraismo/commissione-per-i-rapporti-religiosi-con-l-ebraismo-crre/documenti-della-commissione/en1.html.
  • Ferrari, Silvio. “The Holy See and the Postwar Palestine Issue: The Internalization of Jerusalem and the Protection of the Holy Places”. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-) 60/2 (1984): 261-283.
  • Ferrari, Silvio “The Vatican and Jerusalem: Another Turning Point?”. Middle East Insights 229 (3 Mart 2020): 1-5.
  • Ferrari, Silvio “The Vatican, the Palestine Question and the Internationalization of Jerusalem (1918-1948)”. Rivista di Studi Politici Internazionali 60/4 (1993): 550-568.
  • Friedman, Isaiah. “Balfour Declaration”. Encyclopedia Judaica. Detroit: Keter Publishing, 2007, 3:85-89.
  • Garber, Zev & Bruce Zuckerman. “Why Do We Call the Holocaust ‘The Holocaust?’ An Inquiry into the Psychology of Labels”. Modern Judaism 9/2 (1989): 197-211.
  • Hughes, Matthew. Britain’s Pacification of Palestine: The British Army, the Colonial State, and the Arab Rovolt, 1936-1939. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2019.
  • Inbari, Motti-Bumin, Kirill. Christian Zionism in the Twenty-First Century: American Evangelical Public Opinion on Israel. New York: Oxford University Press, 2024.
  • International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance. “Working Definition of Antisemitism”. Erişim: 12.11.2024, https://holocaustremembrance.com/resources/working-definition-antisemitism.
  • Irani, George Emil. The Papacy and the Middle East: The Role of the Holy See in the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1962-1984. Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1986.
  • Israel National News. “Pope to ‘Recognize Palestine’?”. Erişim: 28.11.2024, https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/180779.
  • Kertzer, David I. The Popes Against the Jews: The Vatican’s Role in the Rise of Modern Anti-Semitism. New York: Vintage Books, 2001.
  • Kreutz, Andrej. Vatican Policy on the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict: The Srtuggle fort he Holy Land. New York: Greenwood Press, 1990.
  • Lapide, Pinchas E. Three Popes and the Jews. New York: Hawthorn Books, 1967.
  • Lewis, Brenda Ralph. A Dark History: The Popes, Vice, Murder, and Corruption in the Vatican. New York: Metro Books, 2011.
  • Mctague, John J. “The British Military Administration in Palestine 1917-1920”. Journal of Palestine Studies 7/3 (1978): 55-76.
  • Minerbi, Sergio I. The Vatican and Zionism. Çev. Arnold Schwarz. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
  • Neuman, Shoshana. Aliyah to Israel: Immigration under Conditions of Adversity. Bonn: IZA, 1999.
  • O’Mahony, Anthony. “The Vatican, Jerusalem, the State of Israel, and Christianity in the Holy Land”. International Journal fort he Study of the Christian Church 5/2 (2205): 123-146.
  • Oort, Johannes van. “Augustine on Israel and Jerusalem”. Journal of Early Christian History 13/3 (2023): 115-129.
  • Pappe, Ilan. The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2006.
  • Patai, Raphael (ed.). The Complete Diaries of Theodor Herz. Çev. Harry Zohn, New york: Herzl Press & Thomas Yoseloff, 1960.
  • Perko, F. Michael. “Toward a ‘Sound and Lasting Basis’: Relations Between the Holy See, the Zionist Movement, and Israel, 1896-1996”, Israel Studies 2/1 (1997): 1-21.
  • Prior, Michael. “Christian Perspectives on Jerusalem”. Journal of Islamic Jerusalem Studies 3/1 (1999): 1-26.
  • Ratzinger, Joseph Cardinal. Salt of the Earth: The Church at the End of the Millennium (An Interview with Peter Seewald). Çev. Adrian Walker, San Fransisco: Ignatius Press, 1997.
  • Ruether, Rosemary & Herman Ruether. “The Vatican, Zionism, and the Israeli Palestinian Conflict”. Zionism and the Quest for Justice in the Holy Land, ed. Donald E. Wagnen & Walter T. Davis, 118-138, Eugene: Pickwick Publications, 2014.
  • Stevens, Richard P. American Zionism and U.S. Foreign Policy 1942-1947. Beirut: The Institute for Palestine Studies, 1970.
  • Stevens, Richard P. “The Vatican, the Catholic Church and Jerusalem”. Journal of Palestine Studies 10/3 (1981): 100-110.
  • The Guardian. “In Bethlehem, Pope Benedict XVI Makes Strongest Call yet for a Palestinian Homeland”. Erişim: 14.01.2025, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/13/pope-benedict-palestinians-gaza.
  • The Guardian. “Pope Stirs Up Jewish Fury Over Bishop”. Erişim: 14.11.2024, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jan/25/pope-benedict-richard williamson#:~:text=Tension%20between%20the%20Vatican%20and,during%20the%20second%20world%20war.
  • The Holy See. “Address of His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI to the Members of the Diplomatic Corps Accredited to the Holy See”. Erişim: 27.11.2024, https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/speeches/2012/january/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20120109_diplomatic-corps.html.
  • The Holy See. “Appeal by His Majesty King Mohammed VI and His Holiness Pope Francis Regarding Jerusalem/Al-Quds the Holy City and A Place of Encounter”. Erişim: 29.11.2024, https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2019/march/documents/papa-francesco_20190330_appello-marocco.html.
  • The Holy See. “Homily of His Holiness Benedict XVI”. Erişim: 25.112024, https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/homilies/2010/documents/hf_ben-xvi_hom_20100415_pcb.html.
  • The Holy See. “In Multiplicibus Curis”. Erişim 16.11.2024, https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_24101948_in-multiplicibus-curis.html.
  • The Holy See. “Nostra Aetate”. Erişim: 16.11.2024, https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decl_19651028_nostra-aetate_en.html.
  • The Holy See. “Pope Francis Regina Caeli” Erişim: 28.11.2024, https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/angelus/2014/documents/papa-francesco_regina-coeli_20140511.html.
  • The Holy See. “Redemptoris Nostri Cruciatus”. Erişim: 16.11.2024, https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_15041949_redemptoris-nostri-cruciatus.html.
  • The Jerusalem Post. “Pope Under Fire for Yad Vashem Speech”. Erişim: 11.11.2024, https://www.jpost.com/israel/pope-under-fire-for-yad-vashem-speech.
  • The Jordan Times. “Israel, Palestinians Eye Political Gain from Papal Visit”. Erişim:29.11.2024, https://www.jordantimes.com/news/region/israel-palestinians-eye-political-gain-papal-visit.
  • The Knesset. “Full Text of Basic Law: Israeil As the Nation State of the Jewish People”. Erişim: 29.11.2024, https://main.knesset.gov.il/en/news/pressreleases/pages/pr13978_pg.aspx.
  • Türkan, Ahmet. “Başlangıcından Günümüze Kudüs Latin Patrikliği”. Milel Nihal 10/2 (2014): 29-64.
  • United Nations. “General Assembly Grants Palestine Non-Member Observer State Status at UN”. Erişim: 27.11.2024, https://news.un.org/en/story/2012/11/427052.
  • United Nations. “Joint statement on occasion of Comprehensive Agreement between Holy See and State of Palestine–Holy See press release/Non-UN document”. Erişim: 29.11.2024, https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-208959/.
  • United Nations Security Council. “Report of the Security Council Commission Established Under Resolution 446 (1979)”. S/13679, 4 December 1979. Erişim: 17.11.2024, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/10448?ln=en&v=pdf.
  • Vatican News. “Apostolic Administrator of Jerusalem Stands Against New Israeli Law”. Erişim: 30.11.2024, https://www.vaticannews.va/en/church/news/2018-08/israel-law-palestine-human-rights-discrimination-archbishop.html.

Papalığın Siyonizm Karşısındaki Tutumu ve Kutsal Topraklar Politikası

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 99 - 118, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.51490/oksident.1665286

Öz

XIX. yüzyıl sonlarında etnik milliyetçilik eksenli seküler bir hareket olarak doğan Siyonizm’in dünyanın farklı bölgelerindeki Yahudileri Filistin topraklarında toplayarak (aliyah) burada ulusal bir yurt kurma planı daha en başından Papalığın tepkisiyle karşılaşmıştır. Ancak Papalığın Siyonizm’in talep ve meydan okumaları karşısındaki tutumu küresel siyasi atmosfer, bölgede oluşan fiili durum gibi reel politik yanında II. Vatikan Konsilinin (1962-65) yayımladığı Nostra Aetate kararnamesinde de ifadesini bulduğu şekliyle Kilise içerisindeki teolojik dönüşüm çerçevesinde inişli çıkışlı bir seyir izlemiştir. Buna göre Siyonist ideoloji karşısında Papalığın kutsal topraklar politikası geleneksel daimî Yahudi sürgünü anlayışından en azından Kudüs’ün uluslararası statüye alınıp dinî kimliğinin korunmasına, İsrail devletinin resmen tanınmasından kutsal mekânların saygınlığı ve Kilisenin bölgedeki hak yetkilerinin garanti altına alınmasına varıncaya değin geniş bir yelpazede değişim göstermiştir. Bu bağlamda 1897 yılı ağustos ayı sonlarında Basel’de toplanan ilk Siyonist kongrenin hemen öncesinde başlayan Papalığın Siyonist ideolojiye yönelik tavrı Yahudilerin kutsal topraklara göçüne teolojik gerekçelerle ve mutlak bir karşıtlık şeklinde kendisini göstermiştir. Bu dönemde Papalık, Filistin toprakları üzerinde ulusal bir yurt arayışında olan Siyonist faaliyetlere yönelik kendi içinde bazı girişimlerde bulunduğu gibi bölgedeki Hıristiyanların hamisi konumundaki Fransa ve bölgeyi elinde bulunduran Osmanlı Devleti ile de iletişime geçmiştir. Papalığın bu tavizsiz tutumu, Filistin topraklarının 1917 yılında İngiltere tarafından ele geçirilerek akabinde manda idaresinin kurulduğu dönem boyunca da devam etmiştir. Ancak II. Dünya Savaşı ve sonrası değişen dengeler ve tedavüle sürülen Holokost söylemleri ile Papalığın tutumu tedricen değişime uğramıştır. Elbette burada savaş sonrası dönemde Amerika’nın bir süper güç olarak ortaya çıkması ve mevcut Amerikan yönetimlerinin de -günümüze kadar geldiği şekliyle- Siyonizm’i desteklemesi çok etkili olmuştur. 1948 yılında İsrail devletinin kurulması ve sonraki süreçte bölgede yaşanan jeo-politik gelişmeler yanında Papa VI. Paul’ün bölgeyi ziyaret etmesi, II. Vatikan Konsili kararları gibi Kilise içindeki teolojik değişimlerle başlayan kısmi yumuşamayla Papalık Kudüs’ün kutsallığı, kutsal mekânların muhafazası, her din mensubunun buralara serbest erişimi, her bir dinî cemaatin hak ve yetkileri gibi hususları dillendirmeye başlamıştır. Papalığın bu kararsız politikası siyasi veya konjonktürel zorluk ve zorunluluklarından kaynaklanan bir durum olarak görülmüştür. Yine de Papalık bağımsız bir Filistin devleti ve Kudüs’ün statüsüne dair taleplerinden de hiçbir zaman vazgeçmemiş ve bunları çeşitli platformlarda dile getirmiştir. Bu makalede XIX. yüzyıl sonlarından günümüze Kitab-ı Mukaddes topraklarında Siyonist faaliyetlerden kaynaklı yaşanan gelişmelere yönelik katolik endişe, Papalığın başta Kudüs olmak üzere kutsal topraklara yönelik politikası ve yürüttüğü diplomasi ele alınacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Associated Press. “Pope Urges Status Quo ‘Wisdom and Prudence’ for Jerusalem”. Erişim: 29.11.2024, https://apnews.com/general-news-8c967bf2f5e54121875be82edbda8b5b.
  • Associated Press. “Vatican Recognizes State of Palestine in New Treaty”. Erişim: 29.11.2024, https://apnews.com/general-news-c5550d535218478c8208fe32c82c3eb3.
  • Batuk, Cengiz & Rabia Mert. “Çatışan Kutsalların Ortasındaki Şehir: Kudüs”. Dinbilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi 17/2 (2017): 129-149.
  • Coppa, Frank J. The Papacy, the Jews, and the Holocaust. Washington: The Catholic University of America Press, 2006.
  • Cornwell, John. Hitler’s Pope: The Secret History of Pope Pius XII. New York: Penguin Books, 2002.
  • Çoban, Bekir Zakir. “İkinci Vatikan Konsili ve Katolik Yahudi İlişkileri”. İsrailiyat: İsrail ve Yahudi Çalışmaları Dergisi 2 (2018): 60-81.
  • Çoban, Bekir Zakir. “Nostra Aetate’nin Arka Planı”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi ilahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 46 (2017): 7-34.
  • Dicastery for Promoting Christian Unity. “We Remember: A Reflection on the Shoah”. Erişim: 25.11.2024, https://www.christianunity.va/content/unitacristiani/en/commissione-per-i-rapporti-religiosi-con-l-ebraismo/commissione-per-i-rapporti-religiosi-con-l-ebraismo-crre/documenti-della-commissione/en1.html.
  • Ferrari, Silvio. “The Holy See and the Postwar Palestine Issue: The Internalization of Jerusalem and the Protection of the Holy Places”. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-) 60/2 (1984): 261-283.
  • Ferrari, Silvio “The Vatican and Jerusalem: Another Turning Point?”. Middle East Insights 229 (3 Mart 2020): 1-5.
  • Ferrari, Silvio “The Vatican, the Palestine Question and the Internationalization of Jerusalem (1918-1948)”. Rivista di Studi Politici Internazionali 60/4 (1993): 550-568.
  • Friedman, Isaiah. “Balfour Declaration”. Encyclopedia Judaica. Detroit: Keter Publishing, 2007, 3:85-89.
  • Garber, Zev & Bruce Zuckerman. “Why Do We Call the Holocaust ‘The Holocaust?’ An Inquiry into the Psychology of Labels”. Modern Judaism 9/2 (1989): 197-211.
  • Hughes, Matthew. Britain’s Pacification of Palestine: The British Army, the Colonial State, and the Arab Rovolt, 1936-1939. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2019.
  • Inbari, Motti-Bumin, Kirill. Christian Zionism in the Twenty-First Century: American Evangelical Public Opinion on Israel. New York: Oxford University Press, 2024.
  • International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance. “Working Definition of Antisemitism”. Erişim: 12.11.2024, https://holocaustremembrance.com/resources/working-definition-antisemitism.
  • Irani, George Emil. The Papacy and the Middle East: The Role of the Holy See in the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1962-1984. Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1986.
  • Israel National News. “Pope to ‘Recognize Palestine’?”. Erişim: 28.11.2024, https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/180779.
  • Kertzer, David I. The Popes Against the Jews: The Vatican’s Role in the Rise of Modern Anti-Semitism. New York: Vintage Books, 2001.
  • Kreutz, Andrej. Vatican Policy on the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict: The Srtuggle fort he Holy Land. New York: Greenwood Press, 1990.
  • Lapide, Pinchas E. Three Popes and the Jews. New York: Hawthorn Books, 1967.
  • Lewis, Brenda Ralph. A Dark History: The Popes, Vice, Murder, and Corruption in the Vatican. New York: Metro Books, 2011.
  • Mctague, John J. “The British Military Administration in Palestine 1917-1920”. Journal of Palestine Studies 7/3 (1978): 55-76.
  • Minerbi, Sergio I. The Vatican and Zionism. Çev. Arnold Schwarz. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
  • Neuman, Shoshana. Aliyah to Israel: Immigration under Conditions of Adversity. Bonn: IZA, 1999.
  • O’Mahony, Anthony. “The Vatican, Jerusalem, the State of Israel, and Christianity in the Holy Land”. International Journal fort he Study of the Christian Church 5/2 (2205): 123-146.
  • Oort, Johannes van. “Augustine on Israel and Jerusalem”. Journal of Early Christian History 13/3 (2023): 115-129.
  • Pappe, Ilan. The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2006.
  • Patai, Raphael (ed.). The Complete Diaries of Theodor Herz. Çev. Harry Zohn, New york: Herzl Press & Thomas Yoseloff, 1960.
  • Perko, F. Michael. “Toward a ‘Sound and Lasting Basis’: Relations Between the Holy See, the Zionist Movement, and Israel, 1896-1996”, Israel Studies 2/1 (1997): 1-21.
  • Prior, Michael. “Christian Perspectives on Jerusalem”. Journal of Islamic Jerusalem Studies 3/1 (1999): 1-26.
  • Ratzinger, Joseph Cardinal. Salt of the Earth: The Church at the End of the Millennium (An Interview with Peter Seewald). Çev. Adrian Walker, San Fransisco: Ignatius Press, 1997.
  • Ruether, Rosemary & Herman Ruether. “The Vatican, Zionism, and the Israeli Palestinian Conflict”. Zionism and the Quest for Justice in the Holy Land, ed. Donald E. Wagnen & Walter T. Davis, 118-138, Eugene: Pickwick Publications, 2014.
  • Stevens, Richard P. American Zionism and U.S. Foreign Policy 1942-1947. Beirut: The Institute for Palestine Studies, 1970.
  • Stevens, Richard P. “The Vatican, the Catholic Church and Jerusalem”. Journal of Palestine Studies 10/3 (1981): 100-110.
  • The Guardian. “In Bethlehem, Pope Benedict XVI Makes Strongest Call yet for a Palestinian Homeland”. Erişim: 14.01.2025, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/13/pope-benedict-palestinians-gaza.
  • The Guardian. “Pope Stirs Up Jewish Fury Over Bishop”. Erişim: 14.11.2024, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jan/25/pope-benedict-richard williamson#:~:text=Tension%20between%20the%20Vatican%20and,during%20the%20second%20world%20war.
  • The Holy See. “Address of His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI to the Members of the Diplomatic Corps Accredited to the Holy See”. Erişim: 27.11.2024, https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/speeches/2012/january/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20120109_diplomatic-corps.html.
  • The Holy See. “Appeal by His Majesty King Mohammed VI and His Holiness Pope Francis Regarding Jerusalem/Al-Quds the Holy City and A Place of Encounter”. Erişim: 29.11.2024, https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2019/march/documents/papa-francesco_20190330_appello-marocco.html.
  • The Holy See. “Homily of His Holiness Benedict XVI”. Erişim: 25.112024, https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/homilies/2010/documents/hf_ben-xvi_hom_20100415_pcb.html.
  • The Holy See. “In Multiplicibus Curis”. Erişim 16.11.2024, https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_24101948_in-multiplicibus-curis.html.
  • The Holy See. “Nostra Aetate”. Erişim: 16.11.2024, https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decl_19651028_nostra-aetate_en.html.
  • The Holy See. “Pope Francis Regina Caeli” Erişim: 28.11.2024, https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/angelus/2014/documents/papa-francesco_regina-coeli_20140511.html.
  • The Holy See. “Redemptoris Nostri Cruciatus”. Erişim: 16.11.2024, https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_15041949_redemptoris-nostri-cruciatus.html.
  • The Jerusalem Post. “Pope Under Fire for Yad Vashem Speech”. Erişim: 11.11.2024, https://www.jpost.com/israel/pope-under-fire-for-yad-vashem-speech.
  • The Jordan Times. “Israel, Palestinians Eye Political Gain from Papal Visit”. Erişim:29.11.2024, https://www.jordantimes.com/news/region/israel-palestinians-eye-political-gain-papal-visit.
  • The Knesset. “Full Text of Basic Law: Israeil As the Nation State of the Jewish People”. Erişim: 29.11.2024, https://main.knesset.gov.il/en/news/pressreleases/pages/pr13978_pg.aspx.
  • Türkan, Ahmet. “Başlangıcından Günümüze Kudüs Latin Patrikliği”. Milel Nihal 10/2 (2014): 29-64.
  • United Nations. “General Assembly Grants Palestine Non-Member Observer State Status at UN”. Erişim: 27.11.2024, https://news.un.org/en/story/2012/11/427052.
  • United Nations. “Joint statement on occasion of Comprehensive Agreement between Holy See and State of Palestine–Holy See press release/Non-UN document”. Erişim: 29.11.2024, https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-208959/.
  • United Nations Security Council. “Report of the Security Council Commission Established Under Resolution 446 (1979)”. S/13679, 4 December 1979. Erişim: 17.11.2024, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/10448?ln=en&v=pdf.
  • Vatican News. “Apostolic Administrator of Jerusalem Stands Against New Israeli Law”. Erişim: 30.11.2024, https://www.vaticannews.va/en/church/news/2018-08/israel-law-palestine-human-rights-discrimination-archbishop.html.
Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hrıstiyanlık Araştırmaları
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mürsel Özalp 0000-0003-2239-8614

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Mart 2025
Kabul Tarihi 4 Haziran 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Özalp, Mürsel. “Papalığın Siyonizm Karşısındaki Tutumu ve Kutsal Topraklar Politikası”. Oksident 7/1 (Haziran2025), 99-118. https://doi.org/10.51490/oksident.1665286.