Susam (Sesamum İndicum L.) Genotiplerinin Siirt Ekolojik Koşullarına Adaptasyonunun Belirlenmesi

Öz

Yağlı tohum bitkisi olan susam, ağırlıklı olarak dünyanın tropikal ve subtropikal bölgelerinde yetiştirilmektedir. Bitki tohumları %42-54 oranında kaliteli yağ, %22-25 protein ve %20-25 karbonhidrat içerir. Yüksek miktarda besin bileşeni içeren susam tohumları, spesifik antioksidan aktivitesi nedeniyle geleneksel bir sağlık gıdası olarak tüketilmektedir. Bu ürün genellikle dünyanın kurak ve yarı kurak bölgelerinde yetiştirilmektedir. Türkiye'nin Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi'nde karasal iklimin hüküm sürdüğü Siirt'te çimlenme tarihi, vejetasyon dönemi, ilk çiçeklenme zamanı, son çiçeklenme zamanı, bitki boyu, ilk dal yüksekliği, dal sayısı, bitki başına düşen kapsül sayısı ve verim açısından yüksek performans gösteren toplam 23 farklı susam genotipinden en iyi genotipi seçmek amacıyla bir araştırma yapılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, çalışmada gözlenen parametreler için genotipler arasında önemli farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir. Bitki boyu, ilk dal boyu, dal sayısı, bitkideki kapsül sayısı, kapsüldeki tohum sayısı sırasıyla, 80,8-115,9 cm arasında; 5,9-18,3 cm; 3,1-8,5 adet; 65,6-154,2 adet; 62,8-135,2 adet. Tohum verim değerleri SUS10 ve SUS1 genotiplerinde sırasıyla en düşük (38,2 kg/da) ve en yüksek (97,4 kg/da) olmuştur. Genotipler arasındaki farklılıklar, genotiplerin doğasında bulunan genetik potansiyel farklılıklardan ve test edilen ortamlarda ortaya çıkan fenotipten kaynaklanabilir. Sonuç olarak, SUS1 genotipi Siirt koşullarına iyi uyum sağlamıştır. Dallanma sayısı, en yüksek verimin en düşük dal sayısından alındığı ve dallanma tohum verimini olumsuz etkilemiştir. Sonuç olarak, susam türlerinin Siirt ekolojik koşullarında iyi tohum verimi ile yetiştirilebileceği belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• susam
• sesamum indicum L.
• genotip
• adaptasyon
• ekoloji

Determination of Adaptability of Sesame (Sesamum Indicum L.) Genotypes ın Siirt Ecological Conditions

Öz

Oilseed crop sesame is mainly grown in tropical and subtropical parts of the world. Plants seeds contain 42-54% quality oil, 22-25% protein and 20-25% carbohydrates. Sesame seeds with high amounts of nutritional components are consumed as a traditional health food for its specific antioxidative activity. This crop is frequently cultivated in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. A research was carried out at in South Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey in Siirt where continental climate prevails, with the aim to select the best genotypes from a total of 23 different sesame genotypes showing high performance in terms of germination date, vegetation period, the first flowering time, the last flowering time, plant height, first branch height, number of branches, number of capsules per plant and yield. As a result of the study, significant variations were determined between genotypes for the observed parameters in the study. Plant height, first branch height, branches number, capsules number per plant, seed number per capsule were between 80,8-115,9 cm; 5,9-18,3 cm; 3,1-8,5 pieces; 65,6-154,2 pieces; 62,8-135,2 pieces, respectively. The seed yield values were lowest (38,2 kg/da) and highest (97,4 kg/da) at SUS10 and SUS1 genotypes, respectively. The differences between the genotypes might be due to the inherent genetic potential differences of the genotypes and appeared phenotype in tested environments. As a conclusion, SUS1 genotype fit well to Siirt conditions. Branch number was negatively effected the seed yield where highest yield was obtained under lowest branch number and vice versa. As a result, it was determined that sesame species can be cropped under Siirt ecological conditions with good seed yield levels.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• sesame
• sesamum indicum L.
• genotype
• adaptation
• ecology

Kaynakça

1. Akinoso R., Aboaba S. A., Olayanju T. M. A. Effects of moisture content and heat treatment on peroxide value and oxidative stability of un-refined sesame oil. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 2010. 10(10).
2. Amoo S, Okorogbona A, Du Plooy C, Venter S. Sesamum indicum. Medicinal spices and vegetables from Africa. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2017; pp 549–579.
3. Arslan H., Gür M.A. Effects of Phosphorus and Nitrogen Aplication on Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Yield in Semi-Arid Climatic Conditions. İnternational Journal of Scientific and Technolojical Research 2018; Vol. 4, No. 4.
4. Arslan, H., Ekin, Z., Hatipoglu, H. Performances of sesame genotypes (Sesamum indicum L.) with different seed shell colors in semi-arid climate conditions. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 2018; 27. Bedigian D. Sesame: The Genus Sesamum, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA. 2010.
5. Bhunia R. K., Kaur R., Maiti M. K. Metabolic engineering of fatty acid biosynthetic pathway in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.): assembling tools to develop nutritionally desirable sesame seed oil. Phytochemistry Reviews, 2016; 15(5), 799-811.
6. Çağırgan M. I. Selection and morphological characterization of induced determinate mutants in sesame. Field Crop Res 2006; 96:19–24
7. Eskandari H., Zehtab-Salmasi S., Golezani K.G., Gharineh M.H. Effects of water limitation on grain and oil yields of sesame cultivars. Food Agric. Environ. 2009; 7, 339–342. FAO. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL. (Access date: 2022) 2022.
8. Islam F., Gill R. A., Ali B., Farooq M. A., Xu L., Najeeb U., Zhou W. Sesame. In Breeding oilseed crops for sustainable production Academic Press. 2016; pp. 135-147.

9. Langham D., Riney J., Smith G., Wiemers T., Pepper D., Speed T. Sesame producers guide. Sesaco Corp 2010; pp. 33-41.
10. Langham D.R., Wiemers T. Progress in Mechanizing Sesame in the US through Breeding. In Trends in New Crops and New Uses; Janick, A., Whipkey, A., Eds.; ASHS Press: Alexandria, Egypt, 2002; pp. 157–173.
11. Makinde F. M., Akinoso R. Comparison between the nutritional quality of flour obtained from raw, roasted and fermented sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seed grown in Nigeria. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Technologia Alimentaria, 2014; 13(3), 309-319.
12. Mehmood M., Khan M. J., Khan M. J., Akhtar N., Mughal F., Shah S. T. A., Sadiq, I. Systematic analysis of HD-ZIP transcription factors in sesame genome and gene expression profiling of SiHD-ZIP class I entailing drought stress responses at early seedling stage. Molecular Biology Reports, 2022; 1-13.
13. MGM. https://www.mgm.gov.tr/2022. Ozkan A., Curat D., Kulak M. Morphological properties and chemical compositions of some sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) populations cultivated in Kilis, Turkey. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 2012; 7(19), 3029-3033.
14. Özçınar A.B., Söğüt T. Analysis of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Accessions Collected From Different Parts of Turkey Based on Qualitative and Quantitative Traits. Ekin Journal of Crop Breeding and Genetics, 2017; 3 (1) , 45-51.
15. Pusadkar P. P., Kokiladevi E., Bonde S. V. Mohite, N. R. Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) importance and its high quality seed oil: a review. Trends Biosci, 2015; 8(15), 3900-3906.
16. Rao K. R., Kishor P. B. K., Vaidyanath K. Biotechnology of sesame-an oil seed crop. Plant Cell Biotechnol Mol Biol 2002; 3:101–110.
17. Su R., Zhou R., Mmadi M. A., Li D., Qin L., Liu A., Dossa K. Root diversity in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.): insights into the morphological, anatomical and gene expression profiles. Planta, 2019; 250(5), 1461-1474.
18. Teklu D. H., Kebede S. A., Gebremichael D. E. Assessment of genetic variability, genetic advance, correlation and path analysis for morphological traits in sesame genotypes. Asian journal of agricultural research, 2014; 8(4), 181-194.
19. Van Zanten L. Sesame improvement by induced mutations. Results of the coordinated research projects and recommendation for future studies. Final reports of an FAO/IAEA Coordinated research project organized by joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, 2001; pp 1–12
20. Wang L., Zhang Y., Qi X., Li D., Wei W., Zhang X. Global gene expression responses to waterlogging in roots of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Acta physiologiae plantarum, 2012; 34(6), 2241-2249.
21. Wu W. H. The contents of lignans in commercial sesame oils of Taiwan and their changes during heating. Food Chem 2007; 104:34–344.
22. Yokota T., Matsuzaki Y., Koyama M., Hitomi T., Kawanaka M., Enoki-Konishi M. Sesamin, a lignan of sesame, down-regulates cyclin D1 protein expression in human tumor cells. Cancer Science 2007; 98:1447-1453.
23. You J., Wang Y., Zhang Y., Dossa K., Li D., Zhou R., Zhang X. Genome-wide identification and expression analyses of genes involved in raffinose accumulation in sesame. Scientific Reports, 2018; 8(1), 1-11.
24. Zhang Q., Li Q., Huang M., Wu J., Li H., Sun J., Sun B. Analysis of odoractive compounds in 2 sesame-flavor Chinese Baijius. Food Science (Chinese), 2019; 40(14), 214–222.