Erzincan İli-Ergan Dağı’nın Farklı Rakımlarında Yayılış Gösteren Bazı Taksonların Antioksidan Kapasiteleri

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Erzincan il sınırları içerisinde bulunan Ergan Dağı’nın farklı rakımlarında 1500 m (Glaucium leiocarpum Boiss., Astragalus ornithopodioides Lam., Alcea calvertii (Boiss) Boiss.), 2000 m (Globularia trichosantha Fisch. & C.A. Mey, Hypericum scabrum L., Tanacetum mucroniferum Hub. Mor. Et Grierson, Inula oculus-christi L., Onobrychis cornuta (L.) Desv., Barbarea auriculata Hausskn. Ex Bornm), 3000 m (Scorzonera sericea DC., Hedysarum erythroleucum Boiss., Astragalus nezaketiae A. Duran & Aytaç) yayılış gösteren 12 bitki türü seçilmiştir. Çalışma ile rakım faktörünün bitkiler üzerindeki etkileri belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bunun için bitkilerin yaprak, dal ve kök olmak üzere farklı organları etilasetat, metanol ve suda ekstaksiyonu yapılarak fenolik (TPC) ve flavonoid (TPF) içeriği ile antioksidan aktivite (DPPH, FRAP) miktarının analizi yapılmıştır. Antioksidan aktiviteleri incelendiğinde, Globularia trichosantha bitki türünde en yüksek değerler belirlenmiştir. DPPH aktivitesi yaprakta 47,86±1,70, dalda 108,09±1,29, kökte ise 60,57±0,74 olarak ölçülmüştür. Fenolik içerik ise yaprakta 82,56±0,46, dalda 56,71±2,12, kökte ise 59,75±2,11 olarak tespit edilmiştir. FRAP aktivitesi yaprakta 54,87±1,54, dalda 41,09±3,06, kökte ise 48,95±2,73 olarak belirlenmiştir. Flavonoid içerik verileri ise Globularia trichosantha yaprakta 59,81±2,31, dalda 31,62±3,55 olarak tespit edilirken, Hypericum scabrum kökte 35,71±2,73 olarak belirlenmiştir. Analiz sonuçları SPSS 22 Paket İstatistik Programında değerlendirilmiş olup rakımlar (yükselti) arasında farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir. Bitkilerin fenolik ve flavonoidlerin içerikleri ile antioksidan aktiviteleri arasında özellikle metanolde çözünen örneklerde güçlü pozitif yönde korelasyon bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışma farklı rakımlarda yetişen bitkilerin fenolik ve flavonoid içeriği ile antioksidan aktivitelerindeki değişkenliği açıklamaktadır. Bulgular, rakımın bu bitki türlerinin biyoaktif bileşenleri ve antioksidan potansiyeli üzerindeki etkisini vurgulamaktadır. Ayrıca, 2000 m rakımda yetişen Hypericum scabrum L., Tanacetum mucroniferum Hub. Mor. Et Grierson, Globularia trichosantha Fisch.&C.A.Mey bitkilerinin gösterdiği antioksidan performansı, bu bitkilerin farmasötik veya diğer uygulamalarda daha fazla keşif için potansiyel oluşturmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• DPPH
• FRAP
• Fenolik
• Flavonoid
• Yükselti

Antioxidant Capacities of Some Taxa Distributed at Different Altitudes of Erzincan Province-Ergan Mountain

Öz

This study focuses on 12 plant species thriving at different altitudes on Mount Ergan within the boundaries of Erzincan province, Turkey. Three altitude zones were chosen, namely 1500 m (Glaucium leiocarpum Boiss., Astragalus ornithopodioides Lam., Alcea calvertii (Boiss) Boiss.), 2000 m (Globularia trichosantha Fisch. & C.A. Mey, Hypericum scabrum L., Tanacetum mucroniferum Hub. Mor. Et Grierson, Inula oculus-christi L., Onobrychis cornuta (L.) Desv., Barbarea auriculata Hausskn. Ex Bornm), and 3000 m (Scorzonera sericea DC., Hedysarum erythroleucum Boiss., Astragalus nezaketiae A. Duran & Aytaç). The study aimed to determine the effects of altitude on plants. Ethyl acetate, methanol, and water extractions were performed on different plant organs (leaves, stems, and roots), and the analysis included the determination of phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TPF) content, as well as antioxidant activity (DPPH, FRAP). When antioxidant activities were examined, the highest values were determined in Globularia trichosantha plant species. DPPH activity was 47.86±1.70 in leaf, 108.09±1.29 in stem and 60.57±0.74 in root. Phenolic content was 82.56±0.46 in leaf, 56.71±2.12 in stem and 59.75±2.11 in root. FRAP activity was 54.87±1.54 in leaf, 41.09±3.06 in stem and 48.95±2.73 in root. Flavonoid content data were determined as 59.81±2.31 in Globularia trichosantha leaf, 31.62±3.55 in stem, 35.71±2.73 in Hypericum scabrum root. Statistical analysis of the results using the SPSS 22 Statistics Program revealed significant differences among elevations. Particularly, a robust positive correlation was observed in methanol-soluble samples between the content of phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activities. In conclusion, this study elucidates the variability in phenolic and flavonoid content, as well as antioxidant activities of plants growing at different altitudes. The findings underscore the influence of altitude on the bioactive compounds and antioxidant potential of these plant species. Additionally, the antioxidant performance exhibited by Hypericum scabrum L., Tanacetum mucroniferum Hub. Mor. Et Grierson, Globularia trichosantha Fisch.&C.A.Mey plants growing at 2000 m altitude creates potential for further exploration in pharmaceutical or other applications of these plants.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• DPPH
• FRAP
• Phenolic
• Flavonoid
• Altitude

Kaynakça

1. Acet T., Corbacı C., Ozcan K. Phenolic contents and biological activities of two endemic plants in Turkey. South African Journal of Botany 2021; 143: 457-461.
2. Adhikari P., Joshi K., Singh M., Pandey A. Influence of altitude on secondary metabolites, antioxidants, and antimicrobial activities of Himalayan yew (Taxus wallichiana). Plant Biosystems-An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology 2022; 156(1): 187-195.
3. Akman TÇ., Şimşek S., Akşit Z., Aydın A., Yılmaz MA. Exploring the potential of Psephellus huber-Marathi (Wagenitz) Wagenitz: A comprehensive UHPLC-MS/MS Analysis of phytochemical composition and evaluation of antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiproliferative activities. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi 2024; 27(4): 782-792.
4. Akşit Z., Akşit H., Şimşek S., Kandemir A., Köksal E. LC-MS/MS profiling phytochemical content of Echinophora chrysantha (Apiaceae) and antiproliferative, antioxidant activity. Pharmacy & Pharmacology International Journal 2022; 10(5): 190-194.
5. Albayrak EN., Şimşek S., Musatat AB., Akşit Z., Akşit H., Atahan A. Antioxidant activity and theoretical profile of novel 2, 4, 6-triarylpyridine derivatives based on syringaldehyde. Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi 2024; 12(2): 981-999.
6. Chang CC., Yang MH., Wen HM., Chern JC. Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colometric methods. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 2002; 10(3): 3.
7. Chaieb N., González JL., López-Mesas M., Bouslama M., Valiente M. Manuel valiente polyphenols content and antioxidant capacity of thirteen faba bean (Vicia faba L.) genotypes cultivated in Tunisia. Food Research International 2011; 44: 970-977.
8. Chew YL., Goh JK., Lim YY. Assessment of in vitro antioxidant capacity and polyphenolic composition of selected medicinal herbs from Leguminosae family in Peninsular Malaysia. Food Chemistry 2009; 116: 13-18.

9. Chrysargyris A., Mikallou M., Petropoulos S., Tzortzakis N. Profiling of essential oils components and polyphenols for their antioxidant activity of medicinal and aromatic plants grown in different environmental conditions. Agronomy 2020; 10: 727.
10. Comlekcioglu N. Bazı endemik ve doğal Isatis L. türlerine ait kök ve gövde ekstraktlarının biyoaktivitesi ile tohum yağlarının analizi. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi 2020; 23(4): 860-869.
11. Çölgeçen H., Atar H., Toker G., Akgül G. Callus production and analysis of some secondary metabolites in Globularia trichosantha subsp. trichosantha. Turkish Journal of Botany 2018; 42(5): 559-567.
12. Elveren M., Osma E. Farklı özellikteki tencerelerde pişirilen sebzelerde element birikiminin araştırılması. Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 2021; 8(2): 732-738.
13. Ergün F. Determination of antioxidant activities of berberis vulgaris l. fruits collected from Erzurum Olur Region. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi 2021; 8(4): 1028–1034.
14. Friščić M., Petlevski R., Kosalec I., Madunić J., Matulić M., Bucar F., Maleš Ž. Globularia alypum L. and related species: LC-MS profiles and antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anticancer potential. Pharmaceuticals 2022; 15(5): 506.
15. Gentile D., Fornai M., Pellegrini C., Colucci R., Blandizzi C. Antonioli L. Dietary flavonoids as a potential intervention to improve redox balance in obesity and related co-morbidities: A review. Nutrition Research Reviews 2018; 31: 239-247.
16. Güven H., Arici A., Simsek O. Flavonoids in our foods: A short review. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences 2019; 3: 96-106.
17. Hashim AM., Alharbi BM., Abdulmajeed AM., Elkelish A., Hozzein WN., Hassan HM. Oxidative stress responses of some endemic plants to high altitudes by ıntensifying antioxidants and secondary metabolites content. Plants 2020; 9: 869.
18. Hussain M., Ahmed S., Ibrahim M., Khazir J., Ahmad SS., Thakur RK., Mir BA. Phenolic content antioxidant and allelopathic potential of Artemisia brevifolia Wall. Ex DC. across the elevations of Western Himalayan region of Ladakh. South African Journal of Botany 2023; 157: 508-519.
19. Innangi M., Friščić M., Hazler Pilepić K., Danise T., Conti F., Bartolucci F., Peruzzi, L. Explaining intricate morphometric variability with environmental predictors: the case of Globularia cordifolia species complex. Plants 2020; 9(3): 314.
20. Jitendra PB., Sushma B., Laxman N., Maya K., Rasmita R., Himal B., Parasmani G., Dhakaraj P., Pramod A., Rabindrakumar R., et al. Anti-ınflammatory activity of Artemisia vulgaris leaves, originating from three different altitudes of Nepal. Scientific World Journal 2021; 8.
21. Karadeniz Pekgöz A., Çınbılgel I. Phytochemical contents and antioxidant activities of fern, Asplenıum ceterach L. in different altitudes. Bangladesh Journal of Botany 2019; 48(2): 315-320.
22. Karataş İ., Karataş R., Elmastaş M. Yaygın olarak kullanılan bazı tıbbi ve aromatik bitkilerin sıcak su infüzyonlarının sekonder metabolit içeriği ve antioksidan aktivitelerinin belirlenmesi. Gaziosmanpaşa Bilimsel Araştırma Dergisi 2019; 8(2): 49-57.
23. Kattge J., Diaz S., Lavorel S., Prentice IC., Leadley P., Bönisch G., Wirth C. TRY–a global database of plant traits. Global Change Biology 2011; 17(9): 2905-2935.
24. Khan MN., Mobin M., Abbas ZK., ALMutairi KA. Impact of varying elevations on growth and activities of antioxidant enzymes of some medicinal plants of Saudi Arabia. Acta Ecologica Sinica 2016; 36: 141–148.
25. Kicel A., Wolbiś M. Phenolic content and DPPH radical scavenging activity of the flowers and leaves of Trifolium repens. Natural Product Communications 2013; 8(1): 99–102.
26. Korkmaz M., Alpaslan Z. Ergan Dağı Erzincan-Türkiye’nın etnobotanik özellikleri. Bağbahçe Bilim Dergisi 2014; 1(3): 1-31.
27. Larson RA. The antioxidants of higher plants. Phytochemistry 1988; 27: 969-978.
28. Mikulajová A., Šedivá D., Hybenová E., Mošovská S. Buckwheat cultivars- phenolic compounds profiles and antioxidant properties. Acta Chimica Slovaca 2016; 9: 124-129.
29. Mertoğlu K., Gülbandılar A., Bulduk İ. Erikte (cv. Angeleno) bazı fitokimyasal ve anti-mikrobiyal aktivite özellikleri üzerine yükseltinin etkisi. Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 2020; 15(1): 80-90.
30. Nchabeleng L., Mudau FN., Mariga IK. Effects of chemical composition of wild bush tea (Athrixia phylicoides DC.) growing at locations differing in altitude, climate and edaphic factors. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 2012; 6(9): 1662-1666.
31. Nouir S., Dbeibia A., Bouhajeb R., Haddad H., Khélifa A., Achour L., Zaïri A. Phytochemical analysis and evaluation of the antioxidant, antiproliferative, antibacterial, and antibiofilm effects of Globularia alypum L. leaves. Molecules 2023; 28(10): 4019.
32. Othman A., Mukhtar NJ., Ismail NS., Chang SK. Phenolics, flavonoids content and antioxidant activities of 4 Malaysian herbal plants. International Food Research Journal 2014; 21(2): 759-766.
33. Özhatay N. Türkiye’nin BTC boru hattı boyunca önemli bitki alanları. s. 125-127 Pils, G. Flowers of Turkey; İstanbul. BTC şirketi; 2006.
34. Percival M. Antioxidants. Clinical Nutrition Insights Nut031, 1/96 Rev.10/98; 1998.
35. Qader SW., Abdulla MA., Chua LS., Najim N., Zain MM., Hamdan S. Antioxidant, total phenolic content and cytotoxicity evaluation of selected Malaysian plants. Molecules 2011; 16: 3433-3443.
36. Rawat S., Bhatt ID., Rawal RS. Total phenolic compounds and antioxidant potential of Hedychium spicatum Buch. Ham. ex D. Don in west Himalaya, India. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 2011; 24: 574–579.
37. Rodríguez‐Pérez C., Zengin G., Segura‐Carretero A., Lobine D., Mahomoodally MF. Chemical fingerprint and bioactivity evaluation of Globularia orientalis L. and Globularia trichosantha Fisch. & CA Mey. using non‐targeted HPLC‐ESI‐QTOF‐MS approach. Phytochemical Analysis 2019; 30(2): 237-252.
38. Saffaryazdi A., Ganjeali A., Farhoosh R., Cheniany M. Variation in phenolic compounds, a-linolenic acid and linoleic acid contents and antioxidant activity of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) during phenological growth stages. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants 2020; 26(7): 1519–1529.
39. Sezik E., Tabata M., Yesilada E., Honda G., Goto K., Ikeshiro Y. Traditional medicine in Turkey I. Folk medicine in northeast Anatolia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1991; 35(2): 191-196.
40. Sharma KR., Adhikari S. Phytochemical analysis and biological activities of Artemisia vulgaris grown in different altitudes of Nepal, International Journal of Food Properties 2023; 26(1): 414-427.
41. Shen N., Wang T., Gan Q., Liu S., Wang L., Jin B. Plant flavonoids: Classification, distribution, biosynthesis, and antioxidant activity. Food Chemistry 2022; 383: 132531.
42. Srivastava RP., Kumar S., Singh L., Madhukar M., Singh N., Saxena G., Pandey S., Singh A., Devkota HP., Verma PC., Shiva S., Malik S. and Rustagi S. Major phenolic compounds, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities of Selinum carvifolia (L.) collected from different altitudes in India. Frontiers in Nutrition 2023; 10: 1180225.
43. Şimşek S., Akşit H., Aydın A., Köksal E. Ferruginoside D: A Novel phenylethanoid from Verbascum leiocarpum. Chemistry & Biodiversity 2023; 20(12): e202301200.
44. Tajik S., Zarinkamar F., Soltani BM., Nazari M. Induction of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in leaves of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) by salicylic acid. Scientia Horticulturae 2019; 257: 108751.
45. Truong DH., Nguyen DH., Ta NTA., Bui AV., Do TH., Nguyen HC. Evaluation of the use of different solvents for phytochemical constituents, antioxidants, and in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of Severinia buxifolia. Journal of Food Quality 2019.
46. Varol T., Osma E., Şimsek S., Elveren M. Antioxidant activities of plant species growing in different habitats (serpentine, gypsum and limestone). Frontiers in Life Sciences and Related Technologies 2023; 4(3): 150-156.
47. Williamson G., Kay CD., Crozier A. The bioavailability, transport, and bioactivity of dietary flavonoids: A review from a historical perspective. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 2018; 1054-112.
48. Yakoub ARB., Abdehedi O., Jridi M., Elfalleh W., Nasri M., Ferchichi A. Flavonoids, phenols, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities in various extracts from Tossa jute leave (Corchorus olitorus L.). Industrial Crops and Products 2018; 118: 206-213.
49. Yıldız S., Yavaş H., Gürbüz O., Değirmencioğlu N. Türkiye’de yetişen yaban mersin’i meyvesinin fenolik bileşiklerinin karakterizasyonu. Gıda ve Yem Bilimi- Teknolojisi Dergisi 2015; 15: 9-18.
50. Yang L., Wen KS., Ruan X., Zhao YX., Wei F., Wang Q. Response of plant secondary metabolites to environmental factors. Molecules 2018; 23(4): 762.
51. Zugic A., Dorđevic S., Arsic I., Markovic G., Zivkovic J., Jovanovic S., Tadic V. Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in 10 selected herbs from Vrujci Spa, Serbia. Industrial Crops and Products 2014; 52: 519-527.