The Role and Importance of Wild Wheat Varieties in Wheat Breeding

Öz

In modern agriculture, the tetraploid wheat Triticum dicoccoides has played a critical role in the evolution and domestication of durum and bread wheat. Modern tetraploid and hexaploid wheat species, with the A genome derived from Triticum urartu and the B genome from Aegilops speltoides, originated through natural hybridization involving T. dicoccoides. This species not only contributed to the formation of other tetraploid subspecies but also provided the AABB genome to hexaploid wheat, serving as a genetic cornerstone. Wheat is a staple food worldwide, widely consumed as bread, pasta, and bulgur. Today, approximately 95% of cultivated wheat is bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), while durum wheat (Triticum durum) accounts for 5%. Bread wheat emerged around 9000 years ago near the Caspian Sea through hybridization of cultivated emmer (T. dicoccum) with wild Aegilops tauschii. Although T. dicoccoides is no longer directly cultivated due to fragile ears and seed shattering, it remains fundamental in modern breeding programs. Molecular genetic studies have enhanced understanding of wheat evolution and highlighted the importance of conserving its genetic diversity for global food security. This review elucidates the role of Triticum dicoccoides in wheat evolution and its significance as a source of wild wheat genes. .Keywords: Wheat, wild wheat, Triticum dicoccoides, genetic diversity,genetic resources

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Wheat
• wild wheat
• Triticum dicoccoides
• genetic diversity
• genetic resources

Teşekkür

“I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Hakan Özkan and Prof. Dr. Rüştü Hatipoğlu for their valuable advice.”

Buğday Islahında Yabani Buğdayların Yeri ve Önemi

Öz

Günümüz dünyasında tetraploid buğday türü Triticum dicoccoides, modern makarnalık ve ekmeklik buğdaylarının evriminde ve kültüre alınmasında kritik rol oynamıştır. A genomu Triticum urartu, B genomu ise Aegilops speltoides kaynaklı olan modern tetraploid ve hekzaploid buğdaylar, doğal melezlenme sonucu T. dicoccoides’ten oluşmuştur. Bu tür, diğer tetraploid alt türlerin oluşumuna da katkı sağlamış ve AABB genomunu hekzaploid türlere aktararak mihenk taşı olmuştur. Buğday, dünya genelinde ekmek, makarna ve bulgur gibi ürünlerde vazgeçilmez bir besin kaynağıdır. Günümüzde ekilen buğdayların %95’i ekmeklik (Triticum aestivum), %5’i ise makarnalık (Triticum durum) türleridir. Ekmeklik buğday, yaklaşık 9000 yıl önce Hazar Denizi çevresinde kültüre alınan T. dicoccum ile yabani Aegilops tauschii’nin melezlenmesiyle ortaya çıkmıştır. T. dicoccoides, kırılgan başak yapısı ve kolay tane dökmesi nedeniyle doğrudan ekilmemesine rağmen, modern ıslah programlarının temelini oluşturur. Moleküler genetik çalışmalar, buğdayın evrimini anlamayı derinleştirmiş ve genetik çeşitliliğin korunmasının gıda güvenliği için önemini ortaya koymuştur. Bu derleme, Triticum dicoccoides’in buğday evrimindeki rolünü ve yabani buğday gen kaynakları olarak önemini literatür ışığında açıklamaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Buğday,yabani buğday, Triticum dicoccoides, genetik çeşitlilik,gen kaynakları

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Buğday
• yabani buğday
• Triticum dicoccoides
• genetik çeşitlilik
• gen kaynakları

Teşekkür

Prof. Dr. Rüştü Hatipoğluna ve Prof Dr. Hakan ÖZKAN'a değerli tavsiyelerinden dolayı teşekkür ederim

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