İklim Değişikliği ve Tarımsal Zararlı Böcekler: Ekolojik Mekanizmalar, Bitkisel Üretime Etkileri ve İklim Değişikliğine Uyum Stratejileri

Öz

İklim değişikliği, dünya genelinde tarımsal üretim sistemlerini etkileyen en önemli sorunlardan biri haline gelmiştir. Artan sıcaklıklar, değişen yağış rejimleri, atmosferik karbondioksit (CO₂) konsantrasyonlarındaki yükseliş ve aşırı hava olaylarının sıklığındaki artış; tarımsal zararlı böceklerin biyolojisi, ekolojisi, coğrafi yayılışı ve popülasyon dinamikleri üzerinde önemli değişikliklere neden olmaktadır. Bu değişimler, zararlı popülasyonlarının artmasına, yayılış alanlarının genişlemesine, kışlama başarılarının yükselmesine, gelişme sürelerinin kısalmasına ve yıl içerisindeki döl sayılarının artmasına yol açmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, zararlı kaynaklı ürün kayıplarının artması beklenmekte olup, bu durum bitkisel üretim, tarımsal sürdürülebilirlik ve küresel gıda güvenliği açısından ciddi tehditler oluşturmaktadır. Zararlı popülasyonları üzerindeki doğrudan etkilerin yanı sıra iklim değişikliği, bitki–zararlı–doğal düşman etkileşimlerini bozmakta ve biyolojik mücadele mekanizmalarını zayıflatarak tarımsal ekosistemlerde zararlı baskısını daha da artırmaktadır. Bu derlemede, iklim değişikliğinin tarımsal zararlı böcek popülasyonları üzerindeki etkileri ve bu etkilerin bitkisel üretime yansımaları değerlendirilmiştir. Özellikle sıcaklık artışları, yağış ve nem rejimlerindeki değişimler, coğrafi yayılış değişiklikleri, istilacı türlerin yayılması ve fenolojik uyumsuzluklar ayrıntılı olarak ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca, entegre zararlı yönetimi, yapay zekâ tabanlı tahmin sistemleri, hassas tarım teknolojileri, iklim akıllı tarım yaklaşımları ve uzaktan algılama uygulamaları gibi yenilikçi uyum stratejileri, değişen iklim koşullarında tarımsal dayanıklılığı artırabilecek araçlar olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular, iklim değişikliğine bağlı zararlı risklerinin sürdürülebilir şekilde yönetilebilmesi için iklim verilerini, zararlı izleme sistemlerini, ekolojik süreçleri ve gelişmiş karar destek teknolojilerini bütünleştiren disiplinler arası yaklaşımların gerekli olduğunu göstermektedir. İklime dayanıklı, teknoloji destekli ve ekolojik temelli zararlı yönetimi stratejilerinin geliştirilmesi, tarımsal üretimin ve uzun vadeli küresel gıda güvenliğinin korunması açısından kritik öneme sahiptir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İklim değişikliği
• Tarımsal zararlılar
• Bitkisel üretim
• Entegre zararlı yönetimi
• Hassas tarım
• Yapay Zeka

Climate Change and Agricultural Insect Pests: Ecological Mechanisms, Crop Productivity Impacts and Climate Adaptation Strategies

Öz

Climate change has emerged as one of the most significant challenges affecting agricultural production systems worldwide. Rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, and the growing frequency of extreme weather events are substantially influencing the biology, ecology, distribution, and population dynamics of agricultural pests. These changes contribute to increased pest abundance, expanded geographical ranges, higher overwintering success, accelerated development rates, and greater numbers of generations per year. Consequently, pest-induced crop losses are expected to increase, posing serious threats to crop productivity, agricultural sustainability, and global food security. In addition to direct effects on pest populations, climate change disrupts plant–pest–natural enemy interactions and weakens biological control mechanisms, further increasing pest pressure within agricultural ecosystems. This review examines the effects of climate change on agricultural insect pest populations and evaluates their implications for crop productivity. Particular attention is given to temperature increases, changes in precipitation and humidity regimes, geographical distribution shifts, invasive species expansion, and phenological mismatches. Furthermore, innovative adaptation strategies including integrated pest management, artificial intelligence-based forecasting systems, precision agriculture technologies, climate-smart agriculture approaches, and remote sensing applications are discussed as potential tools for enhancing agricultural resilience under changing climatic conditions. The findings indicate that sustainable management of climate-related pest risks requires multidisciplinary approaches integrating climate information, pest monitoring, ecological processes, and advanced decision-support technologies. Developing climate-resilient, technology-supported and ecologically based pest management strategies will be essential for safeguarding agricultural productivity and long-term global food security.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Climate change
• Agricultural pests
• Crop productivity
• Integrated pest management
• Precision agriculture
• Artificial Intelligence (AI)

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