Öz
Kaynakça
- Andrén 1948 Andrén, A., ‘Classical Antiquities in the Zorn Collection’, Opusc. Arch. V, Lund.
- Bak›r 1990/1991 Bak›r, T., A Phrygian Inscription Found at Daskyleion, Museum 4, 60-61.
- Bak›r 1991 Bak›r, T., Daskyleion, Höyük I, 75-84.
- Bak›r – Gusmani 1991 Bak›r, T. – R. Gusmani, Eine neue phrygische Inschrift aus Daskyleion, Epig. Anat 18, 157-164, Taf. 19.
- Bak›r – Gusmani 1993 Bak›r, T. – R. Gusmani, Graffiti aus Daskyleion, KADMOS 32, 135-144.
- Bak›r-Akbaflo¤lu 1997 Bak›r-Akbaflo¤lu, T., Phryger in Daskyleion, Frigi e Frigio, 229-238.
- Bak›r 2003 Bak›r, T., Daskyleion (Tyaiy Drayahya) Hellespontine Phrygia Bölgesi Akhaemenid Satrapl›¤›, Anatolia 25, 1-26.
- Cesnola – Stern 1954 Cesnola, L., P. di, – L. Stern, Cypern, Seine Alten Städte, Gräber und Tempel, Leipzig.
- Chesterman 1974 Chesterman, J., Classical Terracotta Figures, London.
- Cumont 1926 Cumont, F., Fouilles de Doura-Europos (1922-23), Paris.
- Çevirici 1994 Çevirici, F., Kyme Terrakottalar› (Yay›nlanmam›fl Lisans Tezi), ‹zmir.
- Çevirici 1998 Çevirici, F., Kültler Aç›s›ndan Daskyleion Terrakottalar› (Yay›nlanmam›fl Yüksek Lisans Tezi), ‹zmir.
- Dundand 1979 Dundand, F., Religion Populaire en Egypte Romaine, Leiden.
- Farnell 1912 Farnell, L.R., The Higher Aspects of Greek Religion, London.
- Gjerstad 1935 Gjerstad, E. – J. Lindnos – E. Sjögvist – A. Westholm, The Swedish Cyprus Expedition Finds and Results of the Excavations in Cyprus 1927-1931, Vol II, Stockholm.
- Hekler 1909 Hekler, A., ‘Römische Gewandstatuen’, Münchenerarchäologischen Studien dem Andenken Adolf Furtwängler gewidmet, München.
- Higgins 1954 Higgins, R.A., Catalogue of the Terracottas in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities, British Museum I, London.
- Higgins 1986 Higgins, R.A., Tanagra and the Figürines, New Jersey. Jongkees 1948 Jongkees, J.H., ‘New Statues by Bryaxis’, JHS LXVIII, 29-39.
- Kaufmann 1913 Kaufmann, K.M., Ägyptische Terrakotten der Griechisch - Römischen und Koptischen Epoche, Cairo.
- L’ Orange 1953 L’ Orange, H.P., Studies on the Iconography of Cosmic Kingship in the Ancient World, Oslo.
- Laumonier 1958 Laumonier, A., Les Cultes indigènes en Carie, Bibliothèque des écoles françaises d’Athènes et de Rome, Paris.
- Leyenaar-Plaisier 1979 Leyenaar-Plaisier, P.G., Les Terres Cuites Grecques et Romaines, Tome I-II, Catalogue de la collection du musée national des antiquités á Leiden, Leiden.
- Libertini 1930 Libertini, G., Il Museo Biscari, Milano-Rome.
- Mollard-Besques 1963 Mollard-Besques, S., Musèe National du Louvre. Catalogue Raisonné des Figurines et Reliefs en Terre-cuite Grecs, Etrusques et Romains II, Paris.
- Mollard-Besques 1972 Mollard-Besques, S., Musèe National du Louvre. Catalogue Raisonné des Figurines et Reliefs en Terre-cuite Grecs, Etrusques et Romains, III, Paris.
- Newhall 1931 Newhall, A., ‘The Corinthian Kerameikos’, AJA 35, 22-30.
- Nilson 1941 Nilson, M.P., Geschichte der Griechischen Religion, 2-1, München. Ohm 1948 Ohm, T., Die Gebetsgebärden der Völker und das Christentum, Leiden.
- Price 1978 Price, T.H., Kourotrophos, Cults and Representations of the Greek Nursing Deities, Leiden.
- Rutkowski 1986 Rutkowski, B., The Cult Places of the Aegean, London.
- Schrader 1896 Schrader H., Die Ausgrabungen am Westabhange der Akropolis, AM XXI, 266.
- Smith 1916 Smith, A.H., Recently Aquired Reliefs in the British Museum, JHS 36, 65.
- Svoronos 1908 Svoronos, J.N., Das Athener National Museum, Band I, Athen.
- Thompson 1963 Thompson, D.B., Troy, The Terracotta Figurines of the Hellenistic Period, Supplementary Monograph III, Princeton.
- Töppewein 1975 Töpperwein, E., Die Terrakotten von Mamurtkale, AvP XII, 79-87.
- Töpperwein 1976 Töpperwein, E., Terrakotten von Pergamon, Pergamenische Forschungen Band 3, Berlin.
- Uhlenbrock 1990 Uhlenbrock, J.P., The Coroplast’s Art, New York.
- Vanderpool 1959 Vanderpool, E., ‘News Letter from Greece’, AJA 63, 279-283, Pl. 73-76.
- Walter 1910 Walter, O., ‘Kniende Adoranten auf Attischen Reliefs’, JOAI XIII, 229-244.
- Walters 1903 Walters, H.B., Catalogue of the Terracotta in the British Museum, London.
- Wiegand 1904 Wiegand, T. – H. Schrader, Priene, Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen und Untersuchungen in den Jahren 1895-1898, Berlin.
- Winter 1903 Winter, F., Die Typen der figürlichen Terrakotten, Berlin und Stuttgart.
- Young 1955 Young, J. H. & S. H., Terracotta Figürines from Kourion in Cyprus, Philadelphia.
Öz
Excavations held under the direction of Tomris Bak›r since 1988 in Daskyleion
have recently provided new data which shed light on Hellenistic religious identity
of the city. A number of Hellenistic figurine fragments were unearthed during the
excavations of the Hellenistic terrace walls located on the south-east of the
Hisartepe mound. Among these groups of finds there are female worshiper figurines,
female heads with stephanes, few Kybele figurines, figurines of women carrying
children, applique Satyr heads, dancers, and some pieces belong to pinakes. Almost
all of them were not found in situ, but within the earth flow. The reason why all these
figurines were intensively grouped in this location cannot be determined because of
the limited area of excavation. However, it can be suggested that this was a cult
area in the Hellenistic times as almost all the finds are cult figurines.
Among these figurines the female worshipers are more dominant (totally 110
fragments) than the other types and most popular among Daskyleion Hellenistic
figurines according to recent data.
All worshiper figurines were represented by dressed women standing and posing
with right hand saluted in the front. They can be studied under four sub-groups
based on the differences of their dresses:
The first (I) group of figurines carry stephanes on their heads. The himation
going down from the top of the stephane moves from the right wrist leaving the
saluted right hand outward to the left shoulder and surrounds the body tightly
inclosing the left arm. The use of cloak worn over the head which is typical for
worshiper female figurines have varied with the Daskyleion samples with stephanes.
In the second (II) group of figurines, the himation on khiton is hanged down from
the outward of the saluted right hand down to the waist. The third (III) group with
types carrying children is less frequent among the female worshiper figurines. These
types make worshiping gesture with right hand and carry a child in their left arms.
On the last (IV) group of figurines, the himation hanging down from the top of the head
and inclosing the right arm is pulled to the left with a straight line at the wrist level There are no examples with head preserved among the groups of II, III, and IV.
However, many female heads with himations were uncovered. When the female
worshiper figurines found in other ancient cities such as Troia and Pergamon are
examined, it is observed that the himation was wrapped around the head and this
is regarded as a characteristic for this type. The same situation can be observed in
the examples from Daskyleion including small pieces by which the himation surrounding the body moves down from the top of the head (fig. 10, 11, 12-12a, 18-
18a, 19-19a). In this respect, we claim that it is possible for the Daskyleion figurines
whose heads couldn’t be preserved in the II. III. and IV. groups that they can be
described with himations wrapped around their heads Female worshipper figurines of Daskyleion began to appear after the 2nd century
BC. and continued to be used until the end of Hellenistic period. That was the time
when Hellespontos Phrygia including Daskyleion was governed by the Kingdom of
Pergamon. It is known that the coroplastic masters of Pergamon during the reign of
Attalid Dynasty were active to spread their artistic influence of Pergamon school
which was the cultural center of the ancient world. Female worshipper figurines in
Daskyleion must have been produced under these circumstances. However, these
works are far behind the qualified Pergamon pioneers who presented a distinguished
craft. When their simply worked dresses and frontal postures are considered, female
worshipper figurines of Daskyleion seem to have an artistically poor and provincial style.
Female worshipper votive figurines were found in the sanctuaries of Demeter
in Troia and Pergamon. For this reason, these are considered to be dedicated to
Demeter in both cases. We suggest that the examples from Daskyleion found in
earth flow were also votive figurines.
The Phrygians are known to be settled in Daskyleion from 8th century B.C.
until the Hellenistic period. Therefore, the worship of Kybele has a long tradition
in the town. The existence of the Hellenistic figurines representing Kybele among
the cult figurines in Daskyleion reveals that the mother goddess cult representing
fertility dates back to the earlier times and still survives in the Hellenistic period.
Besides, the third group of the Daskyleion figurine types with the children show
the courotrophos characteristic of the goddess and Kybele takes place among the
goddesses who has a courotrophos characteristic. Thus, it is referred that the
female worshipper figurines in Daskyleion were dedicated to Kybele.
Kaynakça
- Andrén 1948 Andrén, A., ‘Classical Antiquities in the Zorn Collection’, Opusc. Arch. V, Lund.
- Bak›r 1990/1991 Bak›r, T., A Phrygian Inscription Found at Daskyleion, Museum 4, 60-61.
- Bak›r 1991 Bak›r, T., Daskyleion, Höyük I, 75-84.
- Bak›r – Gusmani 1991 Bak›r, T. – R. Gusmani, Eine neue phrygische Inschrift aus Daskyleion, Epig. Anat 18, 157-164, Taf. 19.
- Bak›r – Gusmani 1993 Bak›r, T. – R. Gusmani, Graffiti aus Daskyleion, KADMOS 32, 135-144.
- Bak›r-Akbaflo¤lu 1997 Bak›r-Akbaflo¤lu, T., Phryger in Daskyleion, Frigi e Frigio, 229-238.
- Bak›r 2003 Bak›r, T., Daskyleion (Tyaiy Drayahya) Hellespontine Phrygia Bölgesi Akhaemenid Satrapl›¤›, Anatolia 25, 1-26.
- Cesnola – Stern 1954 Cesnola, L., P. di, – L. Stern, Cypern, Seine Alten Städte, Gräber und Tempel, Leipzig.
- Chesterman 1974 Chesterman, J., Classical Terracotta Figures, London.
- Cumont 1926 Cumont, F., Fouilles de Doura-Europos (1922-23), Paris.
- Çevirici 1994 Çevirici, F., Kyme Terrakottalar› (Yay›nlanmam›fl Lisans Tezi), ‹zmir.
- Çevirici 1998 Çevirici, F., Kültler Aç›s›ndan Daskyleion Terrakottalar› (Yay›nlanmam›fl Yüksek Lisans Tezi), ‹zmir.
- Dundand 1979 Dundand, F., Religion Populaire en Egypte Romaine, Leiden.
- Farnell 1912 Farnell, L.R., The Higher Aspects of Greek Religion, London.
- Gjerstad 1935 Gjerstad, E. – J. Lindnos – E. Sjögvist – A. Westholm, The Swedish Cyprus Expedition Finds and Results of the Excavations in Cyprus 1927-1931, Vol II, Stockholm.
- Hekler 1909 Hekler, A., ‘Römische Gewandstatuen’, Münchenerarchäologischen Studien dem Andenken Adolf Furtwängler gewidmet, München.
- Higgins 1954 Higgins, R.A., Catalogue of the Terracottas in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities, British Museum I, London.
- Higgins 1986 Higgins, R.A., Tanagra and the Figürines, New Jersey. Jongkees 1948 Jongkees, J.H., ‘New Statues by Bryaxis’, JHS LXVIII, 29-39.
- Kaufmann 1913 Kaufmann, K.M., Ägyptische Terrakotten der Griechisch - Römischen und Koptischen Epoche, Cairo.
- L’ Orange 1953 L’ Orange, H.P., Studies on the Iconography of Cosmic Kingship in the Ancient World, Oslo.
- Laumonier 1958 Laumonier, A., Les Cultes indigènes en Carie, Bibliothèque des écoles françaises d’Athènes et de Rome, Paris.
- Leyenaar-Plaisier 1979 Leyenaar-Plaisier, P.G., Les Terres Cuites Grecques et Romaines, Tome I-II, Catalogue de la collection du musée national des antiquités á Leiden, Leiden.
- Libertini 1930 Libertini, G., Il Museo Biscari, Milano-Rome.
- Mollard-Besques 1963 Mollard-Besques, S., Musèe National du Louvre. Catalogue Raisonné des Figurines et Reliefs en Terre-cuite Grecs, Etrusques et Romains II, Paris.
- Mollard-Besques 1972 Mollard-Besques, S., Musèe National du Louvre. Catalogue Raisonné des Figurines et Reliefs en Terre-cuite Grecs, Etrusques et Romains, III, Paris.
- Newhall 1931 Newhall, A., ‘The Corinthian Kerameikos’, AJA 35, 22-30.
- Nilson 1941 Nilson, M.P., Geschichte der Griechischen Religion, 2-1, München. Ohm 1948 Ohm, T., Die Gebetsgebärden der Völker und das Christentum, Leiden.
- Price 1978 Price, T.H., Kourotrophos, Cults and Representations of the Greek Nursing Deities, Leiden.
- Rutkowski 1986 Rutkowski, B., The Cult Places of the Aegean, London.
- Schrader 1896 Schrader H., Die Ausgrabungen am Westabhange der Akropolis, AM XXI, 266.
- Smith 1916 Smith, A.H., Recently Aquired Reliefs in the British Museum, JHS 36, 65.
- Svoronos 1908 Svoronos, J.N., Das Athener National Museum, Band I, Athen.
- Thompson 1963 Thompson, D.B., Troy, The Terracotta Figurines of the Hellenistic Period, Supplementary Monograph III, Princeton.
- Töppewein 1975 Töpperwein, E., Die Terrakotten von Mamurtkale, AvP XII, 79-87.
- Töpperwein 1976 Töpperwein, E., Terrakotten von Pergamon, Pergamenische Forschungen Band 3, Berlin.
- Uhlenbrock 1990 Uhlenbrock, J.P., The Coroplast’s Art, New York.
- Vanderpool 1959 Vanderpool, E., ‘News Letter from Greece’, AJA 63, 279-283, Pl. 73-76.
- Walter 1910 Walter, O., ‘Kniende Adoranten auf Attischen Reliefs’, JOAI XIII, 229-244.
- Walters 1903 Walters, H.B., Catalogue of the Terracotta in the British Museum, London.
- Wiegand 1904 Wiegand, T. – H. Schrader, Priene, Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen und Untersuchungen in den Jahren 1895-1898, Berlin.
- Winter 1903 Winter, F., Die Typen der figürlichen Terrakotten, Berlin und Stuttgart.
- Young 1955 Young, J. H. & S. H., Terracotta Figürines from Kourion in Cyprus, Philadelphia.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 1 Mayıs 2005 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2005 Sayı: 11 |