Araştırma Makalesi
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Prusya Modelinden Post-modern Orduya: Arjantin ve Türkiye’de Ordu Kurumlarının Dönüşümü

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 68 - 77, 26.12.2022

Öz

Hem Arjantin hem de Türkiye’de asker sivil ilişkileri daima sorunlu olagelmiştir. Her iki ordu da yirminci yüzyıl boyunca siyasi alanda kendi belirleyici rollerini sürdürmek istiyorlardı. Bu tavır sıklıkla sert askeri darbelerle sonuçlanıyordu ve doğrudan askeri müdahalelerle her iki ordu da siyasetteki vesayetçi pozisyonlarını devam ettiriyorlardı. Ancak her iki ülkenin de üçüncü dalga demokratikleşmeyi tecrübe etmeye başladığı 1983 yılından itibaren, Türk ordusu, erki sivillere devretmesine rağmen, siyasetteki vesayetçi rolünü saklı tutarken, Arjantin ordusu hızlı bir kurumsal dönüşüme tabi oldu. Yakın zamanlara kadar Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri (TSK) Türk siyasetinin önemli bir parçasıydı. Bu makale her iki ordunun da tarihi köklerini takip et-mekte ve kendi tarihsel bağlamlarında ideolojik ve kurumsal dönüşümlerini incelemektedir. Bunu yaparken de her iki ülkedeki siyasi yansımaları ve değişimleri gözler önüne sermektedir. Bu çalışma karşılaştırmalı tarihsel sosyolojik yaklaşıma dayalıdır ancak sadece iki ülkeyi değil aynı zamanda her iki ülkenin tarihi ve çağdaş askeri anlayışlarını da karşılaştırmaktadır. Arjan-tin ve Türkiye gibi birbiriyle alakasız görünen iki ülkenin seçilmesinin arkasında yatan sebep, asker-sivil ilişkileri literatüründeki bölgeler-arası karşılaştırmalı analiz eksikliğidir.

Kaynakça

  • Aguero, F. (1998). Legacies of Transitions: Institutionalization, the Military, and Democracy in South America. Mershon International Studies Review, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 383-404.
  • Ahmad, F. (1995). Modern Türkiye’nin Oluşumu. 3rd ed. Sarmal Yayınevi.
  • Akdağ, İ. (2006). Civilian-Military Relations in the Argentinean Democratization (1983-1995). [MA Thesis, Middle East Technical University].
  • Atkins, G. P. and Thompson L. V. (1972). German Military Influence in Argentina: 1921-1940. Journal of Latin American Studies 4(2):257–74.
  • Avcı, A. (2016). Winning the War of Perception: American Attempts to Counter Germany’s Military Influence in Turkey during World War II. Turkish Studies 17(1):202–19.
  • Basaran, O. (2014). ‘You Are like a Virus’: Dangerous Bodies and Military Medical Authority in Turkey. Gender & Society 28(4):562–82.
  • Bauman, Z. (2008). Modernity and Ambivalence. Ayrinti yayinlari.
  • Bauman, Z. (2013). Liquid Modernity. Polity Press.
  • Belge, M. (2011). Militarist Modernleşme. 2nd ed. Iletisim yayinlari.
  • Cizre, Ü. (2008). Ideology, context and interest: The Turkish military, in Cambridge History of Modern Turkey, 4, 1959-2009. ed. Reşat Kasaba. Cambridge University Press, pp. 301-332.
  • Çatalbaş, A. Ü. (2022). Militarism, Democracy, and Concordance: The Role of Citizenry in (Re)-Establishing Democratic Order in Argentina and Turkey. Çizgi yayınevi.
  • Çatalbaş, A.Ü. (2021). Projections on the Future of Civil-Military Relations in Argentina and Turkey. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(1), 103-110.
  • Demirel, T. (2005). Lessons of Military Regimes and Democracy: The Turkish Case in a Comparative Perspective. Armed Forces & Society 31(2):245–71.
  • Demirtaş, B. (2012). Understanding Turkish Perception of Conscription and Reluctance to Reform: A Westphalian Approach in a Post-Westphalian World?. Iran and the Caucasus, 16(3), 355-368.
  • Elçi, E. (2014). A Comparative Analysis of Civil-Military Relations in Turkey and Argentina during the 1970s and 1980s. [MA Thesis, Dokuz Eylül University].
  • Elias, N. (1996). The Germans: Power Struggles and the Development of Habitus in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Columbia University Press.
  • Hale, W. (1994). Turkish Politics and the Military. Routledge.
  • Haltiner, K. W. and Hirt, E. (2000). Switzerland: Between Tradition and Modernity. in C. Moskos, J. A. Williams, D. R. Segal. (ed.). The Postmodern Military: Armed Forces after the Cold War (Pp. 205–23). Oxford University Press.
  • Hunter, W. (1997). Continuity or Change?: Civil Military Relations in Democratic Argentina, Chile, and Peru. Political Science Quarterly. Vol. 112, No: 3, pp. 453-475.
  • Hunter, W. (1998). “Negotiating Civil-Military Relations in Post-Authoritarian Argentina and Chile.” International Studies Quarterly 42(2):295–317.
  • Huntington, S. P. (1993). The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. University of Oklahoma Press.
  • Huntington, S. P. (2009). How Countries Democratize. Political Quarterly. Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 31-69.
  • Huser, H. C. (2002). Argentine Civil-Military Relations: From Alfonsin to Menem. National Defense University Press.
  • Ihrig, S. (2014). Ataturk in the Nazi Imagination. Harvard University Press.
  • Mainwaring, S. and Perez-Linan, A. (2013). Democracies and Dictatorships in Latin America: Emergence, Survival, and Fall. Cambridge University Press.
  • Mallinder, L. (2009). The ongoing quest for truth and justice: Enacting and annulling Argentina's amnesty laws. Available at SSRN 1531759.
  • Moskos, C. C. (1977). From Institution to Occupation: Trends in Military Organization. Armed Forces & Society 4(1):41–50.
  • Moskos, C. C. (2000). Toward a Postmodern Military: The United States as a Paradigm. In C. Moskos, J. A. Williams, Segal, D. R. (ed.). The Postmodern Military: Armed Forces after the Cold War (Pp. 14–31). Oxford University Press.
  • Moskos, C. C., Williams, J. A., and David R. Segal. (2000). Armed Forces after the Cold War. In C. Moskos, J. A. Williams, D. R. Segal (ed.). The Postmodern Military: Armed Forces after the Cold War (Pp. 1–13). Oxford University Press.
  • Norden, D. L. (1996). Military Rebellion in Argentina: Between Coups and Consolidation. University of Nebraska Press.
  • Ortaylı, İ. (2001). Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Alman Nüfuzu. 5th ed. Iletisim yayinlari.
  • Özcan, G. (2010) “Türkiye’de Cumhuriyet Dönemi Ordusunda Prusya Etkisi.” In Türkiye’de Ordu, Devlet ve Güvenlik Siyaseti, edited by Evren Balta Paker and İsmet Akça, 175–221. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Özgüldür, Y. (1993). Yüzbaşı Helmut von Moltke’den Müşir Liman von Sanders’e Osmanlı Ordusunda Alman Askeri Heyetleri. Osmanlı Tarihi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi 4(4):297–307.
  • Postacı, A. (2012). The Military Interventions of 1976 in Argentina and 1980 in Turkey: An Analysis and Comparison of the Civil-Military Relations. [Doctoral Dissertation, Yeditepe University].
  • Potash, R. A. (1969). The Army and Politics in Argentina: From Yrigoyen to Peron, 1928-1945. Stanford University Press.
  • Sakallioğlu, Ü. C. (1997). The anatomy of the Turkish military's political autonomy. Comparative politics, 151-166.
  • Schiff, R. L. (1995). Civil-Military Relations Reconsidered: A Theory of Concordance. Armed Forces & Society 22(1):7–24.
  • Schiff, R. L. (2009). The Military and Domestic Politics: A Concordance Theory of Civil-Military Relations. Routledge.
  • Smith, P. H. (2012). Democracy in Latin America: Political Change in Comparative Perspective. Oxford University Press.
  • Tilly, C. (1995). Democracy Is a Lake. Pp. 365–87 in The Social Construction of Democracy, 1870-1990, edited by G. R. Andrews and H. Chapman. Macmillan.
  • Tilly, C. (2007). Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Zürcher, E. J. (2004). Turkey: A Modern History. I. B. Tauris.

From Prussian Model to Post-Modern Military: The Transformation of Military Institutions in Argentina and Turkey

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 68 - 77, 26.12.2022

Öz

Civil-military relations in both Argentina and Türkiye have always been problematic. Both mili-taries wanted to keep their decisive role in the political arena throughout the 20th century. This tendency often resulted in brutal coup d’etats, and via direct military interventions, both armies kept their tutelary positions in politics. However, after 1983, the year both countries underwent the third wave of democratization, Argentina experienced rapid institutional changes in its mil-itary while the Turkish military kept its tutelary role in politics even if it had handed the power to the civilians. Until recently, the Turkish Armed Forces (TAF) was an important component of Turkish politics. This article traces the roots of both militaries and investigates the ideologi-cal and institutional transformations in their historical contexts. While doing so, it also reveals the political repercussions and changes in both countries. This study is based on a comparative historical sociological approach but it does not only compares two countries but also compares each country’s historical and contemporary military setups. The idea behind choosing Argenti-na and Türkiye, two totally different contexts, is that there is a lack of interest in cross-regional comparative analysis in the civil-military relations literature.

Kaynakça

  • Aguero, F. (1998). Legacies of Transitions: Institutionalization, the Military, and Democracy in South America. Mershon International Studies Review, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 383-404.
  • Ahmad, F. (1995). Modern Türkiye’nin Oluşumu. 3rd ed. Sarmal Yayınevi.
  • Akdağ, İ. (2006). Civilian-Military Relations in the Argentinean Democratization (1983-1995). [MA Thesis, Middle East Technical University].
  • Atkins, G. P. and Thompson L. V. (1972). German Military Influence in Argentina: 1921-1940. Journal of Latin American Studies 4(2):257–74.
  • Avcı, A. (2016). Winning the War of Perception: American Attempts to Counter Germany’s Military Influence in Turkey during World War II. Turkish Studies 17(1):202–19.
  • Basaran, O. (2014). ‘You Are like a Virus’: Dangerous Bodies and Military Medical Authority in Turkey. Gender & Society 28(4):562–82.
  • Bauman, Z. (2008). Modernity and Ambivalence. Ayrinti yayinlari.
  • Bauman, Z. (2013). Liquid Modernity. Polity Press.
  • Belge, M. (2011). Militarist Modernleşme. 2nd ed. Iletisim yayinlari.
  • Cizre, Ü. (2008). Ideology, context and interest: The Turkish military, in Cambridge History of Modern Turkey, 4, 1959-2009. ed. Reşat Kasaba. Cambridge University Press, pp. 301-332.
  • Çatalbaş, A. Ü. (2022). Militarism, Democracy, and Concordance: The Role of Citizenry in (Re)-Establishing Democratic Order in Argentina and Turkey. Çizgi yayınevi.
  • Çatalbaş, A.Ü. (2021). Projections on the Future of Civil-Military Relations in Argentina and Turkey. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(1), 103-110.
  • Demirel, T. (2005). Lessons of Military Regimes and Democracy: The Turkish Case in a Comparative Perspective. Armed Forces & Society 31(2):245–71.
  • Demirtaş, B. (2012). Understanding Turkish Perception of Conscription and Reluctance to Reform: A Westphalian Approach in a Post-Westphalian World?. Iran and the Caucasus, 16(3), 355-368.
  • Elçi, E. (2014). A Comparative Analysis of Civil-Military Relations in Turkey and Argentina during the 1970s and 1980s. [MA Thesis, Dokuz Eylül University].
  • Elias, N. (1996). The Germans: Power Struggles and the Development of Habitus in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Columbia University Press.
  • Hale, W. (1994). Turkish Politics and the Military. Routledge.
  • Haltiner, K. W. and Hirt, E. (2000). Switzerland: Between Tradition and Modernity. in C. Moskos, J. A. Williams, D. R. Segal. (ed.). The Postmodern Military: Armed Forces after the Cold War (Pp. 205–23). Oxford University Press.
  • Hunter, W. (1997). Continuity or Change?: Civil Military Relations in Democratic Argentina, Chile, and Peru. Political Science Quarterly. Vol. 112, No: 3, pp. 453-475.
  • Hunter, W. (1998). “Negotiating Civil-Military Relations in Post-Authoritarian Argentina and Chile.” International Studies Quarterly 42(2):295–317.
  • Huntington, S. P. (1993). The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. University of Oklahoma Press.
  • Huntington, S. P. (2009). How Countries Democratize. Political Quarterly. Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 31-69.
  • Huser, H. C. (2002). Argentine Civil-Military Relations: From Alfonsin to Menem. National Defense University Press.
  • Ihrig, S. (2014). Ataturk in the Nazi Imagination. Harvard University Press.
  • Mainwaring, S. and Perez-Linan, A. (2013). Democracies and Dictatorships in Latin America: Emergence, Survival, and Fall. Cambridge University Press.
  • Mallinder, L. (2009). The ongoing quest for truth and justice: Enacting and annulling Argentina's amnesty laws. Available at SSRN 1531759.
  • Moskos, C. C. (1977). From Institution to Occupation: Trends in Military Organization. Armed Forces & Society 4(1):41–50.
  • Moskos, C. C. (2000). Toward a Postmodern Military: The United States as a Paradigm. In C. Moskos, J. A. Williams, Segal, D. R. (ed.). The Postmodern Military: Armed Forces after the Cold War (Pp. 14–31). Oxford University Press.
  • Moskos, C. C., Williams, J. A., and David R. Segal. (2000). Armed Forces after the Cold War. In C. Moskos, J. A. Williams, D. R. Segal (ed.). The Postmodern Military: Armed Forces after the Cold War (Pp. 1–13). Oxford University Press.
  • Norden, D. L. (1996). Military Rebellion in Argentina: Between Coups and Consolidation. University of Nebraska Press.
  • Ortaylı, İ. (2001). Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Alman Nüfuzu. 5th ed. Iletisim yayinlari.
  • Özcan, G. (2010) “Türkiye’de Cumhuriyet Dönemi Ordusunda Prusya Etkisi.” In Türkiye’de Ordu, Devlet ve Güvenlik Siyaseti, edited by Evren Balta Paker and İsmet Akça, 175–221. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Özgüldür, Y. (1993). Yüzbaşı Helmut von Moltke’den Müşir Liman von Sanders’e Osmanlı Ordusunda Alman Askeri Heyetleri. Osmanlı Tarihi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi 4(4):297–307.
  • Postacı, A. (2012). The Military Interventions of 1976 in Argentina and 1980 in Turkey: An Analysis and Comparison of the Civil-Military Relations. [Doctoral Dissertation, Yeditepe University].
  • Potash, R. A. (1969). The Army and Politics in Argentina: From Yrigoyen to Peron, 1928-1945. Stanford University Press.
  • Sakallioğlu, Ü. C. (1997). The anatomy of the Turkish military's political autonomy. Comparative politics, 151-166.
  • Schiff, R. L. (1995). Civil-Military Relations Reconsidered: A Theory of Concordance. Armed Forces & Society 22(1):7–24.
  • Schiff, R. L. (2009). The Military and Domestic Politics: A Concordance Theory of Civil-Military Relations. Routledge.
  • Smith, P. H. (2012). Democracy in Latin America: Political Change in Comparative Perspective. Oxford University Press.
  • Tilly, C. (1995). Democracy Is a Lake. Pp. 365–87 in The Social Construction of Democracy, 1870-1990, edited by G. R. Andrews and H. Chapman. Macmillan.
  • Tilly, C. (2007). Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Zürcher, E. J. (2004). Turkey: A Modern History. I. B. Tauris.
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sosyoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Adem Üstün Çatalbaş 0000-0002-0870-0883

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Nisan 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Çatalbaş, A. Ü. (2022). From Prussian Model to Post-Modern Military: The Transformation of Military Institutions in Argentina and Turkey. Olgu Sosyoloji Dergisi, 1(2), 68-77.