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RISE OF ISLAMOPHOBIA IN GERMANY, FRANCE AND SWITZERLAND AFTER 9/11

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 7, 101 - 125, 31.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.32002/ombudsmanakademik.440217

Öz

11 Eylül 2001 terör saldırıları, batı dünyasında ırkçılık, yabancı
düşmanlığı ve İslamofobi gibi köklü sorunların yükselişini hızlandıran çarpıcı
bir dönüm noktası olmuştur. 11 Eylül sonrası dönemde yaygınlaşan düşmanca
söylem ve tutumlar, Avrupa toplumlarında nefret tohumlarının filizlenmesi için
uygun bir ortam meydana getirmiştir. Bu süreç, sadece Avrupa'da İslam karşıtı
duyguları besleyen önemli bir faktör değil, aynı zamanda Avrupa'nın iç barış ve
geleceği için bir tehdit unsuru haline gelmiştir. Bu makale, üç farklı Avrupa
ülkesinde bu sürecin örneklerini analiz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada Almanya ve
Fransa Avrupa Birliği'nin en büyük ve en önemli üyeleri olarak seçilmiştir.
İsviçre ise Orta Avrupa'da dünyanın en gelişmiş ülkelerinden biri olduğu için
özel bir örnek olarak seçilmiştir. Bu trendin kıtanın her köşesindeki, hatta
parlayan örnekler olması gereken yerlerinde bile görülen, geniş kapsamlı
etkilerini vurgulamak için bir örnek olarak kullanılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • ABDELHADI, Magdi (2006). “Cartoon Raw Highlights Deep Divisions,” BBC News, 4 February. Agence France-Presse (2011). “Court confirms acquittal of Frenchman who burned, urinated on Quran,” 25 October. ----- (2012). “Sarkozy likens Toulouse shootings to 9/11 as crackdown on Islamist militants nets 19 arrests,” 30 March. Al-Jazeera English (2012). “Sarkozy ally says all civilisations not equal,” 5 February. ALI, Ayaan Hirsi (2009). “Swiss ban on minarets was a vote for tolerance and inclusion,” The Christian Science Monitor, 5 December. AMARASINGAM, Amarnath (2009). “Film Review: Fitna,” Journal of Religion & Film 13, no.1 (April), http://www.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol13.no1/reviews/Fitna.htm (Accessed 27/10/2013). BENEDICT XVI, The Pope (2006). “Lecture of the Holy Father - Faith, Reason and the University Memories and Reflections,” Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 12 September. BBC (2006-a). “Muslim anger grows at Pope speech,” 15 September. ----- (2006-b) “In quotes: Muslim reaction to Pope,” 16 September. ----- (2010-a). “UN urges France to avoid Roma deportations,” 27 August. ----- (2010-b). “EU may take legal action against France over Roma,” 14 September. ----- (2010-c). “Merkel says German multicultural society has failed,” 17 October. BEARDSLEY, Eleanor (2012). “In France, Politicians Make Halal Meat A Campaign Issue,” NPR, 15 March. Berliner Morgenpost (2010). “18 Prozent der Deutschen würden Sarrazin wählen,” [18 percent of Germans would vote for Sarrazin], 6 September. BORCHGRAVE, Arnaud de (2004). “Mini Clash of Civilizations,” The Washington Times, 14 November. BORRUD, Gabriel (2012). “Sarkozy intensifies anti-immigration rhetoric,” Deutsche Welle, 12 March.CANŞEN, Fulya (2011). “Aşırı Sağ Nasıl Hortladı: Görmedim, Duymadım, Bilmiyorum,” [How did extreme right arise: I have not seen or heard and I do not know], Ntvmsnbc, 18 November. CNN (2006-a). “Pope's Islam comments condemned,” 15 September. ----- (2006-b). “Muslim fury grows at pope remarks,” 16 September. ----- (2009). “Swiss vote to ban minaret construction,” 29 November. ----- (2012). “Actress from anti-Islamic film: ‘This makes me sick to my stomach’,” 12 September. CNN Wire Staff (2012). “19 arrested in French police raids, Sarkozy says,” CNN, 30 March. CODY, Edward (2012). “In France, halal meat drama enters election campaign,” The Washington Post, 6 March. CRUMLEY, Bruce (2010). “France Deports Gypsies: Courting the Xenophobes?” Time, 19 August. Daily Mail (2008). “Brigitte Bardot fined £12,000 for racial hatred after claiming Muslims are destroying France,” 3 June. Der Spiegel (2010). “Sarrazin bricht Verkaufsrekord,” [Sarrazin breaks sales record], 29 October. ----- (2011). “German Parliament Condemns Neo-Nazi Terror,” 22 November. Die Welt (2010). “Jeder fünfte Deutsche würde Sarrazin-Partei wählen,” [Every fifth German would choose Sarrazin party], 5 September. Euronews (2011). “Interview: Marine Le Pen next French President?" 18 February. FICHTNER, Ullrich (2010). “Driving out the Unwanted: Sarkozy's War Against the Roma,” Spiegel Online International, 25 September. FLYNN, Daniel (2012). “Sarkozy Courts French Far-Right Talking About Immigration, Halal Meat, Christian Roots,” Reuters Blogs, 4 March. Focus Haber (2012). “Hükümet ırkçı teröre en iyi cevabı, göçmenlere eşit haklarla verebilir,” [The best answer of the government against racist terror is to give equal rights to immigrants], 4 November. GABRIEL, Brigitte (2006). Because They Hate: A Survivor of Islamic Terror Warns America, St. Martin's Press, New York. GOODSTEIN, Laurie (2011). “Drawing U.S. Crowds With Anti-Islam Message,” The New York Times, 7 March. GRIESHABER, Kirsten (2011). “Skilled Turkish immigrants leaving Germany,” The Associated Press, 13 April. Haber7 (2011). “Neonazilerin cinayet listesindeki 88 ismin 68'i Türk,” [68 out of 88 Names in Neo-nazi hit list are Turks], 27 November. HIRST, Michael (2006). “Pope must withdraw his ugly remarks,” The Telegraph, 17 September. HUUS, Kari (2012). “Why films and cartoons of Muhammad spark violence,” NBC News, 13 September.KARON, Tony (2010). “Koran Burning: Taking a Cue from Osama bin Laden?” Time Magazine, 8 September. Hürriyet Daily News (2011). “Turkish killings draw wider neo-Nazi probe,” 17 November. JARRY, Emmanuel and Yann Le Guernigou (2012). “France's Sarkozy defies Europe with protectionist push,” Reuters, 11 March. KIRSCHBAUM, Erik (2011). “Merkel says neo-Nazi killings damage Germany's image,” Reuters, 23 November. KULISH, Nicholas (2011). “Neo-Nazis Suspected in Long Wave of Crimes, Including Murders, in Germany," The New York Times, 13 November. LEWIS, Charles (2009). “Swiss vote to ban minarets a warning to Europe's Muslims,” National Post, 30 November. MAIELLO, Lia Petridis (2011). “Astonished by German Astonishment Over Nazi Attacks,” Huffington Post, 22 November. MOON, Ban Ki (2012). “Secretary-General’s remarks to Opening Session of the General Assembly High-Level Forum on the Culture of Peace,” New York, 14 September. MORGAN, George and Scott Poynting (2012) Global Islamophobia: Muslims and Moral Panic in the West, Ashgate, Surrey. PHIPPS, Claire, Andrew Sparrow and Ben Quinn (2014). “European election results 2014: Ukip sweeps to victory in the UK,” The Guardian, 26 May. Radio Netherlands Worldwide (2011). “Wilders Announces Anti-Muhammad Film,” 1 April. RANDOW, Jana and Christian Vits (2010). “Weber to Debate Next Sarrazin Steps as Merkel Condemns Comments,” Bloomberg, 1 September. REDING, Viviane (2010). Press Release “Viviane Reding Vice-President of the European Commission responsible for Justice, Fundamental Rights and Citizenship Statement on the latest developments on the Roma situation,” Reference: SPEECH/10/428, Brussels, 14 September. Reuters (2008). “Brigitte Bardot on trial for Muslim slur,” 15 April. SAMUEL, Henry (2010). “UN warns France over Roma deportations,” The Telegraph, 27 August. Schweizer Radio DRS (2009). “Bundesrat: Minarett-Initiative widerspricht Verfassung” , [Federal: minaret initiative contradicts Constitution], 15 October. SEPÚLVEDA, Magdalena, Theo van Banning, Gudrún Gudmundsdóttir, Christine Chamoun and Willem J.M. van Genugten (2004). Human Rights Reference Handbook, 3rd edition, Costa Rica: University of Peace, Ciudad Colon. The Economist (2011). “Neo-Nazi crimes in Germany: A horror from the past,” 19 November. ----- (2012). “The French election: An inconvenient truth,” 31 March. ----- (2014). “The Eurosceptic Union,” 31 May. The New York Times (2012). “Editorial: Mr. Sarkozy on the Low Road,” 14 March. TRAVIS, Alan (2001). “Attack on Afghanistan: ICM Poll,” The Guardian, 21 October. TRAYNOR, Ian (2009). “Swiss vote to ban construction of minarets on mosques,” The Guardian, 29 November. ----- (2010). “Barroso makes veiled criticism of French anti-Gypsy campaign,” The Guardian, 7 September. WELCH, Michael (2012). “Foreword,” in George Morgan and Scott Poynting (eds.), Global Islamophobia: Muslims and Moral Panic in the West, Ashgate, Surrey. YANARIŞIK, Oğuzhan (2013). “Yükselen Irkçılık ve İslamofobi Gölgesinde Yaşayan Avrupa Türkleri: Almanya Örneği,” [European Turks Living under the Shade of Xenophobia and Islamophobia: the Case of Germany], Yeni Türkiye, No:54, September-October, pp. 2911-2917. ZAND, Bernhard (2012). “A Mecca in Europe: Why Islam Is an Integral Part of Germany,” Der Spiegel, 8 June.
Toplam 1 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm 2017 Yılı 7. Sayı
Yazarlar

Oğuzhan Yanarışık 0000-0003-3442-4779

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2017
Kabul Tarihi 25 Ocak 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Sayı: 7

Kaynak Göster

APA Yanarışık, O. (2017). RISE OF ISLAMOPHOBIA IN GERMANY, FRANCE AND SWITZERLAND AFTER 9/11. Ombudsman Akademik(7), 101-125. https://doi.org/10.32002/ombudsmanakademik.440217
AMA Yanarışık O. RISE OF ISLAMOPHOBIA IN GERMANY, FRANCE AND SWITZERLAND AFTER 9/11. OA. Aralık 2017;(7):101-125. doi:10.32002/ombudsmanakademik.440217
Chicago Yanarışık, Oğuzhan. “RISE OF ISLAMOPHOBIA IN GERMANY, FRANCE AND SWITZERLAND AFTER 9/11”. Ombudsman Akademik, sy. 7 (Aralık 2017): 101-25. https://doi.org/10.32002/ombudsmanakademik.440217.
EndNote Yanarışık O (01 Aralık 2017) RISE OF ISLAMOPHOBIA IN GERMANY, FRANCE AND SWITZERLAND AFTER 9/11. Ombudsman Akademik 7 101–125.
IEEE O. Yanarışık, “RISE OF ISLAMOPHOBIA IN GERMANY, FRANCE AND SWITZERLAND AFTER 9/11”, OA, sy. 7, ss. 101–125, Aralık 2017, doi: 10.32002/ombudsmanakademik.440217.
ISNAD Yanarışık, Oğuzhan. “RISE OF ISLAMOPHOBIA IN GERMANY, FRANCE AND SWITZERLAND AFTER 9/11”. Ombudsman Akademik 7 (Aralık 2017), 101-125. https://doi.org/10.32002/ombudsmanakademik.440217.
JAMA Yanarışık O. RISE OF ISLAMOPHOBIA IN GERMANY, FRANCE AND SWITZERLAND AFTER 9/11. OA. 2017;:101–125.
MLA Yanarışık, Oğuzhan. “RISE OF ISLAMOPHOBIA IN GERMANY, FRANCE AND SWITZERLAND AFTER 9/11”. Ombudsman Akademik, sy. 7, 2017, ss. 101-25, doi:10.32002/ombudsmanakademik.440217.
Vancouver Yanarışık O. RISE OF ISLAMOPHOBIA IN GERMANY, FRANCE AND SWITZERLAND AFTER 9/11. OA. 2017(7):101-25.