Effect of NaCI in solid media culture on the yield and fruit quality of tomato plant

Öz

The aim of this study is to determine the effects of increasing doses of NaCl added to the nutrient solutions on the yield and fruit quality of tomato plant growin in substrate culture. The experiment was arranged in a randomized plots design with four NaCI doses (0, 14.1, 44.4 and 40.4 mM) and 3 replicates under greenhouse conditions. Supplementing the nutrient solution with NaCl decreased the yield of tomato significantly. The decrease in fruit yield is insignificant for the 14.1 mM dose of NaCl. Supplementation of NaCI increased the amount of stem and leaf dry matter of tomato significantly at 14.1 mM, but decreased it in high doses. The effect of NaCl supplement on the amount of root dry matter was found to be insignificant in low doses whereas it was significant in high doses. Supplementation of NaCl reduced the pH of tomato juice significantly. With NaCl, the rate of soluble solids (brix) in fruits increased significantly. However, the number of fruits with blossom-end rot was significantly increased by additional NaCl.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Tomato; quality; fruit yield; NaCl stress; substrate culture

Katı ortam kültüründe NaCI’ün domates bitkisinin verim ve meyve kalitesi üzerine etkileri

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, katı ortam kültüründe besin çözeltisine artan dozlarda ilave edilen sodyum klorür (NaCl)’ün domates bitkisinde verim ve bazı kalite özelliklerine etkilerini belirlemektir. Bu amaçla sera şartlarında tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre düzenlenen çalışmada, domates bitkisine verilen besin çözeltisine 3 tekerrürlü olarak 4 dozda (0, 14.1, 44.4 ve 40.4 mM) NaCI ilave edilmiştir. Besin çözeltisine NaCI ilavesi domates verimini önemli derecede azaltmıştır. Verimdeki azalma NaCl’ün 14.1 mM dozunda önemsizdir. Besin çözeltisine NaCl ilavesi gövde + yaprak kuru madde miktarını 14.1 mM doz seviyesinde önemli derecede artırmış, fakat yüksek dozlarda önemli derecede azaltmıştır. Besin çözeltisine NaCl ilavesinin kök kuru madde miktarına etkisi düşük dozlarda önemsiz, fakat yüksek dozda önemli bulunmuştur. Domates meyve suyu pH’sı NaCl ilavesi ile önemli derecede azaltmıştır. Meyvede çözünebilir katı oranını (brix) NaCl önemli derecede artırmıştır. Ancak, çiçek burnu çürüklüğü görülen meyve sayısı NaCl ilavesi ile önemli derecede artmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Domates; kalite; meyve verimi; NaCl stresi; substrat kültürü

Kaynakça

1. Adams, P., 1991. Effect of increasing the salinity of nutrient solution with majör nutrients or sodium chloride on the yield, quality and composition of tomatoes grown in rockwool. Journal of Horticultural Science, 66: 201-207.
2. Adams, P., Ho, L.C., 1989. Effect of constant and fluctiating salinity on the yield, quality and calcium status of tomatoes. Journal of Horticultural Science, 64: 725-732.
3. Auerswald, H., Schwarz, D., Kornelson, C., Krumbein, A., Brückner, B., 1999. Sensory analysis, sugar and acid content of tomato at different EC values of the nutrient solution. Scientia Horticulturae, 82: 227-242.
4. Botella, M.A., Del Amor, F., Amoros, A., Serrano, M., Martinez, V., Cerda, A., 2000. Polyamine, etylene and other physico-chemical parameters in tomato (Lycorpersicon esculentum) fruits as affected by salinity. Physiologia Plantarum, 109: 428-434.
5. Botella, M.A., Rosado, A., Bressan, R.A., Hasegawa, P.M., 2005. Plant Adaptive Responses to Salinity Stress, Plant Abiotic Stress, Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 270p.
6. Burssens, S., Engler, J.D., Beeckman, T., Richard, C., Shaul, O., Ferreira, P., Van Montagu, M., Inzé, D., 2000. Developmental expression of the Arabidopsis thaliana CycA2;1 gene. Planta, 211: 623-631.
7. Cerda, A., Pardines, J., Botella, M.A., Martinez, V., 1995. Osmotic sensitivity in relation to salt sensitivity in germination of barleyseeds. Plant Cell Environ., 9: 721-725.
8. Chretien, S., Gosselin, A., Dorais, M., 2000. High electrical conductivity and radiation- based water manegement improve fruit quality of greenhouse tomatoes grown in rockwool. HortScience, 35: 627-631.

9. Cramer, M.D., Oberholzer, J.A., Combirink, N.J.J., 2001. The effect of supplementation of root zone dissolved inorganic carbon on fruit yield and quality of tomatoes (cv ‘Daniella’) grown with salinity. Scientia Horticulturae, 89: 269-289.
10. Cuartero, J., Fernandez-Munoz, R., 1999. Tomato and salinity. Sci. Hort., 78: 83-125.
11. De Pascale, S., Maggio, A., Fogliano, V., Ambrosino P., Ritieni, A., 2001. Irrigation with saline water improves carotenoids concent and antioxidant activity of tomatoes. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 76: 447-453.
12. Dorais, M., Ehret, D., Papadopoulos, A., 2008. Tomato (Solanum Iycopersicum) health components: from the seed to the consumer. Phytochemistry Reviews, 7: 231-250.
13. Dorais, M., Papadopoulos, A., Gosselin., A., 2001. Influence of electric conductivity management on greenhouse tomato yield and fruit quality. Agronomie, 21: 367-383.
14. Dumas, Y., Dadomo, M., Di Lucca, G., Grolier, P., 2003. Effects of environmental factors and agricultural techniques on antioxidant concent of tomatoes. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 83: 369-382.
15. Ehret, D.L., Ho, L.C., 1986. The effect of salinity on dry matter partitioning and fruit growth in tomatoes grown in nutrient film culture. Journal of Horticultural Science, 61: 361-367.
16. Gough, C., Hobson, G.E., 1990. A comparison of the productivity, quality, shelf-life characteristics and consumer reaction to the crop from cherry tomato plants grown at different levels of salinity. Journal of Horticultural Science, 65: 431-439.
17. Graifenberg, A., Botrini, L., Giustiniani, L., Lipucci di Paola, M., 1996. Yield growth element content of zucchini squash grown under saline sodic conditions. J. Hort. Sci., 71: 305-311.
18. Graifenberg, A., Lipucci di Paola, M., Giustiniani, L., Temperini, O., 1993.Yield and growth of globe artichoke under saline-sodic conditions. HortScience, 28: 791-793.
19. Gül, A., 2012. Topraksız Tarım. Hasad Yayıncılık 2. Baskı, ISBN:978-975-8377-83.
20. Hoagland, D.R., Arnon, D.I., 1950. The water culture method for growing plants without soil. Calif Agr. Expt. Sta. Circ. 347.
21. Hong, C.Y., Chao, Y.Y., Yang, M.Y., Cho, S.C., Kao, C.H., 2009. Na+ but not cl- or osmotic stress is involved in NaCl induced expression of glutathione reductase in roots of rice seedlings. Journal of Plant Physiology, 166: 1598-1606.
22. Kacar, B., Katkat, V.A., 2010. Bitki Besleme. Nobel Yayın No:849, Fen Bilimleri: 30, 5.Baskı Nobel Yayıncılık, ISBN: 978-975-591-834-4.
23. Kocaçalışkan, İ., 2003. Bitki Fizyolojisi. DPÜ Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayını, 420. Erzurum.
24. Krauss, S., Schnitzler, WH., Grassmann, J., Woitke, M., 2006. The influence of different electrical conductivity values in a simplified recirculating soilless system on inner and outer fruit quality characteristics of tomato. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54: 441-448.
25. Kuşvuran, Ş., 2010. Kavunlarda kuraklık ve tuzluluğa toleransın fizyolojik mekanizmaları arasındaki bağlantılar. Doktora tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Adana.
26. Leonardi, C., Martorana, M., Giuffirda, F., Fogliano, V., Pernice, R., 2004. Tomato Fruit Quality in relation to the content of sodium chloride in the nutrient solution. Acta Hort., 659:769-774.
27. Lutts, S., Kinet, J.M., Bouharmont, J., 1996. NaCl-induced senescence in leaves of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars differing in salinity resistance. Ann. Bot., 78: 389-398.
28. Mittler, R., 2002. Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends in Plant Science, 7: 405-410.
29. Mizrahi, Y., Pasternak, D., 1985. Effect of salinity on quality of various agricultural crops. Plant Soil, 89: 301-307.
30. Mohammad, M. (Rusan), Shibli, R., Ajlouni, M., Nimri, L., 1998. Tomato root and shoot responses to salt stress under different levels of phosphorus nutrition. J. Plant Nutrition, 21(8):1667-1680.
31. Montesano, F., Van Iersel, M.W., 2007. Calcium Can Prevent toxic effects of Na+ on tomato leaf photosynthesis but does not restore growth. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 132(3): 310-318.
32. Munns, R., Tester, M., 2008. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 59: 651-681.
33. Munns, R., 2002. Comparative Physiology of salt and water stress. Plant Cell and Environment, 25: 239-250.
34. Nukaya, A., Goto, K., Jang, H., Kano, A., Ohkawa, K., 1995. Effect of K-Ca ratio in the nutrient solution on the incidence of blossom-end rot and gold specks on tomato fruit grown in rockwool. Acta Hort., 396: 123-130.
35. Passam, H.C., Karapanos, I.C., Bebeli, P.J., Savvas, D., 2007. A rewiew of recent research on tomato nutrition, Breeding and post-harvest technology with reference to fruit quality. The European Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology, 1(1): 1-21, Global Science Books.
36. Peet, M.M., Harlow, C.D., Larrea, E.S., 2004. Fruit quality and yield in five small-fruited greenhouse tomato cultivars under high fertilization regime. ActaHort., 659: 811-818.
37. Petersen, KK., Willumsen, J., Kaack, K., 1998. Composition and taste of tomatoes as affected by increased salinity and different salinity source. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 73: 205-215.
38. Reddy, M., Iyengar, E., 1999. Crop responses to salt strees: Seawater application and prospects. In: Pessarakli, M. (ed.), Handbook of plant and crop stress, Second Edition, Marcel Dekker, Inc.NY, USA. P. 1041-1068.
39. Santamaria, P., Cantore, V., Conversa, G., Serio, F., 2004. Effect of night salinity level on water use, physiological responses, yield and quality of tomato. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 79: 59-66.
40. Satti, S.M.E., Al-Yhyai, R.A., Al-Said, F., 1996. Fruit quality and partitioning of mineral elements in processing tomato in response to saline nutrients. J. Plant Nutr., 19(5): 503-510.
41. Savvas, D. 2001. Nutritional Management of Vegetables and Ornamental Plants in Hydroponic, In : Dris R, Niskanen R, Jain SM (Eds), Crop Management and Postharvest Handling of Horticultural Products, Volume 1, Quality Management, Science Publishers, Enfield, NH, USA, pp 37-87.
42. Schwarz, D., Kläring, H.P., Ingram, K.T., Hung, Y.C., 2001. Model-based control of nutrient solution concentration influences tomato growth and fruit quality. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 126: 778-784.
43. Sevgican, A., 1999. Örtüaltı Sebzeciliği (Topraksız Tarım), Cilt-II. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, No:526, Ege Ünivesitesi Basımevi, Bornova-İzmir.
44. Shalata, A., Tal, M., 1998. The effect of salt stress on lipit peroxidation and antioxidants in the leaf of the cultivated tomato and its wild salt tolerant reletive Lycopersicon pennellii. Physiologia Plantarum, 104: 169-174.
45. Shalhevet J., Yaron, B., 1973. Effect of soil and water salinity on tomato growth. Plant Soil, 39: 285-292.
46. Shi, H.X., Tadashi, I., 2001. Influence of different concentrations of nutrient solution and salt supplement on tomato fruit quality and yield. China Vegetables, 4: 9-11. (in Chinese).
47. Sonneveld, C., Straver, N., 1994. Nutrient solutions for vegetables and flowers grown in water or substrates, (10th Edn) Serie, Voedingsoplossingen Glasstuinbouw, No:8, PBG Naaldwijk-PBG Aalsmeer, The Netherlands, 45 pp.
48. Sonneveld, C., Van der Burg, A.M.M., 1991. Sodium chloride salinity in fruit vegetable crops in soilless culture. Neth. J. Agric. Sci., 39: 115-122.
49. Sonneveld, C., 1988. The salt tolerence of greenhouse crops. Neth. J. Agric. Sci., 36: 63-73.
50. Thybo, A.K., Edelenbos, M., Christensen, L.P., Sorensen, J.N., Thorup-Kristensen, K., 2006. Effect of growing systems on sensory quality and chemical composition of tomatoes. LWT, 39: 835-843.
51. Van Hoorn, J.W., Van Alpen, J.G., 1990. Salinity Control, Salt Balance and Leaching Reguirment of Irrigated Soils. 29th Int. Course Land Drainage, Lecture Notes, Wageningen.
52. Vinten, A., Shalhevet, J., Meiri, A., Peretz, J., 1986. Water and leaching requirements of industrial tomatoes irrigated with brackish water. Irrigation Science, 7: 13-25.
53. Wang, S., Kurepa, J., Smalle, J.A., 2009. The Arabidopsis 26S proteasome subunit RPN1a is required for optimal plant growth and stress responses. Plant Cell Physiol., 50: 1721-1725.
54. Yurtsever, N., 1982. Tarla Deneme Tekniği. Toprak ve Gübre Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü Yayınları, Yayın No: 91, Ankara.