THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF LEMON BALM (Melissa officinalis L.), ITS COMPONENTS AND USING FIELDS

Yıl 2006, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 1, 116 - 121, 15.02.2006

Reyhan Bahtiyarca Bağdat Belgin Coşge

Öz

Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.), member of Lamiaceae (formerly Labiatae) family, is one of the important medicinal plant species. Today, it is used in different branches of industry (such as medicine, perfume, cosmetic, and food etc.) in many countries of the world. The main components of lemon balm essential oil, ranged from 0.01 to 0.25%, are 39% citronellal, 33% citral (citronellol, linalool) and geraniol. It is traditionally used as a mild sedative, spasmolytic and antibacterial agent. In addition, results of a lot of clinical researches have showed that essential oil of lemon balm can be used in treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, as antioxidant against negative effects of free radicals and an antitumoral agent and it has positive effect on immune system and stress. By means of its antimicrobial activity it was found to be effective in inhibiting the spoilage yeast growth in food industry. As to, another popular usage field of this plant is in perfume and cosmetic industry, due to hydrosol in its essential oil.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Lemon balm, essential oil rate, essential oil components, antioxidant, medicinal usage

OĞULOTU (Melissa officinalis L.)’ NUN UÇUCU YAĞI, BİLEŞENLERİ VE KULLANIM ALANLARI

Öz

Lamiacea failyasından olan oğulotu (Melissa officinalis L.) önemli tıbbi bitki türlerinden birisidir. Günümüzde dünyanın birçok ülkesinde çeşitli sanayi dallarında (tıp, parfümeri, kozmetik ve gıda vb) kullanılmaktadır. Oğulotunda % 0.01 ile 0.25 arasında uçucu yağ bulunur. Bu uçucu yağın ana bileşenleri %39 citronellal, 33% citral (citronellol, linalool) ve geraniol’dür. Geleneksel olarak yaygın bir şekilde sakinleştirici, spazm giderici ve antibakteriyel olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bir çok klinik araştırma sonuçları, oğulotu uçucu yağının Alzheimer hastalığının tedavisinde, serbest radikallerinin olumsuz etkilerine karşı antioksidan ve tümör oluşumunu engelleyen ajan olarak kullanılabileceğini, ayrıca bağışıklık sistemi ve stres üzerine de olumlu etkilerinin olduğunu göstermiştir. Antimikrobiyel etkisi sayesinde, gıda sanayinde gıdaların bozulmasına neden olan mayaların gelişimini önleyici etkisi bulunmuştur. Diğer güncel kullanım alanı ise uçucu yağındaki hidrosol nedeniyle parfümeri ve kozmetik sanayidir

Anahtar Kelimeler

Oğulotu, uçucu yağ oranı, uçucu yağ bileşenleri, antioksidan, tıpta kullanımı

Kaynakça

• Allahverdiyev A, Duran N, Ozguven M, Koltas S., 2004 Antiviral activity of the volatile oils of Melissa officinalis L. against Herpes simplex virus type-2. Phytomedicine. 2004 Nov;11(7-8):657-61.
• Akhondzadeh, S., Nooroonzian, M., Mohammadi, M., Ohadinia, S., Jamshidi, A.H. and Khani, M., 2003. Melissa officinalis extract in the treatment of patient with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease: a double blind, randomised, placebo controlled trial. Food Prot. Apr. 6 (4):625-632.
• Anonymous, 2003. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia, 19932003 Microsoft Corporation
• Araujo, C., Sousa, M.J., Ferreira, M.F. and Leao, C., 2003. Activity of essential oils from Mediterranean Lamiaceae species against food spoilage yeasts. Plant Physiol. Apr.; 131(4):1816-1825.
• Asımgil, A., 2001. Şifalı Bitkiler. Timaş Yayınları, İstanbul. 352 s.
• Backer, H.G. 1965. Plant and Civilization. Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc. Belmont, California. 145-157 p.
• Baldwin, C A., 1987. What pharmacists should know about feverfew. Pharm J; 239:237–238.
• Başer, K.H.C., 2004. TEB Mised Sayı : 3-4 (12.01.2004)
• Baytop, T., 1984. Türkiye’de Bitkiler ile Tedavi. İst. Üni. Yay. No:3255.
• Bolkent S, Yanardag R, Karabulut-Bulan O, Yesilyaprak B., 2005. Protective role of Melissa officinalis L. extract on liver of hyperlipidemic rats: a morphological and biochemical study. Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Jul 14;99(3):391-8.
• Ceylan, A., 1987. Tıbbi Bitkiler II. Ege Üni. Ziraat Fak. Yay. No: 481. İzmir. 306 S.
• Chevallier, A., 1996. The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plant. Kindersley Dorling Limited London, 111 p.
• Coleta, M., Campos, M.G., Cotrim, M.D. and Proenca da Cunha, A. 2001. Comparative evaluation of Melissa officinalis L., Tilia europaea L., Passiflora edulis Sims. and Hypericum perforatum L. in the elevated plus maze anxiety test. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2001 Jul;34 Suppl 1:S20-1.
• Davis, P.H. 1982. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islans, Vol.7, Edinburgh.
• Dimitrova, Z., Dimov, B. and Manolova, N., 1993. Antiherpes effect of Melissa officinalis L. extracts. Acta Microbiol Bulg 1993;29:65–72
• Drozd, J. and Anuszewska, E., 2003. The effect of the Melissa officinalis extract on immune responce in mice. Acta Pol Pharm. Sep-Oct., 60(5):395- 400.
• Farnsworth, N.R. 1990. The role of entnopharmacology in drug development. In: Bioactive compounds from plants, CIBA Fondation Symposium, 154 pp. 2-21, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, NewYork Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore.
• Foster, S. and Duke, J. A., 1990. Peterson Field Guides. A field guide to medicinal plants; Eastern and Central North America. Boston, Houghton Mifflin company, 1990.366p
• Gobel H, Fresenius J and Heinz A. 1996. Peppermint oil in headache. Nervenartz; 67:672–678.
• Hohmann, J., Zupko, I. and Redei, D., 1999. Protective effects of the aerial parts of Salvia officinalis, Melissa officinalis and Lavandula angustifolia and their constituents against enzyme-dependent and enzymeindependent lipid peroxidation. Planta Med 1999; 65:576–578.
• İlisulu, K. 1992. İlaç ve Baharat Bitkileri. Ank. Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Yayın No: 1256/360, Ankara, 198-208 p. 302 p.
• Kennedy, D.O., Scholey, A.B., Tildesley, N.T., Perry, E.K. and Wesnes, K.A. 2002. Modulation of mood and cognitive performance following acute administration of Melissa officinalis (lemon balm). Planta Med. Feb., 68(2):178-180.
• Kennedy, D.O., Wake, G., Savelev, S., Tildesley, N.T., Perry, E.K., Wesnes, K.A. and Scholey, A.B. 2003. Modulation of mood and cognitive performance following acute administration of single doses of Melissa officinalis (Lemon balm) with human CNS nicotinic and muscarinic receptor-binding properties. Fitoterapia. Jul., 74(5):445-452.
• Kennedy, D.O., Little, W. and Scoley, A.B., 2004. Attenuation of laboratory-induced stres in humans after acute administration of Melissa officinalis (lemon balm). J Pharm Pharmacol. May; 56 (5):677-681.
• Khayyal, M.T., el-Ghazaly, M.A., Kenawy, S.A., Seif-elNasr, M., Mahran, L.G., Kafafi, Y.A. and Okpanyi, S.N. 2001. Antiulcerogenic effect of some gastrointestinally acting plant extracts and their combination. Arzneimittelforshung.2001; 51(7):545-53.
• Kucera LS and Herrmann EC, 1967. Jr. Antiviral substances in plants of the mint family (Labiatae). I. Tannin of Melissa officinalis. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1967;124:865–869.
• Marongiu B, Porcedda S, Piras A, Rosa A, Deiana M, Dessi MA.,2004. Antioxidant activity of supercritical extract of Melissa officinalis subsp. officinalis and Melissa officinalis subsp. inodora. Phytother Res. 2004 Oct;18(10):789-92.
• Mimica-Dukic, N., Bozin, B., Sokovic, M. and Simin, N. 2003. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Melissa officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) essential oil. Acta Pol. Pharm. Nov.-Dec., 60(6):467-470.
• Mrlianova, M., Tekel’ova, D.,Felklova, M.,Reinohl, V. and Toth, J. 2001 a. The influence of the harvest cut height on the quality of the herbal drugs Melissa folium and melissae herba. Ceska Slov Farm. Nov., 50 (6): 299-302.
• Mrlianova, M., Tekel’ova D., Felklova M., Toth, J., Musil, P. and Grancai, D. 2001 b. Comparision of the quality of Melissa officinalis L. cultivar Citra with Mellissas of European origin. Pharmacospsychiatry. Jul., 34 Suppl 1: S20-1.
• Mulkens, A. and Kapetanidis, I., 1987. Flavonoides des feuilles de Melissa officinalis L. (Lamiaceae). Pharm Acta Helv 1987; 62(1):19–22.
• Özhatay, N., Koyuncu, M., 1997. Türkiye’nin doğal tıbbi bitkileri hakkında bir çalışma. Doğal Hayatı Koruma derneği Yayınları, İstanbul.
• Patora, J.and Klimek, B., 2002. Flavonoids from lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L., Lamiaceae). Clin Psychiatry. July., 63(7):553-558.
• Patora, J.,Majda, T., Gora, J. and Klimek B. 2003. Variability in the content and composition of essential oil from lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) cultivated in Poland. J. Endocrinol Invest. Oct., 26(10):950-955.
• Peake, PW., Pussell, BA. and Martyn, P., 1991. The inhibitory effect of rosmarinic acid on complement involves the C5 convertase. In J Immunopharmac 1991;13(7): 853-857.
• Principe, P.P. 1991. Valıing the biodiversity of medicinal plants. In: Akerele, O.,Heywood, V., Synge,H.(eds), Conservation of medicinal plants, pp. 79-124, Cambridge Univ.Press, Cambridge.
• Rose, J., 2000. An Herb for Skin Care. Aromatic Plant Project Pres Release, March 2000.
• Sadraei, H., Ghannadi, A. and Malekshahi, K. 2003. Relaxant effect of essential oil of Melissa officinalis and citral on rat ileum contractions. Phytother Res. Jun., 17(6):599-604.
• Sarı, A. O. and Ceylan, A., 2002. Yield characteristics and Essential oil composition of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) grown in the Aegean Region of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 22 (4): 217-224.
• Savino F, Cresi F, Castagno E, Silvestro L, Oggero R., 2005. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of a standardized extract of Matricariae recutita, Foeniculum vulgare and Melissa officinalis (ColiMil) in the treatment of breastfed colicky infants. Phytother Res. 2005 Apr; 19(4): 335-40.
• De Sousa, A.C., Alviano, D.S., Blank, A.F., Alves, P.B.; Alviano, C.S. and Gattas, C.R., 2004. Melissa officinalis L. Essential oil: antitumoral and antioxidant activities. J Agric Food Chem. May, 52 (9):2485-2489.
• Tagashira M and Ohtake Y., 1998. A new antioxidative 1,3benzodioxole from Melissa officinalis. Planta Med 1998; 64:555–558.
• Tansı, S., Özgüven, M. 1995. Farklı ekolojilerde limonotu (Melissa officinalis L.)’ nun uygun çoğaltma tekniklerinin belirlenmesi. Ç.Ü. Ziraat Fak. Dergisi 10(2): 33-42, Adana.
• Tınmaz, A.B., Gökkuş, A., Çetin, K. And Erdoğan, S.S., 2001. Determining of the voletile oil content and drug herbage yield of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) applied different harvesting time and planting distances grown in Çanakkale ecological conditions. Proceeding of the workshop on Agriculturel and Quality Aspects of medicinal and Aromatic plants, Adana, 197-202p.
• Uzun E, Sariyar G, Adsersen A, Karakoc B, Otuk G, Oktayoglu E, Pirildar S., 2004. Traditional medicine in Sakarya province (Turkey) and antimicrobial activities of selected species. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004 Dec;95(23):287-96.
• Vaverkova, S., Tekel, J. and Holla, M., 1995. The effect of herbicides on the qualitative properties of medicinal plants. Part 3: Content and composition of the essential oil from Melissa officinalis L. after application of basagran. Pharmazie 1995; 50:835–836.
• Yadav RK, Karamanoli K, Vokou D., 2005. Bacterial Colonization of the Phyllosphere of Mediterranean Perennial Species as Influenced by Leaf Structural and Chemical Features. Microb Ecol. 2005 Oct 13.
• Yamasaki, K., Nakano, M., Kawahata, T., Mori, H., Otake, T., Ueba, N., Oishi, I., Inami, R., Yamane, M., Nakamura, M., Murata, H., Nakanishi, T., 1998. AntiHIV-1 activity of herbs in Labiatae. Aug; 21(8): 829-33
• Zeybek, N., 1985. Farmasötik Botanik. Ege Üni. Eczacılık Fak. Yay No: 1, İzmir.