RENOVATION OF EXTRACTED HIGH BOGS IN LATVIA: MINERAL NUTRITION AND ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF AMERICAN CRANBERRY CULTIVATION

Yıl 2010, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 2, 120 - 125, 20.08.2010

A. Osvalde A. Karlsons J. Pormale V. Nollendorfs

Öz

Latvia is a country with abundant peat resources and intensive peat production. Therefore restoration of more than 17,000 ha abandoned and excavated high bogs are an important issue. Scientific researches are necessary to choose the best way for renovation of peatlands after peat cutting. Along with sufficient freshwater supply this specific nutrient-poor and acid growing environment provides the possibilities for commercial cultivation of American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) which was successfully started during last 15 years. Today with more than 100 ha of plantings Latvia is fourth major cranberries producing country. In contrast with North America little is known regarding the fertilizing systems of cranberries planted on bare sphagnum peat. Being a native wetland plant, cranberries are nutrients low requiring culture; however, balanced mineral nutrition is vitally essential in producing high and qualitative yield. On the other hand, excessive or inadequate fertilization is potentially detrimental to the environmentally sensitive cranberry growing medium. Investigations were done to find out the actual status and main tendencies in mineral nutrition of American cranberries in Latvia during 2001–2009. Peat samples from 60 different cranberry producing sites established on extracted high bogs were collected over two periods: 2001–2004 and 2005–2009. Additional 20 samples from cutover and natural bogs were analyzed for background level to assess the changes in peat nutrient content during cranberry cultivation. Soil (peat) testing was used to evaluate the cranberry supply with nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo, B). Peat analysis revealed serious imbalance in cranberry providing with essential mineral elements. Deficiency of N P, S, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo, and B were stated in the majority of samples. Positive tendencies in nutrient status of cranberry peat were found from 2001-2004 to 2005-2009. Mean concentrations increased for P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, B, and become more corresponding to soil standards. Our results revealed significantly higher mean concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, and Mn in cultivated cranberry peat to compare with background level, although only P, Ca and Mg contents exceeded maximal levels of these nutrients stated in cutover peatlands. Lack of seriously increased nutrient concentrations in peat samples (only 3% of indices in high levels) indicated that cranberry fertilization practices in Latvia are likely not detrimental to the environment. The present investigation forms the basis for development of on scientific knowledge based cranberry fertilization guidelines in Latvia.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Extracted high bogs, Renovation, American cranberries, Mineral nutrition, Peat analysis

Kaynakça

• Abolins, M., Gurtaja, L., 2006. Vaccinium spp. production techniques in Latvia. Acta Hort., 715: 185-190.
• Bellemare, M., Lapointe, L., Chiasson, G., Daigle, J.Y., Rochefort, L., 2009. Conditions favouring survival of cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus) rhizomes planted in cutover peatland. Mires and Peat. 5: 1-8.
• Bussières, J., Boudreau, S., Rochefort, L., 2008a. Establishing trees on cut-over peatlands in eastern
• Canada. Mires and Peat, 3(10): 1–12. Bussières, J., Boudreau, S., Clément-Mathieu, G., Dansereau, B., Rochefort, L., 2008b. Growing Black Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) in cutover peatlands. HortScience, 43: 494–499.
• Caruso, F.L., Ramsdell, D.C., 1995. Compendium of Blueberry and Cranberry Diseases. American Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul, MN. Cranberry-Vaccinium macrocarpon. 2003. www.uga.edu/fruit/cranberi.htm.
• Davenport, J.R., Pitts, M.T., Provance, W., DeMoranville, C.J., 1997. Influence of soil iron and aerobic status on phosphorus availability in cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) soils. Acta Hort., 446: 369-379.
• DeMoranville, C.J., 1997. Cranberry nutrition and fertilizers. In: Sandler H.A. (Eds.), Cranberry Production: a Guide for Massachusetts. Univ. of MA Extensions, pp.81-85.
• DeMoranville, C.J., Deubert, K.H., 1986. Seasonal patterns of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in the leaves of the Massachusetts cranberry. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 17: 869-884.
• DeMoranville, C.J., Davenport, J.R., 1997. Phosphorus forms, rates, and timing in Massachusetts cranberry production. Acta Hort., 446: 381-388.
• Eck, P., 1990. The American Cranberry. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ.
• Howell, A.B., Reed, J.D., Krueger, C.G., Winterbottom, R., Cunningham, D.G., Leahy, M., 2005. A-type cranberry proanthocyanidins and uropathogenic bacterial antiadhesion activity. Phytochemistry, 66: 2281-2291.
• Kaunisto, S., Aro, L., 1996. Forestry use of cutaway peatlands. In: Vasander, H. (Eds.), Peatlands in Finland. Finnish Peatland Society, Helsinki, 130−134.
• Klavins, M., Silamikele, I., Nikodemus, O., Kalnina, L., Kuske, E., Rodinov, V., Purmalis, O., 2009. Peat properties, major and trace element accumulation in bog peat in Latvia. Baltica, 22: 37-49.
• Leahy, M., Speroni, J., Starr, M., 2002. Latest development in cranberry health research. Pharm. Biol., 40: 50-54. Marschner, H., 1995. Mineral Nutrition in Higher Plants. Academic Press, London.
• Minayeva, T., Sirin, A., Bragg, O. (Eds.), 2009. A Quick Scan of Peatlands in Central and Eastern Europe. Wetlands International, Wageningen, The Netherlands. 132 pp.
• Nollendorfs, V., 1983. Peat as Substrate for Glass-culture. Zinatne, Riga (in Russian).
• Nollendorfs, V., 1998. Plant nutrition levels for American cranberries. In: Annual of Cranberry Growers. Latvian Cranberry Growers Association, Riga, 53-57 (in Latvian).
• Noormets, M., Köster, T., Karp, K., Paal, T., Tõnutare, T., 2004. The recultivation of opencast peatland in Estonia. In: Päivänen, J. (Eds.) WiseUse of Peatlands, Proceedings of the 12th International Peat Congress, International Peat Society, Jyväskylä, Finland, 1195−1201.
• Noormets, M., 2006. Some aspects of flower biology of lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) and velvet-leaf blueberry (V. myrtilloides Michx.); Cultural management of lowbush blueberry and cranberry (Oxycoccus palustris Pers.) on exhausted milled peat areas, in Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu.
• Osvalde, A., Karlsons, A., 2005. Nutrient status of the American cranberries, Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait., in Latvia. Latvian J. Agron., 8: 321-325.
• Osvalde, A., Karlsons, A., 2010. Evaluation of the Nutrient Status of American Cranberry in Latvia during 2001– 2007. Acta Hort. (in press).
• Pakalne, M., Kalnina, L. 2005. Mire ecosystems in Latvia. In: Steiner, G.M. (Eds.), Moore – von Sibirien bis Feuerland / Mires – from Siberia to Tierra del Fuego, 147-174.
• Price, J.S., Cagampan, J., Kellner, E., 2005. Assessment of peat compressibility: Is there an easy way. Hydrolog. Process., 19: 3469–3475.
• Rinkis, G., Ramane, H., Kunicka, T., 1987. Methods of Soil and Plant Analysis. Riga (in Russian).
• Rochefort, L. and Lapointe, L. (Eds.), 2009. Production of Berries in Peatlands. Peatland Ecology Research Group. Laval Universities, Quebec.
• Roper, T.R., 1992. Cranberry soil and tissue analysis: Diagnostic tools. The Wisconsin Cranberry IPM Newsletter. 6: 1-2.
• Roper, T.R. and Combs, S.M., 1992. Nutrient status of Wisconsin cranberries. Cranberries: The National Cranberry Magazine, 15: 11-15.
• Snore, A., 2004. Peat in Latvia. Latvian National Committeeof the IPS, Riga.
• Vinson, J.A., Su, X., Zubik, L., Bose, P., 2001. Phenol antioxidant quantity and quality in foods: fruit. J. Agric. Food Chem., 49: 5315-5321.
• Waddington, J.M., McNeil, P., 2002. Peat oxidation in an abandoned vacuum extracted peatland. Can. J. Soil Sci., 82: 279–286.
• Wind-Mulder, H.L., Rochefort, L., Vitt, D.H., 1996. Water and peat chemistry comparisons of natural and postharvested peatlands across Canada and their relevance to peatland restoration. Ecol. Eng., 7: 161-181.