MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR COMPARISON OF SELECTED CHESTNUT (Castanea sativa Mill.) GENOTYPES FROM BLACK SEA REGION OF TURKEY

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 1, 54 - 62, 15.02.2014

Umit Serdar , Levent Mercan , Ahmet Okumus , Arif Soylu

https://doi.org/10.7161/anajas.2014.29.1.54

Cited By: 4

Öz

Here we report phenotypic and genotypic differences among 14 Turkish chestnut genotypes. The genotypes were analyzed both genetically and for 30 morphological criteria comprising 12 qualitative and 18 quantitative characteristics. The phylogenetic relationships were determined between different chestnut genotypes selected from Sinop, Samsun, Artvin and Bartin provinces of Black Sea Region in Turkey. Morphological criteria were investigated biometrically using multivariate analysis. Ten morphological criteria were found to be effective for discrimination between the genotypes. Five morphological criteria accounts for 64.1% of the variability. These morphological criteria were the ratio of length of teeth to width of teeth, the ratio of length of hilum to length of fruit, cross section of leaves, the ratio of height of fruit to length of fruit and peeling of testa. The discrimination of morphological criteria was shown using cluster analysis, which created four main groups. Dice’s coefficient was used to evaluate the genetic similarity by RAPD analysis, which created three main groups. The UPGMA method was used for the determination of phylogenetic trees. The genetic and morphological dendrograms were compared using the Mantel test, which gave a correlation of r=-0.33. The discrimination of morphological criteria was shown using cluster analysis, which created four main groups. Dice’s coefficient was used to evaluate the genetic similarity by RAPD analysis, which created three main groups. The UPGMA method was used for the determination of phylogenetic trees. The genetic and morphological dendrograms were compared using the Mantel test, which gave a correlation of r=-0.33. This study illustrates that the selected chestnut genotypes might be valuable genetic resources for future chestnut breeding programs.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Genetic similarity, morphological criteria, phylogenetic tree, RAPD

TÜRKİYE'NİN KARADENİZ BÖLGESİNDEN SEÇİLEN KESTANE (Castanea sativa Mill.) GENOTİPLERİNİN MORFOLOJİK VE MOLEKÜLER KARŞILAŞTIRMASI

Öz

Bu çalışmada 14 Türk kestane genotipinde fenotipik ve genotipik farklılıklar incelenmiştir. Genotipler, hem genetik olarak hem de 12’si kalitatif ve 18’i kantitatif olmak üzere toplam 30 morfolojik kritere göre analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmada, Sinop, Samsun, Artvin ve Bartın illerinden seçilen farklı kestane genotipleri arasındaki filogenetik ilişkiler belirlenmiştir. Morfolojik kriterler çok değişkenli analizler kullanılarak biometrik olarak araştırılmıştır. Genotiplerin ayırt edilmesinde 10 morfolojik kriterin etkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bunlardan beşinin genotipler arasındaki farklılığın %64,1’ini açıkladığı saptanmıştır. Bu kriterler: diş uzunluğu/diş genişliği oranı, hilum uzunluğu/meyve uzunluğu oranı, yaprakta enine kesit, meyve yüksekliği/meyve uzunluğu oranı ve tohum zarının soyulabilirliği’dir. Morfolojik kriterlere göre yapılan kümeleme analizinde dört ana grubun oluştuğu görülmüştür. “Dice” katsayısı RAPD analizi ile sonuçlarına gore hesaplanmış ve genetik benzerlik durumunun değerlendirilmesinde kullanılmıştır. Buna göre de 3 ana grubun oluştuğu görülmüştür. Filogenetik ağaçlar UPGMA metoduna göre oluşturulmuştur. Genetik ve morfolojik dendogramlar Mantel testi yardımıyla karşılaştrılmış ve r=-0.33 korelasyon katsayısı hesaplanmıştır. Bu çalışma seçilen genotiplerin gelecekte yapılacak ıslah çalışmaları için değerli genetik kaynaklar olduğunu göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Genetik benzerlik, morfolojik kriterler, filogenetik ağaç, RAPD

Kaynakça

• Ahmed, M., McNeil, D.L. 1996. Comparison of crossability, RAPD, SDS-PAGE and morphological markers in revealing genetic relationships within and among Lens species, Theor. Appl. Genet. 93:788-793.
• Ai, C.X., Zhang, L.Z., Wei, H.R., Jin, S.N., Yuan, K.J., Liu, Q.Z. 2007. Study on the Genetic Diversity of Natural Chestnut of Shandong by ISSR. Chin. J. Biotechnol. 23(4): 628-633.
• Aksoy, H.M., Serdar, Ü., Soylu, A. 2005. Kestane fidanlarında kansere (Cryphonectria parasitica (murrill) barr) karşı yapılan uygulamalar. OMÜ Zir. Fak. Der. 20(1): 24-29.
• Anonymous. 2008. http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx
• Arslan, B., Okumus, A. 2006. Genetic and Geographic Polymorphism of Cultivated Tobaccos (Nicotiana tabacum) in Turkey. Russ. J. Genetics. 42(6): 667-671.
• Ayfer, M., Soylu, A., Celebioglu, G. 1977. Selection of chestnut cultivars (Castanea sativa Mill.) in Marmara Region. Proc. TUBITAK VI. Scientific Congress, Hort.Section. 84:123-132.
• Baykal, N., Tezcan, H, Soylu, A., Ufuk, S., Arslan, U., Yahyaoglu, M. 2000. Incidence of chestnut blight in Bursa Province and reactions of some Turkish chestnut cultivars against it. J. Turk. Phytopath. 29(1): 1-5.
• Bojović, S., Heizmann, P., Barbero, M. 2000. Fraxinus ornus l. sexual polymorphism and rapd markers. Genetika, 32: 1.
• Burnham, C.R., Rutter, P.A., French, D.W. 1986. Breeding blight-resistant chestnuts. Plant Breeding Rev. 4: 34739
• Cross, R.J. 1996. Assessment of IBPGR morphological descriptors in determining pattern within crop germplasm collection. PhD Thesis, Lincoln University, Canterbury, N.Z.
• Ding, G., Li, X., Ding, X., Qian, L. 2009. Genetic diversity across natural populations of Dendrobium officinale, the endangered medicinal herb endemic to China, revealed by ISSR and RAPD markers. Russ. J. Genetics, 45(3): 327-3
• Doyle, J.J., Doyle, J.L. 1990. Isolation of plant DNA from fresh tissue. Focus, 12: 13-15.
• Erper, İ., Serdar, Ü., Karaca, G. 2004. Bazı kestane (Castanea sativa Mill.) genotiplerinin Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) Barr’ya duyarlılıklarının belirlenmesi. OMÜ. Zir. Fak. Der. 19(1): 46-49.
• Ertan, E., Seferoğlu, G., Dalkılıç, G.G., Tekintaş, F.E., Seferoğlu, S., Babaeren, F., Onal, M., Dalkılıç, Z. 2007. Selection of Chestnuts (Castanea sativa Mill.) Grown in Nazilli District, Turkey, Turk. J. Agric. For. 31: 1151
• Fineschi, S., Taurchini, D., Villani, F., Vendramin, G.G. 2000. Chloroplast DNA polymorphism reveals little geographical structure in Castanea sativa Mill. (Fagaceae) throughout southern European countries. Mol. Ecol. 9: 1495-1503.
• Han, J.C., Wang, G.P., Kong, D.J., Liu, Q.X., Zhang, X.Y. 200 Genetic diversity of Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima) in Hebei. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 760:573-577. Hanboonsong, Y. 1994. A comparative phenetic and cladistic analysis of the genus Holcapsis Chaudoir (Coleoptera:Carabidae), PhD Thesis, Lincoln University, Canterbury, N.Z.
• Huang, H., Carey, A.W., Dane, F., Norton, J.D. 1996. Evaluation of Chinese chestnut cultivars for resistance to Cryphonectria parasitica, Plant Dis. 80: 45-47.
• Huang, H., Dane, F., Kubisiak, T.L. 1998. Allozyme and RAPD analysis of the genetic diversity and geographic variation in wild populations of the American chestnut (Fagaceae). Am. J. Bot. 85(7): 1013-1071.
• Huang, H., Norton, J.D., Boyhan, G.E., Abrahams, B.R. 199 Graft compatibility among chestnut (Castanea) species, J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 119(6): 1127-1132.
• Ikegami, H., Nogata, H., Hirashima, K. 2009. Analysis of genetic diversity among European and Asian fig varieties (Ficus carica L.) using ISSR, RAPD, and SSR markers. Genet. Resour. Crop Ev. 56 (2): 201-209.
• Kotobuki, K. 1996. Cultivation and evaluation of fruit tree PGR. Technical Assistance Activities for Genetic Resource Projects. Jpn. Int. Co. Agency. ADL-JR-9621, No. 31. 84-101.
• Koyuncu, F., Çetinbas, M., Yildirim, A.N. 2008. Pomological Properties and Proximate Analysis of Native Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) Germplasm from Isparta, Turkey. J. Am. Pomol. Soc. 62(3):98-109. Kubisiak, T.L. 1999. Using DNA markers to distinguish among chestnut species and hybrids. The Journal of The American Chestnut Foundation, 13(1). http://www.srs.fs.fed.us/pubs.
• Lauteri, M., Monteverdi, M.C., Sansotta, A., Kucuk, M. 199 Adaptation to drought in European chestnut. Evidences from a hybrid zone and from controlled crosses between drought and wet adapted populations. Proc 2 nd Int. Symp. on Chestnut, Acta Hort., 494 pp. 345-35 Mantel, N. 1967. The detection of disease clustering and a generalized regression approach, Cancer Res., 27: 2092
• Martin, M.A., Mattioni, C., Cherubini, M., Taurchini, D., Villani, F. 2008. SSR and EST-SSR markers to assess genetic diversity in European chestnut populations. Proceedings of the 52nd Italian Society of Agricultural Genetics Annual Congress, Padova, Italy, 14-17 September.
• Okumus, A., Balkaya, A. 2007. Estimation of Genetic Diversity among Turkish Kale Populations (Brassica bleracea var. Acephala L.) Using RAPD Markers. Russ. J. Genetics. 43(4): 409–413.
• Okumus, A. 2007. Genetic Variation and Relationship Between Turkish Flint Maize Landraces by RAPD Markers. Am. J. Agr. Biol. Sci. 2(2): 49-53.
• Oraguzie, N.C., McNeil, D.L., Klinac, D.L., Knowles, R.D., Sedcole, J.R. 1998. Relationships of chestnut species and New Zealand selections using morpho-nut characters. Euphytica. 99: 27-33.
• Ozkarakas, I., Gonulsen, N., Ulubelde, M., Ozakman, S., Onal, K. 1995. Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) cultivar selection studies in Aegean Region. Proc.II.National Hort. Cong., 1: 505-509. Pereira-Lorenzo, S., Fernandez-Lopez, J., MorenoGonzalez, J. 1996. Variability and grouping of Nortwestern Spanish chestnut cultivars, I. Morphological Traits. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 121(2): 183-18
• Pigliucci, M., Paoletti, C., Fineschi, S., Malvolti, M.E. 1991. Phenotypic integration in chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.): Leaves versus fruits. Bot. Gaz. 152(4): 514-521. Pigliucci, M., Villani, F., Benedettelli, S. 1990. Geographic and climatic factors associated with the spatial structure of gene frequencies in Castanea sativa Mill from Turkey. J. Genet. 69(3) 141-149.
• Rohlf, F.J. 1989. NTSYS-PC Numerical taxonomy and multivanate analysis system. Exeter Publications, Setauket, New York.
• Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E.F., Maniatis, T. 1989. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.
• Serdar, U., Soylu, A. 2004. Investigation of anatomical structure of graft union for T and inverted T buddings and whip grafting in chestnut, Proc. of the Third Int. Symp. on Chestnut, 20-23 October, Chaves, Portugal. Acta Hort. 693: 165-170.
• Serdar, U., Soylu, A. 2005. Preliminary results on chestnut selection in Black Sea Region. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 8(6): 877-88
• Serdar, U., Soylu, A. 1999. Selection of chestnut (C. sativa Mill.) in Samsun vicinity, Proc. 2 nd Int. Symp. on Chestnut, Acta Hort. 494. p. 333-338.
• Serdar, U. 2002. Chestnut selection in Camili vicinity (Artvin-Borcka), J. Fac. Agric., OMU, 17(1):57-30.
• Serdar, U. 1999. Selection of chestnut (C. sativa Mill.) in Sinop vicinity, Proc. 2 nd Int. Symp. on Chestnut. Acta Hort. 494. p. 327-332.
• Sivolap, M., Kalendar, R.N. 1995. Genetic Polymorphism in Barley Detected by PCR with Arbitrary Primers. Russ. J. Genetics, 31(10): 1155-1161.
• Solar, A., Podjavoršek, A., Štampar, F. 2005. Phenotypic and genotypic diversity of European chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill) in Slovenia-opportunity for genetic improvement. Genet. Resour. Crop Ev. 52: 381-384.
• Soylu, A. 2004. Chestnut Growing and Specialities. Hasad, pp: 6
• Stewart, C.N., Via, L.E. 1993. A rapid CTAB DNA isolation technique useful for RAPD fingerprinting and other PCR applications. Bio Techniques, 14(5): 7487
• UPOV (International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants). 1988. Draft guidelines for the conduct of tests for distinctness, homogeneity and stability (CHESTNUT). TG/124/1(proj.).
• Villani, F., Pigliucci, M, Benedettelli, S., Cherubini, M. 199 Genetic differantation among Turkish chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) populations. Heredity, 66: 1311
• Villani, F., Pigliucci, M., Lauteri, M., Cherubini, M., Sun, O. 1992. Congruence between genetic, morphometric, and physiological data on differentiation of Turkish chestnut (Castanea sativa). Genome, 35: 251-256.
• Williams, J.G.K., Kubelik, A.R., Livak, K.J., Rafalski, J.A., Tingey, S.V. 1990. DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers. Nucleic Acids Res.18: 6531-6535.
• Yamamoto, T., Shimada, T., Kotobuki, K., Morimoto, Y., Yoshida, M. 1998. Genetic Characterization of Asian Chestnut Varieties Assessed by AFLP. Breeding Sci. 48: 359-36