Güney Nijerya, Akwa Ibom Eyaletindeki Küçük Ölçekli Tarla Ürün Çiftçileri için Çiftlik İşçiliği Seçenekleri ve Verimlilik

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 38 Sayı: 3, 493 - 512, 26.10.2023

Sunday Akpan , Veronica S. Nkanta , Emmanuel Udofia

https://doi.org/10.7161/omuanajas.1279300

Öz

Nijerya'nın güney bölgesindeki bazı çiftçi topluluklarında sürekli olarak çiftlik işçiliği kıtlığının ardından, çalışma öncelikle çiftlik işçiliği kullanımını ve üretkenliğini etkileyen faktörleri belirledi. Çalışma, Nijerya'nın güney bölgesindeki Akwa Ibom Eyaletinde gerçekleştirildi. Yapılandırılmış bir anket kullanılarak toplam iki yüz (200) manyok bazlı çiftçi rastgele örneklendi. Verilerin analizinde tanımlayıcı, multinomial Logit ve Tobit modelleri kullanılmıştır. Bulgular, küçük ölçekli çiftçiler için birincil emek kaynakları olarak ücretli emek, aile ve grup emeğini ortaya çıkardı ve aile emeği biraz baskındı. Ayrıca, çiftçilerin yaşı, eğitim düzeyi, çiftlik büyüklüğü, çiftlik geliri, tarım dışı gelir, çiftçilik deneyimi ve çiftlik kredisine erişim, çiftçilerin grup emeğine göre ücretli emeği benimseme olasılığını artıran faktörler olarak belirlendi. Benzer şekilde, çiftçilerin hanehalkı büyüklüğü ve medeni durumunun, grup işçiliğine göre aile işçiliğini kullanma olasılığını artırdığı bulunmuştur. Emek verimliliğinin olumlu belirleyicileri, çiftçilerin yaşı, eğitimi, sosyal sermayesi, çiftlik geliri, cinsiyeti, çiftlik kredisine erişimi ve tarımsal yayım hizmetleriydi; çiftlik büyüklüğü ve çiftçilik deneyimi ise olumsuz belirleyicilerdi. Küçük ölçekli çiftçiler arasında işgücü erişimini ve üretkenliği artırmayı amaçlayan politika formülasyonu sırasında çiftçilerin örgün eğitimi, çiftlik geliri, çiftlik kredisi, yayım hizmetlerine erişim ve sosyal sermaye oluşumuna öncelik verilmesi şiddetle tavsiye edilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çiftlik, Emek, Manyok, Verimlilik, Nijerya

Farm Labour Choices and Productivity for Small-Scale Arable Crop Farmers in Akwa Ibom State, Southern Nigeria

Öz

Following the continuous scarcity of farm labour in some farming communities in southern region of Nigeria, the study primarily identified factors that influence farm labour use and its productivity. The study was conducted in Akwa Ibom State in the southern region of Nigeria. A total of two hundred (200) cassava-based farmers were randomly sampled using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive, multinomial Logit and Tobit models were employed to analyze the data. The findings revealed hired labour, family and group labour as the primary sources of labour for the small-scale farmers, with family labour being slightly dominant. Also, farmers’ age, educational attainment, farm size, farm income, non-farm income, farming experience and access to farm credit were identified as factors that increase the probability of farmers adopting hired labour relative to group labour. Similarly, farmers' household size and marital status were found to increase the probability of using family labour relative to the group labour. The positive determinants of labour productivity were farmers' age, education, social capital, farm income, sex, access to farm credit and agricultural extension services; whereas farm size and farming experience were negative determinants. It is strongly recommended that farmers’ formal education, farm income, farm credit, access to extension services and social capital formation should be prioritized during policy formulation aimed at enhancing labour access and productivity among small-scale farmers

Anahtar Kelimeler

Farm, labour, cassava, Productivity, Nigeria

Kaynakça

• Aggrey, N., Eliab, L., & Joseph, S., (2010). Human capital and labor productivity in East African manufacturing firms. Current Research Journal of Economic Theory, 2, 48–54.
• Akanni, K. A., & Dada, A. O. (2012). Analysis of Labour-Use Patterns among Small-Holder Cocoa Farmers in South Western Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, B2; 107-113.
• Akpan, S. B. (2020). Enhancing Farm Labour Productivity: The Roles of Small Scale Waterleaf Farmers in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Food Environment; Volume 7(3): 18-33.
• Akpan, S. B. (2021). Determinants of labour productivity in small-scale waterleaf production in Akwa Ibom State, South-south region of Nigeria. Scientific Papers Series Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and Rural Development, Vol. 21, Issue 3, pp. 125-136.
• Akpan, S. B., (2010). Encouraging Youth Involvement in Agricultural Production and Processing in Nigeria. Policy Note No. 29: International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C.
• Akpan, S. B., Udoh, E. J., & Adah, A. J. (2017a). Analysis of Economic Efficiency and Perceived Constraints to small scale Cassava Production in Oruk Anam Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. International Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development, Volume 20(1): 2951-2961.
• Akpan, S. B., Adah, A. J., & Udoh, E. J. (2017b). Assessment of Farm factor productivity of small scale cassava farmers in Oruk Anam Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment, 13(1):113-120.
• Akpan, S. B., Umoren, A. A., & Okon, U. O. (2017c). Youths and off- Farm Economic Employments: A Case Study of Youths in the Rural Areas of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. International Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development, Volume, 20 (1): 2914-2925.
• Akpan, S. B., Udo, U. J., & Okon, U. E. (2019a). Sustainable efficiencies in small scale cassava farmers in Oruk Anam local government area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Agrosearch, 19 (2): 64-86.
• Akpan, S. B., Uwemedimo E. O., & Ima-abasi S. A. (2019b). Poverty coping strategies of oil palm farmers in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment; 15(1):20-30.
• Akpan, S. B., Antia, E. J., & Nkanta, V. S. (2022a). Sustainable technical efficiency: evidence from vegetable (waterleaf: Talinum triangulare) production in southern Nigeria. Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development, 4(66), 297–309.
• Akpan, S. B., & Effiong, E. E., (2022b). Sustaining the growth of small-scale farming: evidence from the gross margins of small–scale cassava farmers in Uyo agricultural zone, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Scientific Papers Series Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and Rural Development, Vol. 22, Issue 4; PP. 63 – 74.
• Akpan, S. B., Nkanta, V. S., & Udo, U. J. (2023). The Socioeconomic attributes and Risk behaviour of Small–Scale Oil Palm Processors (Millers) in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University (KSU) Journal of Agriculture and Nature, 26 (2), 365-376. DOI:10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1066752.
• Anim, F. D. K. (2011). Factors Affecting Rural Household Farm Labour Supply in Farming Communities of South Africa. Journal of Human Ecology, 34:1, 23-28, DOI: 10.1080/09709274.2011.11906365.
• Anyaegbunam, H. N., Okoye, B.C., Asumugha, G. N., Ogbonna, M. C., Madu, T. U., Nwakor, N., & Ejechi, M. E. (2010). Labour productivity among small-holder cassava farmers in South East agro-ecological zone, Nigeria. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 5(21): 2882-2885.
• Anyiro, C. O., Emerole, C.O., Osondu, C. K., Udah, S. C., & Ugorji, S. E. (2013). “Labour-use efficiency by small- holder yam farmers in Abia State Nigeria: A labour-use requirement frontier approach,” International Journal of Food and Agricultural Economics, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 151-163, 2013.
• Asghar, M., Danish, M. H., & Rehman, H. (2017). Human Capital and Labour Productivity: A Case Study of District Lahore. JPUHS, Vol.30, No.1, PP. 147-163.
• Ayaz, M., & Mughal, M. (2022). Farm Size and Productivity -The Role of Family Labor. HAL Id: hal- 03669234, https://hal-univ-pau.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-0366923.
• Bassey, N. E., Akpaeti, A. J., & Udo, U. J. (2014). Labour choice decisions among cassava crop farmers in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. International Journal of Food and Agricultural Economics, volume, 2 (3), 145-156.
• Bedemo, A., Getnet, K., & Kassa, B. (2013). Determinants of Labor Market Participation Choice of Farm Households in Rural Ethiopia: Multinomial Logit Analysis. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, Vol.4, No.1, 133 – 141.
• Cochran, W. G. (1963). Sampling Techniques, 2nd Ed., New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
• Edohen, O. P., & Ikelegbe, O. O. (2018). Labour use types, agricultural income of farm households in Nigeria: an evidence from rural Benin. Knowledge Review Volume 37 No 1, 1-9. Edoka, M. H; Igbokwe, E. M., & Adejo, P. E. (2014). Constraints to Farmers’ Labour Group Productivity in Eastern Kogi State, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Extension, Vol.18 (2); 68-75.
• Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) (2016). Cassava Master Plan: A Strategic Action Plan for the Development of the Nigerian Cassava Industry. Gujarati, N. D., & Dawn, C. P. (2009). Basic Econometric. McGraw-Hill International Edition. Singapore.
• Jayne, T., Yeboah, F. K., & Henry, C. (2017). The future of work in African agriculture: Trends and drivers of change. Research Department Working Paper No. 25, International Labour Office.
• Jean-Claude D. (2011). Challenges for African Agriculture. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the World Bank publication. www.worldbank.org.
• Kropko, J. (2008). Choosing between multinomial logit and multinomial probit models for analysis of unordered choice data ((Doctoral dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill).
• Lebedinski, L., & Vandenberghe, V. (2014). Assessing education’s contribution to productivity using firm-level evidence. International Journal of Manpower, 35(8), 1116-1139.
• Mtaturu, J. Z., & Tumaini, J. W. (2022). Subsidy effect on hired labour demand for agricultural households in Tanzania. African Journal of Applied Research, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 155-168.
• National Bureau of statistics (2022). Poverty Statistics in Nigeria. www.nigerianstat.gov.ng.
• Nmadu, J. N., & Akinola, A., (2015). Farm Labor Supply and Utilization for Food Crop Production in Nigeria. Istanbul, Turkey Proceedings of INTCESS15- 2nd International Conference on Education and Social Sciences.
• Nolte, K., Ostermeier, M., (2017). Labour Market Effects of Large-Scale Agricultural Investment: Conceptual Considerations and Estimated Employment Effects. World Development, Volume 98, Pages 430-446.
• Obasi, O. O. and Kanu, W. N. (2014), “Gender, access to farm labour and coping strategies: Implication for food productivity in Imo State, Nigeria”, International Journal of Development and Sustainability, Vol. 3 No. 8, pp. 1777-1781.
• Obike. K. C, Ebe, F. E., Idu, M. A., Aigboke, S. O., & Lugard E. G. (2017). Labour Productivity and Yield Determinants in Cocoa Farming: Evidence from Abia State, Nigeria. Nigerian Agricultural Policy Research Journal, Volume 2, Issue 1, pp. 114 – 122.
• Ogbalubi, L. N., & Wokocha, C. C. (2013). “Agricultural Development and Employment Generation: The Nigeria Experience. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS), Vol 2(2):60-69.
• Okoye, B, C., Onyenweaku, C. E., Ukoha, O. O., Asumugha, G. N., & Aniedu, O. C. (2008). Determinants of labour productivity on small-holder cocoyam farms in Anambra State, Nigeria. Scientific Research and Essay; Vol. 3, pp. 559-561.
• Omotesho, K. F., Lawal, A M., & Ismaila, D. E. (2014). Assessment of hired labour use and food security among rural farming households in Kwara State, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Vol. 59, No. 3, Pages 353-361. DOI: 10.2298/JAS1403353O.
• Sakho-Jimbira, S., & Hathie, I. (2020). The future of agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa. Policy brief No. 2.
• Saliu, O. J., & Ojandage, A. I. (2008). Modern leadership theories and sustainable farmers’ organizations in a liberalized economy. Nigerian Journal of Rural Sociology, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 33-40.
• Stevens, A. (2018). “Temperature, Wages, and Agricultural Labor Productivity.” Working Paper, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California, Davis, Berkeley.
• Tritsch, K., Ken M., Michelle E., and Manuel P. (2022). "Evaluating Success Factors and Challenges among Small- Scale Agricultural Producers: A Texas Case Study." Journal of Rural Social Sciences, 37(3): Article 3. Available At: https://egrove.olemiss.edu/jrss/vol37/iss3/3.
• Udoh, E. J. and Akpan, S. B. (2017). Assessment of Sustainable Livelihood Assets of Farming Households in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development; Vol. 10, No. 4; pp. 83 – 96.
• Umoren, A. A., Akpan, S. B., and Umoren, R. A. (2021). Risks Mitigation Strategies in Cassava Value Chain under Anchor Borrowers’ Programme in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, Volume 23, Issue 6. PP. 08-13.
• Wang, S. L., Hoppe, R. A., Hertz, T., & Xu, S. (2022). Farm Labor, Human Capital, and Agricultural Productivity in the U.S., ERR-302, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
• Wossen, T., Girma, G., T. Abdoulaye, T., Rabbi, I., Olanrewaju, A., Bentley, J., Alene, A., Feleke, S., Kulakow, P., Asumugha, G., Abass, A., Tokula M., and Manyong, V. (2017). The cassava monitoring survey in Nigeria, final report. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria. ISBN 978-978-8444-81-7. 66 pp.
• Yeboah, K., & Jayne, T. S. (2016). Africa’s Evolving Employment Structure. International Development Working Paper 148, East Lansing: Michigan State University.
• Zegeye, M. B., Fikire, A. H., & Meshesha, G. B. (2022) Determinants of multiple agricultural technology adoption: evidence from rural Amhara region, Ethiopia. Cogent Economics & Finance, 10:1, 2058189, DOI: 10.1080/23322039.2022.2058189.