Araştırma Makalesi
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The Emotional Dynamics of Online EFL Speaking Classes: A Qualitative Study on the Predictors of Anxiety and Enjoyment

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 44 Sayı: 2, 399 - 420, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.7822/omuefd.1603049

Öz

Recent research has shown that learners’ foreign language anxiety (FLA) and foreign language enjoyment (FLE) are mutually present in foreign language classes. This qualitative study investigated learners’ English as a Foreign Language (EFL) FLA and FLE through learning experience episodes to determine only FLA-related factors and only FLE-related factors as well as the mutual factors that affect both FLA and FLE in online speaking classes. Meticulous analyses were conducted to reveal FLA and FLE predicting factors separately under the categories of teacher-related factors, student-related factors, and course-related factors. In line with the investigation of the mutual factors that affect both FLA and FLE, it has been suggested that topic selection, teachers’ manners, course design, technological infrastructure, and students’ readiness for the class were found to be possible FLA and FLE predictors present in online speaking skills classes. Implications of the findings are provided for EFL teaching at the tertiary level

Kaynakça

  • Anderson, L., & Williams, L. (2011). The use of new technologies in the French curriculum: A national survey. The French Review, 84(4), 764–781.
  • Arnold, J. (Ed.). (1999). Affect in language learning. Cambridge University Press.
  • Bensalem, E. (2021). Classroom enjoyment and anxiety among: Does gender matter? Vigo International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 18, 9–34.
  • Boudreau, C., MacIntyre, P. D., & Dewaele, J. M. (2018). Enjoyment and anxiety in second language communication: An idiodynamic approach. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 8(1), 149–170.
  • Bruen, J., & Kelly, N. (2017). Using a shared L1 to reduce cognitive overload and anxiety levels in the L2 classroom. The Language Learning Journal, 45(3), 368–381.
  • Chametzky, B. (2013). Offsetting the affective filter: A classic grounded theory study of post secondary online foreign language learners (Doctoral dissertation, Northcentral University).
  • Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). Sage Publications.
  • Dewaele, J. M., Albakistani, A., & Ahmed, I. K. (2022). Levels of foreign language enjoyment, anxiety and boredom in emergency remote teaching and in in-person classes. The Language Learning Journal, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/09571736.2022.xxxxxx
  • Dewaele, J. M., & Alfawzan, M. (2018). Does the effect of enjoyment outweigh that of anxiety in foreign language performance? Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 8(1), 21–45.
  • Dewaele, J. M., & Dewaele, L. (2018). Learner-internal and learner-external predictors of willingness to communicate in the FL classroom. Journal of the European Second Language Association, 2(1), 24 37.
  • Dewaele, J.-M., Franco Magdalena, A., & Saito, K. (2019). The effect of perception of teacher characteristics on Spanish EFL learners’ anxiety and enjoyment. Modern Language Journal, 103(2), 412–427.
  • Dewaele, J. M., Gkonou, C., & Mercer, S. (2018). Do ESL/EFL teachers’ emotional intelligence, teaching experience, proficiency and gender affect their classroom practice? In Emotions in second language teaching (pp. 125–141). Springer.
  • Dewaele, J. M., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2014). The two faces of Janus? Anxiety and enjoyment in the foreign language classroom. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 4(2), 237–274.
  • Dewaele, J. M., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2016). Foreign language enjoyment and foreign language classroom anxiety: The right and left feet of the language learner. In M. Dewaele, C. Gkonou, & J. M. Dewaele (Eds.), Positive psychology in SLA (pp. 215–236). Multilingual Matters.
  • Dewaele, J. M., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2019). The predictive power of multicultural personality traits, learner and teacher variables on foreign language enjoyment and anxiety. In Evidence-based second language pedagogy (pp. 263–286).
  • Dewaele, J. M., MacIntyre, P. D., Boudreau, C., & Dewaele, L. (2016). Do girls have all the fun? Anxiety and enjoyment in the foreign language classroom. Theory and Practice of Second Language Acquisition, 2(1), 41–63.
  • Dewaele, J.-M., Özdemir, C., Karci, D., Uysal, S., Özdemir, E. D., & Balta, N. (2019). How distinctive is the foreign language enjoyment and foreign language classroom anxiety of Kazakh learners of Turkish? Applied Linguistics Review, 13(2), 243–265.
  • Dewaele, J. M., & Pavelescu, L. M. (2021). The relationship between incommensurable emotions and willingness to communicate in English as a foreign language: A multiple case study. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 15(1), 66–80.
  • Dewaele, J. M., Saito, K., & Halimi, F. (2022). How teacher behaviour shapes foreign language learners’ enjoyment, anxiety and attitudes/motivation: A mixed modelling longitudinal investigation. Language Teaching Research. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688221089601
  • Dewaele, J. M., Witney, J., Saito, K., & Dewaele, L. (2018). Foreign language enjoyment and anxiety: The effect of teacher and learner variables. Language Teaching Research, 22(6), 676–697.
  • Durmuş, R. İ., & Kızıltan, N. (2022). Preservice EFL teachers’ online learning anxiety. The Literacy Trek, 8(1), 75–107.
  • Durmuş, R. İ., & Kızıltan, N. (2025). Investigating the freshmen's anxiety and enjoyment through online speaking skills courses. Journal of Education and Future, (27), 107–120.
  • Gibbs, G. R. (2007). Analysing qualitative data. Sage.
  • Guo, Y., Xu, J., & Liu, X. (2018). English language learners’ use of self-regulatory strategies for foreign language anxiety in China. System, 76, 49–61.
  • Guo, H., Gao, W., & Shen, Y. (2022). L2 enjoyment of English as a foreign language students: Does teacher verbal and non-verbal immediacy matter? Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 12345. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.xxxxx
  • Horwitz, E. K., Horwitz, M. B., & Cope, J. (1986). Foreign language classroom anxiety. The Modern Language Journal, 70(2), 125–132.
  • Jauregi, K., De Graaff, R., Van den Bergh, H., & Kriz, M. (2012). Native/non-native speaker interactions through video-web communication: A clue for enhancing motivation? Computer-Assisted Language Learning, 25(1), 1–19.
  • Jiang, Y., & Dewaele, J. M. (2019). How unique is the foreign language classroom enjoyment and anxiety of Chinese EFL learners? System, 82, 13–25.
  • Kozar, O. (2015). Perceptions of webcam use by experienced online teachers and learners: A seeming disconnect between research and practice. Computer Assisted Language Learning. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2015.1061021
  • Li, C. (2022). Foreign language learning boredom and enjoyment: The effects of learner variables and teacher variables. Language Teaching Research. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688221090324
  • Liu, E., & Wang, J. (2021). Examining the relationship between grit and foreign language performance: Enjoyment and anxiety as mediators. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 678901. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.xxxxxx
  • MacIntyre, P. D. (2002). Motivation, anxiety and emotion in second language acquisition. In P. Robinson (Ed.), Individual differences and instructed language learning (pp. 45–68). John Benjamins.
  • Maican, M. A., & Cocoradă, E. (2021). Online foreign language learning in higher education and its correlates during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sustainability, 13(2), 781.
  • Marchand, G. C., & Gutierrez, A. P. (2012). The role of emotion in the learning process: Comparisons between online and face-to-face learning settings. The Internet and Higher Education, 15(3), 150 160. Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (3rd ed.). Sage.
  • Neff, P., & Dewaele, J. M. (2022). Humor strategies in the foreign language class. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2022.xxxxx
  • Oxford, R. L. (2017). Anxious language learners can change their minds: Ideas and strategies from traditional psychology and positive psychology. In C. Gkonou, M. Daubney, & J. M. Dewaele (Eds.), New insights into language anxiety: Theory, research and educational implications (pp. 177 197). Multilingual Matters.
  • Pan, C., & Zhang, X. (2021). A longitudinal study of foreign language anxiety and enjoyment. Language Teaching Research, 25(1), 8.
  • Resnik, P., & Dewaele, J. M. (2021). Learner emotions, autonomy and trait emotional intelligence in ‘in person’ versus emergency remote English foreign language teaching in Europe. Applied Linguistics Review.
  • Révész, A. (2012). Coding second language data validly and reliably. In J. Heigham & R. A. Croker (Eds.), Research methods in second language acquisition (pp. 203–220). Bloomsbury.
  • Rezazadeh, M., & Zarrinabadi, N. (2020). Examining need for closure and need for cognition as predictors of foreign language anxiety and enjoyment. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2020.xxxxxx
  • Salkind, N. J. (Ed.). (2010). Encyclopedia of research design (Vol. 1). Sage.
  • Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–14.
  • Shao, K., Pekrun, R., Marsh, H. W., & Loderer, K. (2020). Control-value appraisals, achievement emotions, and foreign language performance: A latent interaction analysis. Learning and Instruction, 69, 101356.
  • Wilson, R., & Dewaele, J. M. (2010). The use of web questionnaires in second language acquisition and bilingualism research. Second Language Research, 26(1), 103–123.
  • Zare, J., Karimpour, S., & Delavar, K. A. (2022). The impact of concordancing on English learners’ foreign language anxiety and enjoyment: An application of data-driven learning. System, 109, 102891.
  • Zhang, L. J., & Rahimi, M. (2014). EFL learners' anxiety level and their beliefs about corrective feedback in oral communication classes. System, 42, 429–439.

Çevrimiçi İngilizce Konuşma Derslerinin Duygusal Dinamikleri: Yabancı Dil Kaygısı ve Yabancı Dil Öğreniminde Keyif Almanın Belirleyicileri Üzerine Nitel Bir Çalışma

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 44 Sayı: 2, 399 - 420, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.7822/omuefd.1603049

Öz

Son zamanlarda yapılan araştırmalar, yabancı dil sınıflarında öğrencilerin yabancı dil kaygısı (YDK) ve yabancı dilden keyif alma (YDKA) durumlarının karşılıklı olarak mevcut olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu nitel çalışma, çevrimiçi konuşma sınıflarında yalnızca YDK ile ilgili faktörleri ve yalnızca YDKA ile ilgili faktörleri ve hem YDK hem de YDKA'yı etkileyen ortak faktörleri belirlemek için öğrenme deneyimleri araştırılmıştır. YDKve YDKA’yı yordayan faktörleri öğretmenle ilgili faktörler, öğrenciyle ilgili faktörler ve dersle ilgili faktörler kategorileri altında ayrı ayrı ortaya çıkarmak için analizler yapılmıştır. YDK hem de YDKA'yı etkileyen ortak faktörlerin araştırılması doğrultusunda, konu seçiminin, öğretmen tutumunun, ders tasarımının, teknolojik altyapının ve öğrencilerin derse hazır bulunuşluklarının çevrimiçi konuşma becerileri sınıflarında mevcut olası YDK ve YDKA yordayıcıları olduğu öne sürülmüştür. Bulguların yükseköğretim düzeyinde İngilizce öğretimi üzerine yansımaları sunulmuştur

Kaynakça

  • Anderson, L., & Williams, L. (2011). The use of new technologies in the French curriculum: A national survey. The French Review, 84(4), 764–781.
  • Arnold, J. (Ed.). (1999). Affect in language learning. Cambridge University Press.
  • Bensalem, E. (2021). Classroom enjoyment and anxiety among: Does gender matter? Vigo International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 18, 9–34.
  • Boudreau, C., MacIntyre, P. D., & Dewaele, J. M. (2018). Enjoyment and anxiety in second language communication: An idiodynamic approach. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 8(1), 149–170.
  • Bruen, J., & Kelly, N. (2017). Using a shared L1 to reduce cognitive overload and anxiety levels in the L2 classroom. The Language Learning Journal, 45(3), 368–381.
  • Chametzky, B. (2013). Offsetting the affective filter: A classic grounded theory study of post secondary online foreign language learners (Doctoral dissertation, Northcentral University).
  • Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). Sage Publications.
  • Dewaele, J. M., Albakistani, A., & Ahmed, I. K. (2022). Levels of foreign language enjoyment, anxiety and boredom in emergency remote teaching and in in-person classes. The Language Learning Journal, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/09571736.2022.xxxxxx
  • Dewaele, J. M., & Alfawzan, M. (2018). Does the effect of enjoyment outweigh that of anxiety in foreign language performance? Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 8(1), 21–45.
  • Dewaele, J. M., & Dewaele, L. (2018). Learner-internal and learner-external predictors of willingness to communicate in the FL classroom. Journal of the European Second Language Association, 2(1), 24 37.
  • Dewaele, J.-M., Franco Magdalena, A., & Saito, K. (2019). The effect of perception of teacher characteristics on Spanish EFL learners’ anxiety and enjoyment. Modern Language Journal, 103(2), 412–427.
  • Dewaele, J. M., Gkonou, C., & Mercer, S. (2018). Do ESL/EFL teachers’ emotional intelligence, teaching experience, proficiency and gender affect their classroom practice? In Emotions in second language teaching (pp. 125–141). Springer.
  • Dewaele, J. M., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2014). The two faces of Janus? Anxiety and enjoyment in the foreign language classroom. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 4(2), 237–274.
  • Dewaele, J. M., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2016). Foreign language enjoyment and foreign language classroom anxiety: The right and left feet of the language learner. In M. Dewaele, C. Gkonou, & J. M. Dewaele (Eds.), Positive psychology in SLA (pp. 215–236). Multilingual Matters.
  • Dewaele, J. M., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2019). The predictive power of multicultural personality traits, learner and teacher variables on foreign language enjoyment and anxiety. In Evidence-based second language pedagogy (pp. 263–286).
  • Dewaele, J. M., MacIntyre, P. D., Boudreau, C., & Dewaele, L. (2016). Do girls have all the fun? Anxiety and enjoyment in the foreign language classroom. Theory and Practice of Second Language Acquisition, 2(1), 41–63.
  • Dewaele, J.-M., Özdemir, C., Karci, D., Uysal, S., Özdemir, E. D., & Balta, N. (2019). How distinctive is the foreign language enjoyment and foreign language classroom anxiety of Kazakh learners of Turkish? Applied Linguistics Review, 13(2), 243–265.
  • Dewaele, J. M., & Pavelescu, L. M. (2021). The relationship between incommensurable emotions and willingness to communicate in English as a foreign language: A multiple case study. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 15(1), 66–80.
  • Dewaele, J. M., Saito, K., & Halimi, F. (2022). How teacher behaviour shapes foreign language learners’ enjoyment, anxiety and attitudes/motivation: A mixed modelling longitudinal investigation. Language Teaching Research. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688221089601
  • Dewaele, J. M., Witney, J., Saito, K., & Dewaele, L. (2018). Foreign language enjoyment and anxiety: The effect of teacher and learner variables. Language Teaching Research, 22(6), 676–697.
  • Durmuş, R. İ., & Kızıltan, N. (2022). Preservice EFL teachers’ online learning anxiety. The Literacy Trek, 8(1), 75–107.
  • Durmuş, R. İ., & Kızıltan, N. (2025). Investigating the freshmen's anxiety and enjoyment through online speaking skills courses. Journal of Education and Future, (27), 107–120.
  • Gibbs, G. R. (2007). Analysing qualitative data. Sage.
  • Guo, Y., Xu, J., & Liu, X. (2018). English language learners’ use of self-regulatory strategies for foreign language anxiety in China. System, 76, 49–61.
  • Guo, H., Gao, W., & Shen, Y. (2022). L2 enjoyment of English as a foreign language students: Does teacher verbal and non-verbal immediacy matter? Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 12345. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.xxxxx
  • Horwitz, E. K., Horwitz, M. B., & Cope, J. (1986). Foreign language classroom anxiety. The Modern Language Journal, 70(2), 125–132.
  • Jauregi, K., De Graaff, R., Van den Bergh, H., & Kriz, M. (2012). Native/non-native speaker interactions through video-web communication: A clue for enhancing motivation? Computer-Assisted Language Learning, 25(1), 1–19.
  • Jiang, Y., & Dewaele, J. M. (2019). How unique is the foreign language classroom enjoyment and anxiety of Chinese EFL learners? System, 82, 13–25.
  • Kozar, O. (2015). Perceptions of webcam use by experienced online teachers and learners: A seeming disconnect between research and practice. Computer Assisted Language Learning. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2015.1061021
  • Li, C. (2022). Foreign language learning boredom and enjoyment: The effects of learner variables and teacher variables. Language Teaching Research. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688221090324
  • Liu, E., & Wang, J. (2021). Examining the relationship between grit and foreign language performance: Enjoyment and anxiety as mediators. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 678901. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.xxxxxx
  • MacIntyre, P. D. (2002). Motivation, anxiety and emotion in second language acquisition. In P. Robinson (Ed.), Individual differences and instructed language learning (pp. 45–68). John Benjamins.
  • Maican, M. A., & Cocoradă, E. (2021). Online foreign language learning in higher education and its correlates during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sustainability, 13(2), 781.
  • Marchand, G. C., & Gutierrez, A. P. (2012). The role of emotion in the learning process: Comparisons between online and face-to-face learning settings. The Internet and Higher Education, 15(3), 150 160. Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (3rd ed.). Sage.
  • Neff, P., & Dewaele, J. M. (2022). Humor strategies in the foreign language class. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2022.xxxxx
  • Oxford, R. L. (2017). Anxious language learners can change their minds: Ideas and strategies from traditional psychology and positive psychology. In C. Gkonou, M. Daubney, & J. M. Dewaele (Eds.), New insights into language anxiety: Theory, research and educational implications (pp. 177 197). Multilingual Matters.
  • Pan, C., & Zhang, X. (2021). A longitudinal study of foreign language anxiety and enjoyment. Language Teaching Research, 25(1), 8.
  • Resnik, P., & Dewaele, J. M. (2021). Learner emotions, autonomy and trait emotional intelligence in ‘in person’ versus emergency remote English foreign language teaching in Europe. Applied Linguistics Review.
  • Révész, A. (2012). Coding second language data validly and reliably. In J. Heigham & R. A. Croker (Eds.), Research methods in second language acquisition (pp. 203–220). Bloomsbury.
  • Rezazadeh, M., & Zarrinabadi, N. (2020). Examining need for closure and need for cognition as predictors of foreign language anxiety and enjoyment. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2020.xxxxxx
  • Salkind, N. J. (Ed.). (2010). Encyclopedia of research design (Vol. 1). Sage.
  • Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–14.
  • Shao, K., Pekrun, R., Marsh, H. W., & Loderer, K. (2020). Control-value appraisals, achievement emotions, and foreign language performance: A latent interaction analysis. Learning and Instruction, 69, 101356.
  • Wilson, R., & Dewaele, J. M. (2010). The use of web questionnaires in second language acquisition and bilingualism research. Second Language Research, 26(1), 103–123.
  • Zare, J., Karimpour, S., & Delavar, K. A. (2022). The impact of concordancing on English learners’ foreign language anxiety and enjoyment: An application of data-driven learning. System, 109, 102891.
  • Zhang, L. J., & Rahimi, M. (2014). EFL learners' anxiety level and their beliefs about corrective feedback in oral communication classes. System, 42, 429–439.
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Türkçe ve Sosyal Bilimler Eğitimi (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Rabia İrem Durmuş 0000-0002-8884-2899

Emrah Ekmekçi 0000-0001-5585-8512

Gönderilme Tarihi 18 Aralık 2024
Kabul Tarihi 15 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 44 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Durmuş, R. İ., & Ekmekçi, E. (2025). The Emotional Dynamics of Online EFL Speaking Classes: A Qualitative Study on the Predictors of Anxiety and Enjoyment. Ondokuz Mayis University Journal of Education Faculty, 44(2), 399-420. https://doi.org/10.7822/omuefd.1603049