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Analysis of Urban Green Infrastructure Dynamics in Samsun (2017–2025) Using a Spectral–Temporal Fractional Vegetation Cover Approach

Cilt: 7 7 Eylül 2026
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Analysis of Urban Green Infrastructure Dynamics in Samsun (2017–2025) Using a Spectral–Temporal Fractional Vegetation Cover Approach

Öz

This study examines the spatial and temporal dynamics of urban green infrastructure (UGI) in Samsun (Atakum, İlkadım, Canik) over the 2017–2025 period using a Fractional Vegetation Cover (FVC) approach. FVC values were estimated from Sentinel-2 satellite imagery using the NDVI-based Dimidiate Pixel Model (DPM), and spectral–temporal metrics (median, mean, minimum, and maximum) for the July–October period were generated. The results were classified into five categories: very low, low, medium, high, and very high coverage. The analysis reveals a clear shift from low-density to medium and high-density vegetation cover across all composite types. In the median composite, very low coverage declined from 10.7% to 0.1%, while high and very high coverage increased from 22.0% to 35.9%. In the mean composite, very low coverage decreased from 3.3% to 0%, and high and very high coverage rose from 22.9% to 34.7%. The minimum composite showed a sharp reduction in very low coverage from 29.0% to 0.6%, indicating significant improvement in vegetation continuity under adverse conditions; high and very high coverage increased from 13.9% to 17.5%. In the maximum composite, no area remained in the very low coverage class, and high and very high coverage increased from 44.3% to 46.8%. FVC change analysis indicates that vegetation dynamics are predominantly characterized by gradual improvements. In change maps divided into nine classes, the “slight increase” class covered the largest area in the median and mean composites (55.20 km² and 52.48 km², respectively). The minimum composite exhibited greater variability, with moderate increases (16.64 km²) and slight decreases (9.48 km²). In the maximum composite, the “no change” class dominated, covering 56.28 km², suggesting system stability under optimal conditions. District-level analysis identified a marked expansion of green areas in Atakum, intensification within the urban fabric in İlkadım, and a limited but positive change in Canik. Overall, the findings indicate that between 2017 and 2025, vegetation increased in both quantity and structural continuity, enhancing ecosystem resilience. The results demonstrate that the FVC approach based on spectral–temporal composites is an effective and generalizable method for comprehensive evaluation of both average trends and extreme condition dynamics in UGI.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Urban Green Infrastructure (UGI), Fractional Vegetation Cover (FVC), Dimidiate Pixel Model (DPM), Sentinel-2, Spectral–temporal Metric

Etik Beyan

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal participants; therefore, ethical approval was not required.

Kaynakça

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Kaynak Göster

APA
Öztürk, D., & Sesli, F. A. (2026). Analysis of Urban Green Infrastructure Dynamics in Samsun (2017–2025) Using a Spectral–Temporal Fractional Vegetation Cover Approach. OMÜ Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Teknolojisi Dergisi, 7, 59-89. https://izlik.org/JA93EM26GM
AMA
1.Öztürk D, Sesli FA. Analysis of Urban Green Infrastructure Dynamics in Samsun (2017–2025) Using a Spectral–Temporal Fractional Vegetation Cover Approach. OMUJEST. 2026;7:59-89. https://izlik.org/JA93EM26GM
Chicago
Öztürk, Derya, ve Faik Ahmet Sesli. 2026. “Analysis of Urban Green Infrastructure Dynamics in Samsun (2017–2025) Using a Spectral–Temporal Fractional Vegetation Cover Approach”. OMÜ Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Teknolojisi Dergisi 7 (Eylül): 59-89. https://izlik.org/JA93EM26GM.
EndNote
Öztürk D, Sesli FA (01 Eylül 2026) Analysis of Urban Green Infrastructure Dynamics in Samsun (2017–2025) Using a Spectral–Temporal Fractional Vegetation Cover Approach. OMÜ Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Teknolojisi Dergisi 7 59–89.
IEEE
[1]D. Öztürk ve F. A. Sesli, “Analysis of Urban Green Infrastructure Dynamics in Samsun (2017–2025) Using a Spectral–Temporal Fractional Vegetation Cover Approach”, OMUJEST, c. 7, ss. 59–89, Eyl. 2026, [çevrimiçi]. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA93EM26GM
ISNAD
Öztürk, Derya - Sesli, Faik Ahmet. “Analysis of Urban Green Infrastructure Dynamics in Samsun (2017–2025) Using a Spectral–Temporal Fractional Vegetation Cover Approach”. OMÜ Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Teknolojisi Dergisi 7 (01 Eylül 2026): 59-89. https://izlik.org/JA93EM26GM.
JAMA
1.Öztürk D, Sesli FA. Analysis of Urban Green Infrastructure Dynamics in Samsun (2017–2025) Using a Spectral–Temporal Fractional Vegetation Cover Approach. OMUJEST. 2026;7:59–89.
MLA
Öztürk, Derya, ve Faik Ahmet Sesli. “Analysis of Urban Green Infrastructure Dynamics in Samsun (2017–2025) Using a Spectral–Temporal Fractional Vegetation Cover Approach”. OMÜ Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Teknolojisi Dergisi, c. 7, Eylül 2026, ss. 59-89, https://izlik.org/JA93EM26GM.
Vancouver
1.Derya Öztürk, Faik Ahmet Sesli. Analysis of Urban Green Infrastructure Dynamics in Samsun (2017–2025) Using a Spectral–Temporal Fractional Vegetation Cover Approach. OMUJEST [Internet]. 01 Eylül 2026;7:59-8. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA93EM26GM