THE ACUTE EFFECTS OF ISOMETRIC PRECONDITIONING CONTRACTION ON JUMPING PERFORMANCE

Öz

Performance and response of a muscle group to voluntary or electrically induced contraction are positively or negatively affected by its contractile history. The performance of a muscle can decrease after continuous contractions under the exhaustive influence of contractile history or can increase after potentiation-induced a couple of maximal or close to maximal preconditioning contractions. The aim of this study was to investigate acute effects of preconditioning contraction during isometric leg press followed by a standard warm-up on squat and countermovement jump heights. Twenty (7 female, 13 male) sport sciences faculty students (age; 22.1±2.07 years, height; 173.5±8.7 cm, weight; 68.9±10.2 kg, body fat percentage; 16.5±5.84 %) participated in this study. Pretest-posttest study design was used in this study and subjects completed squat and countermovement jump test before and after preconditioning contraction. Preconditioning contraction was performed on a seated leg press machine (knee flexion 135^o) maximal isometric voluntary contraction for 5 s. Preconditioning contraction was performed with 3 maximal repetitions and 90 s rest intervals, after this 3 maximum repetitions 8 min passive recovery was given and then jump tests were performed. A paired sample T-test was used to determine differences between pretest and posttest values of squat and countermovement jump. Statistical analysis showed that no statistically significant differences between pre and post test for squat (p=0.13) and countermovement jump (P=0.83). According to the results, there are no differences between squat and countermovement jumping heights measured before preconditioning contraction and 8 min after preconditioning contraction. As a result of the preconditioning contraction applied in this research, acute increase was not found in squat and countermovement jumping performances. According to these results, it was concluded that this preconditioning contraction protocol did not increase jumping performance. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Pre-activity contraction,preloading,post activation potentiation,explosive power,complex training

İZOMETRİK ÖNKONDİSYONLANMA KONTRAKSİYONUNUN SIÇRAMA PERFORMANSINA AKUT ETKİLERİ

Öz

Bir kas grubunun istemli ya da elektriksel uyarılı kontraksiyonlara verdiği yanıt ve performansı, o kas grubunun kontraktil geçmişinden pozitif veya negatif etkilenmektedir. Bir kas grubunun performansı kontraktil geçmişindeki tekrarlı kontraksiyonlar sonucu yorgunluk nedenli düşüş gösterebilir ya da potansiyalizasyon etkili birkaç tekrar maksimal veya maksimale yakın önkondisyonlanma kontraksiyonu sonrası artış gösterebilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, standart bir ısınma sonrası uygulanan ve izometrik bacak itme egzersizi içeren bir önkondisyonlanma kontraksiyonunun, skuat ve aktif sıçrama performansına akut etkilerini incelemektir. Yirmi (7 kadın, 13 erkek) Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi öğrencisi (yaş; 22,1±2,07 yıl, boy; 173,5±8,7 cm, vücut ağırlığı; 68,9±10,2 kg, vücut yağ yüzdesi; % 16,5±5,84) bu çalışmaya gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Bu çalışmada öntest-sontest araştırma modeli kullanılmış ve katılımcılar önkondisyonlanma kontraksiyonunundan önce ve sonra skuat ve aktif sıçrama testlerine katılmışlardır. Önkondisyonlanma kontraksiyonu, oturarak bacak itme egzersiz aletinde (135o diz fleksiyon), 5 sn süreli maksimal istemli izometrik kasılma şeklinde ve 90 sn dinlenme aralıklarından oluşan 3 maksimal tekrarlı bir set şeklinde uygulanmıştır. Bu 3 maksimal tekrar sonrası 8 dk pasif dinlenme verilmiş ve ardından sıçrama testleri yapılmıştır. Skuat ve aktif sıçrama öntest-sontest değerleri arasında fark olup olmadığını belirlemek için ise Eşleştirilmiş Örneklem T-testi kullanılmıştır. İstatistiksel analizler, hem skuat (p=0,13), hem de aktif sıçrama (p=0,83) öntest ve sontest değerleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark olmadığını göstermiştir. Sonuçlara göre önkondisyonlanma kontraksiyonundan hemen önce ve önkondisyonlanma kontraksiyonundan 8 dk sonra ölçülen skuat ve aktif sıçrama yükseklikleri arasında bir fark yoktur. Bu çalışmada uygulanan önkondisyonlanma kontraksiyonu sonucunda, skuat ve aktif sıçrama performanslarında akut artış görülmemiştir. Bu sonuçlara göre, bu önkondisyonlanma kontraksiyonu protokolünün sıçrama performansını geliştirmediği anlaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Aktivite öncesi kontraksiyon,ön yükleme,post aktivasyon potansiyelizasyonu,patlayıcı güç,kompleks antrenman

Kaynakça

1. Bishop D. Warm up I: Potential mechanisms and the effects of passive warm up on exercise performance. Sports Medicine, 2003a; 33(6): 439-54.
2. Sale D. Postactivation potentiation: Role in human performance. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 2002; 30(3): 138-143.
3. Hodgson M, Docherty D, Robbins D. Post-activation potentiation: Underlying physiology and implications for motor performance. Sports Medicine, 2005; 35(7): 585-595.
4. Robbins DW. Postactivation potentiation and its practical applicability: A brief review. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2005; 19(2): 453-458.
5. Kilduff LP, Bevan HR, Kingsley MI, Owen NJ, Bennett MA, Bunce PJ, et al. Postactivation potentiation in professional rugby players: Optimal recovery. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2007; 21(4): 1134-1138.
6. Kilduff LP, Owen N, Bevan H, Bennett M, Kingsley MI, Cunningham D. Influence of recovery time on post-activation potentiation in professional rugby players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 2008; 26(8): 795-802.
7. Güllich A, Schmidtbleicher D. MVC-induced short-term potentiation of explosive force. New Studies in Athletics, 1996; 11(4): 67-81.
8. Rassier DE, Macintosh BR. Coexistence of potentiation and fatigue in skeletal muscle. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 2000; 33(5): 499-508.

9. Baudry S, Duchateau J. Postactivation potentiation in a human muscle: Effect on the rate of torque development of tetanic and voluntary isometric contractions. Journal of Applied Physiology, 2007; 102(4): 1394-1401.
10. Ebben WP. Complex training: A brief review. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 2002; 1(2): 42.
11. Chiu LZ, Fry AC, Weiss LW, Schilling BK, Brown LE, Smith SL. Postactivation potentiation response in athletic and recreationally trained individuals. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2003; 17(4): 671-677.
12. Wilson JM, Duncan NM, Marin PJ, Brown LE, Loenneke JP, Wilson SMC, et al. Meta-analysis of postactivation potentiation and power: Effects of conditioning activity, volume, gender, rest periods, and training status. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2013; 27(3): 854-859.
13. Suchomel TJ, Lamont HS, Moir GL. Understanding vertical jump potentiation: A deterministic model. Sports Medicine, 2015; 46: 809-828.
14. Çobanoğlu HO, Sevil G. Sporda risk yönetimi: Üst düzey futbolcuların risk değerlendirmeleri üzerine bir araştırma. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2015; 8(2):1-15.
15. Tillin MNA, Bishop D. Factors modulating post-activation potentiation and its effect on performance of subsequent explosive activities. Sports Medicine, 2009; 39(2): 147-166.
16. Siff MC, Verkhoshansky YV. Supertraining. 4th Edition, Supertraining International, Denver; Colorado, 1999.
17. Hancock AP, Sparks KE, Kullman EL. Postactivation potentiation enhances swim performance in collegiate swimmers. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2015; 29(4): 912-917.
18. French DN, Kraemer WJ, Cooke CB. Changes in dynamic exercise performance following a sequence of preconditioning isometric muscle actions. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2003; 17(4): 678-685.
19. Miyamoto N, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T, Kawakami Y. Effect of postactivation potentiation on the maximal voluntary isokinetic concentric torque in humans. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2011; 25(1): 186-192.
20. Kilduff LP, Cunningham DJ, Owen NJ, West DJ, Bracken RM, Cook CJ. Effect of postactivation potentiation on swimming starts in international sprint swimmers. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2011; 25(9): 2418-2423.
21. Bevan HR, Owen NJ, Cunningham DJ, Kingsley MI, Kilduff LP. Complex training in professional rugby players: Influence of recovery time on upper-body power output. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2009; 23(6): 1780-1785.
22. DeRenne C. Effects of postactivation potentiation warm-up in male and female sport performances: A brief review. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 2010; 32(6): 58-64.
23. Gouvea AL, Fernandes IA, Cesar EP, Silva WAB, Gomes PSC. The effects of rest intervals on jumping performance: A meta-analysis on post-activation potentiation studies. Journal of Sports Sciences, 2013; 31(5): 459-467.
24. Sale D. Postactivation potentiation: Role in performance. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2004; 38(4): 386-387.
25. Lima LCR, Oliveira FBD, Oliveira TP, Assumpção CDO, Greco CC, Cardozo AC, et al. Postactivation potentiation biases maximal ısometric strength assessment. BioMed Research International, 2014.
26. Masamoto N, Larson R, Gates T, Faigenbaum A. Acute effects of plyometric exercise on maximum squat performance in male athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2003; 17(1): 68-71.
27. Gourgoulis V, Aggeloussis N, Kasimatis P, Mavromatis G, Garas A. Effect of a submaximal half-squats warm-up program on vertical jumping ability. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2003; 17(2): 342-344.
28. Çilingir A. Postaktivasyon sonrası potansiyelinin dikey sıçrama ve sürat performansına akut etkisi. Sakarya Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Sakarya, 2010.
29. Yeşil A. Farklı sürelerde uygulanan skuatın sıçrama performansına akut etkisi. Sakarya Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Sakarya, 2011.
30. Maloney SJ, Turner AN, Fletcher IM. Ballistic exercise as a pre-activation stimulus: A review of the literature and practical applications. Sports Medicine, 2014; 44(10): 1347-1359.
31. Duchateau J, Hainaut K. Isometric or dynamic training: Differential effects on mechanical properties of a human muscle. Journal of applied physiology, 1984; 56(2): 296-301.
32. Lim JJ, Kong PW. Effects of isometric and dynamic postactivation potentiation protocols on maximal sprint performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2013; 27(10): 2730-2736.
33. Bishop D. Warm up II: Performance changes following active warm up and how to structure the warm up. Sports Medicine, 2003b ; 33(7): 483-498.
34. Harman EA, Rosenstein MT, Frykman PN, Rosenstein RM. The effects of arms and countermovement on vertical jumping. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 1990; 22(6): 825-833.
35. Innocenti B, Facchielli D, Torti S, Verza A. Analysis of biomechanical quantities during a squat jump: Evaluation of a performance index. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2006; 20(3): 709-715.
36. Bosco C, Komi PV. Mechanical characteristics and fiber composition of human leg extensor muscles. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 1979; 41(4): 275-284.
37. Bosco C, Komi PV. Influence of aging on the mechanical behavior of leg extensor muscles. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 1980; 45(2-3): 209-219.
38. Linthorne NP. Analysis of standing vertical jumps using a force platform. American Journal of Physics, 2001; 69(11): 1198-1204.
39. Scott SL, Docherty D. Acute effects of heavy preloading on vertical and horizontal jump performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2004; 18(2): 201-205.
40. Esformes JI, Cameron N, Bampouras TM. Postactivation potentiation following different modes of exercise. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2010; 24(7): 1911–1916.
41. Till KA, Cooke C. The effects of postactivation potentiation on sprint and jump performance of male academy soccer players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2009; 23(7): 1960-1967.
42. Jensen RL, Ebben WP. Kinetic analysis of complex training rest interval effect on vertical jump performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2003; 17(2): 345-349.
43. Deutsch M, Lloyd R. Effect of order of exercise on performance during a complex training session in rugby players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 2008; 26(8): 803-809.
44. Hester GM, Pope ZK, Sellers JH, Thiele RM, DeFreitas JM. Potentiation: Effect of ballistic and heavy exercise on vertical jump performance. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, Publish Ahead of Print, 2015.
45. Judge LW, Bellar DM, Craig BW, Gilreath EL, Cappos SA, Thrasher AB. Influence of postactivation potentiation on shot put performance of collegiate throwers. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2016; 30(2): 438–445.
46. Bergmann J, Kramer A, Gruber M. Repetitive hops induce postactivation potentiation in triceps surae as well as an increase in the jump height of subsequent maximal drop jumps. PloS one, 2013; 8(10): e77705.
47. Kümmel J, Bergmann J, Prieske O, Kramer A, Granacher U, Gruber M. Effects of conditioning hops on drop jump and sprint performance: A randomized crossover pilot study in elite athletes. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 2016; 8(1): 1.
48. Naclerio F, Chapman M, Larumbe-Zabala E, Massey B, Neil A, Triplett TN. Effects of three different conditioning activity volumes on the optimal recovery time for potentiation in college athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2015; 29(9): 2579–2585.
49. Byrne PJ, Kenny J, O’Rourke B. Acute potentiating effect of depth jumps on sprint performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2014; 28(3): 610-615.
50. Burkett LN, Phillips WT, Ziuraitis J. The best warm-up for the vertical jump in college-age athletic men. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2005; 19(3): 673-676.
51. Chiu LZ, Salem GJ. Potentiation of vertical jump performance during a snatch pull exercise session. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 2012; 28(6): 627-35.
52. Young WB, Jenner A, Griffiths K. Acute enhancement of power performance from heavy load squats. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 1998; 12(2): 82–84.
53. Hamada T, Sale DG, MacDougall JD. Postactivation potentiation in endurance-trained male athletes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2000a; 32(3): 403-411.
54. Duthie GM, Young WB, Aitken DA. The acute effects of heavy loads on jump squat performance: An evaluation of the complex and contrast methods of power development. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2002; 16(4): 530-538.
55. Hamada T, Sale DG, MacDougall JD, Tarnopolsky MA. Postactivation potentiation, fiber type, and twitch contraction time in human knee extensor muscles. Journal of Applied Physiology, 2000b; 88(6): 2131–2137.
56. Xenofondos A, Laparidis K, Kyranoudis A, Galazoulas Ch, Bassa E, Kotzamanidis C. Post-activation potentiation: Factors affecting it and the effect on performance. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 2010; 28(3): 32-38.
57. Gossen ER, Sale DG. Effect of postactivation potentiation on dynamic knee extension performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2000; 83(6): 524-530.
58. Bevan HR, Cunningham DJ, Tooley EP, Owen NJ, Cook CJ, Kilduff LP. Influence of postactivation potentiation on sprinting performance in professional rugby players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2010; 24(3): 701-705.
59. Rixon KP, Lamont HS, Bemben MG. Influence of type of muscle contraction, gender, and lifting experience on postactivation potentiation performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2007; 21(2): 500-505.
60. Koch AJ, O'Bryant HS, Stone ME, Sanborn K, Proulx C, Hruby J, et al. Effect of warm-up on the standing broad jump in trained and untrained men and women. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2003; 17(4): 710-714.
61. Sygulla KS, Fountaine CJ. Acute Post-Activation Potentiation in NCAA Division II Female Athletes. International Journal of Exercise Science, 2014; 7(3): 6.
62. Batista MA, Roschel H, Barroso R, Ugrinowitsch C, Tricoli V. Influence of strength training background on postactivation potentiation response. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2011; 25(9): 2496-2502.